Presentation of Italia ante Romanum imperium An Etruscan Herbal? - UMass Amherst PDF
Preview Presentation of Italia ante Romanum imperium An Etruscan Herbal? - UMass Amherst
VOLUME:5WINTER, 2 006 An Etruscan Herbal? Presentation of Italia ante Romanum imperium by KyleP.Johnson New YorkUniversity Among the approximately 200 Etruscan words which have come down to us are over fifty glosses, synonyms of Greek and Latin words from ancient authors found in themargins ofmedievalman- uscripts and preserved in the manuscript tradition.1Among these glosses, thirteen plant names are of particular inter- est. They are preserved in two codices (R and V) of Dioscorides of Anazarbus’ de Materia Medica, a first-century compendium of pharmacologi- cal uses of plants, minerals, and animal products.2 These glosses haveafascinatinghistory andare of value not only to philolo- gists of the Etruscan lan- TheBay ofPyrgi seenfrom theCastleofSantaSevera, witha stormat sea.Thearrows guage, but also to scholars of indicate the site of the monumental sanctuary (left) and the Area Sud (right). In the Roman religious practice. background, theMontiCeriti.(PhotoG.Colonna1993). The sourceof theglosses in thedeMateria Medicais amatter for speculation. Thelikeli- Italia ante Romanum imperium. Scritti di sionby readingaletter by GiovanniPugliese est candidateis thefirst-century CElexicog- Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger L. © 1995- antichità etrusche, italiche e romane (1958- Carratelli, whocouldnot bepresent. rapher Pamphilus of Alexandria, who com- 2005MissouriBotanicalGarden 1998), 6 vols., by Giovanni Colonna. Roma, Giovanni Colonna, Professor of Etruscan piled a now-lost lexicon in ninety-five http://www.illustratedgarden.org/) Pisa, Istituti Editoriali e Poligrafici Studies at theSapienzaUniversity inRome,is books.3Around theendof the thirdcentury Internazionali, 2005. knownfor his many publications,andfor his or perhaps as early as theendof the second,a Theglosses addlittle toour knowledgeof June8th, 2005 saw thepresentation,at the excavations in Pyrgi, the harbor town of group of glosses (presumably taken from the Etruscan language, for only a handful of University of Bologna, of the collected writ- Cerveteri. The wider scholarly world proba- Pamphilus) became associated with one par- thoseinDioscorides appear tobeauthentical- ings of Giovanni Colonna, Italy’s leading bly knows him best for the spectacular dis- ticular recensionof thedeMateriaMedica.4 ly Etruscan. The others, though labeled as Etruscan scholar. Giuseppe Sassatelli, a for- covery of the threegold tablets withbilingual, Along with the translations of Etruscan Etruscan, are clearly of Greek or Latin ori- mer pupil of Colonna, Professor of Etruscan Etruscan and Phoenician, inscriptions found words, theglosses claim toprovide synonyms gin.5 These mistaken attributions could be Studies and currently also Preside of the at Pyrgi in 1964. He studied in Rome with FacoltàdiLettereat Bologna,opened the ses- Massimo Pallottino, and in turn has taught froma variety oflanguages, suchas Egyptian, due to either the original lexicographer or many of the leading Etruscan archaeologists Gaulish,Latin,andDacian. [See “Herbal” onpage8] inItaly today. The astonishing amount of Colonna’s scholarly output is only partially reflected in the 2694pages of the six volumes, whichnev- ertheless giveagoodideaof the vast rangeof his interests. Moreover,his completebibliog- raphy,in thefirst volume,makes it possible to findeasily articles not includedin this collec- tion. The first section offers articles on the archaeology and the history of the Etruscans andother peoples ofancient Italy. The second deals with Etruscan art and architecture. The third is devoted to the language, epigraphy and religionof theEtruscans. Thelast concen- trates on theexcavationofPyrgi. Those readers who know Colonna will be surprised and delighted to find a portrait of Gildo D'Annunzio, “Nanni” (1949). Oil himas a serious andbespectacled teenager in painting. (Collection of Giovanni 1949. Colonna,Rome.) Letter to the Editors We’reglad we’reon this trip. CHORUS: Etruria’s theplacefor me Thereis somuchhere to see Iam sure you allagree We’reglad we’reon this trip. CharleneKrinitz New York To theEditors: About thecentrality ofEtruscan studies:do not forget the “Dodecapolis.” This is thefirst example of a confederation in Italy and JeffHill Europe, and this programme started 2500 Editors’ note: Although Jeff Hill found the years ago in Tuscany and Lazio and was fatalflaw,hedidnot proposea solution tofix enlarged to Northern and to Southern Italy it. Thecontest remains open!! with thechief towns MantuaandCapua!This means that they already hadanexact concern To theEditors: of Confederation, which in Latin is “united I thought you would find this menu inter- pacts.” (The most important pacts and rules esting. Chef Walter Potenza has an Etruscan were religious.) restaurant here [in Providence], has his own Best personal regards, TVshow andis very creative. Etruscan tour group,ArcheologicalTours,June 2005 GuidoBelfiore Below is themenu [ofaRomandinner he To theEditors: too rosy Prato,Italy prepared]: Here is the group song for our We’reglad we’reon this trip. To theEditors: Foods ofAncient Rome Archaeological Tours trip through Etruscan CHORUS: As for your devilishly clever crossword, I Hors d’oeuvres places: Etruria’s theplacefor me believe that the fatal flaw may consist in 5 Assortedpork salamipreparedin the styleof THEBATTLEHYMNOFETRURIA Thereis somuchhere to see down – the clue obviously demands as an the Romans, served with breads of the Etruscanart is very oldI’m sure you’llallagree Iam sure you allagree answer the famous PhERSNA, “Brad Pitt” times TheVaticanMuseumis where we saw all wecould see We’reglad we’reon this trip. (whom I would bet an EtruscanAS, if I had NastiPanes (sweet bread) CENSORED one, that a certain female author and most Panis Plebeius (breadof thepoor) We’reglad we’reon this trip. Laura’s not imposing yet she’s always near the scene female readers of this fourthissuehadamen- Confusaneus (breadof the rich) Lets you sit infront if she sees that you’re turninggreen Funerary ashes wereplacedinahouse shaped urn tal picture of), but ACHLE seems to fit PecorinoRomano stagionatoconmelocotog- Sheis goodat countingifit’s only to19 Everybody knows that someday they willget their turn instead, except that a good Etruscan scribe no: Roman sheep milk cheese, aged in We’reglad we’reon this trip. First you die, they light amatchand then they watch you such as yourself should have used the single caves, served with quincepaste) burn Went toMarzabotto,it’s aplace that’s very grave Etruscanletter (GreekChi)for “CH”. BanchettoRomano We’reglad we’reon this trip. They put stones downon the streets inorder not topave Ihopemy jokeabout BradPitt wasn’t too Minutal Marinum: rich seafood soup made Then wehadapicniclunch weall thought was a rave dense–he was the star whoplayedAchilles in withperchandoysters Talkingon themikeLarissafirst woulddoa test We’reglad we’reon this trip. the recent movie “Troy,” and slew EricBana, Patina de piris imperiale: savory pear and Speakingat the right length wasn’t easy sheconfessed Hector,Achilles being theanswer to theclue asparagus tart with hard cooked eggs and After afew tries shefound 6 inches was her best Walking down the streets of Florence, we saw on the in your crossword, in Etruscan, spelled as ricotta. Served withgrape sauce. We’reglad we’reon this trip. walls AChLE… Pullum Numidicum: guinea hen with sweet Family crests ofMedici they put inall their halls TalkingofApollo there was quitealot to say Our guide said you seemuchbetter if you’vefewer balls As we werediscussinghimLarissaled the way We’reglad we’reon this trip. ETRUSCAN NEWS When weasked wherehecamefromLarissa said, “Oy Veii!” Through thearcheologicalmuseumElenamade us march EditorialBoard,Issue#5,December2005 We’reglad we’reon this trip. Wegot very thirsty andour throats weredry as starch But welearned that Dr. Schollinvented thefirst arch President of theU.S. LarissaBonfante [email protected] On toCeveteri where we went from tomb to tomb We’reglad we’reon this trip. Sectionof theIstitutodi Classics Department When we went downinto themaround us all was gloom StudiEtruschiedItalici, New YorkUniversity Even when you died you stillcouldnot have your own CHORUS: ex officio 25Waverly Place room Etruria’s theplacefor me New York,NY10003 We’reglad we’reon this trip. Thereis somuchhere to see Iam sure you allagree CHORUS: Editor-in-Chief JaneWhitehead [email protected] We’reglad we’reon this trip. Etruria’s theplacefor me ModernandClassicalLanguages Thereis somuchhere to see StayedinTorgianoinaplacefit for anun ValdostaStateUniversity Iam sure you allagree It was agreat place to rest frombeingon the run Valdosta,GA31698 We’reglad we’reon this trip. Evenin the shower peoplehadalot offun We’reglad we’reon this trip LanguagePageEditor Rex Wallace [email protected] Saw someancient sites wheremany ruts just seemed to Classics Department start TheCannicellaVenus is a statue that is bare University ofMassachusetts Did they play amajor roleor only a smallpart? Sheis very sacredcause shehas her pubichair Amherst,MA01003 Couldbe that’s the reasonall their food’s served “ala Consideringher age shedoesn’t look the worsefor wear carte!” We’reglad we’reon this trip. Editor for theFellows ElizabethdeG. Colantoni [email protected] We’reglad we’reon this trip. OutsideOrvieto was thecity of thedead Classics Department Whenit comes toolden times Larissais prosaic Wedidn’t want togo therecause we wanted tobefed OberlinCollege Especially when she talks about the times that arearcha- It was sohot walking that weallbecamebeet red Oberlin. OH44074 ic We’reglad we’reon this trip. Lauraalsocomes along she’s our apotropaic Guest Editor, FrancescodeAngelis [email protected] Lucais our driver and thejobhedoes is great We’reglad we’reon this trip. BookReviews Art History andArchaeology Always picks us upon time,heisn’t ever late ColumbiaUniversity Theartifacts inMurlo seemed tohave the same refrain Except the timehehadaflat andleft us at thegate New York,NY10027 It was set uponahillmidst beautiful terrain We’reglad we’reon this trip. Themost exoticobject found was that ofour JohnWayne Tomorrow some of us will get our last chance to see Submissions,news,pictures,or other materialappropriate to this newsletter may be sent to We’reglad we’reon this trip Roma any of theeditors listedabove. Theemailaddress is preferred. For submissionguidelines, InVolterra there’s aplace to see the statueSposi It’s anopportunity to seeSt. Peter’s doma seeEtruscanNews 3 (2003)9. Nominations for membershipin theSectionmay be sent to Heandhis purported wife, they didn’t look toocozy Then weboardour planes andmost of us willheadfor LarissaBonfanteat theaboveaddress. What’s thedifference, when you’redead thefuture’s not homa Page 2 and sour sauce Filetti di maiale e noci con condimento di AA rr tt ii cc ll ee ss prugne in ristretto di melograno: tender porkfilet seared with rosemary and walnuts ina sauceofprunes andpomegranate. A Possible South Dessert CassataallaRomana:Roman stylecakefilled Etruscan TombGroup with ricotta,candiedfruit andmarzipan Euchytes: sweet fritters served withhoney by AngelaMurockHussein Selectionof wines fromCentralandSouthern Italy Greek-style pottery workshops have long PameleeMacFarland been recognizedinEtruria, where there was a Providence,RI huge demand for such products.1 This phe- nomenon has its origin with the Greek To theEditors: Geometric Period when intensive trade rela- Whendoes my subscriptionend? I’mgoing tions between Greece and the Tyrrhenian to be travelling and I don’t want to let my began. Thecorpus ofItalianGeometricpieces favouriteperiodicallapseby mistake. is increasing as many more pieces from MariaKingConstantinidis Etruria are being identified and published.2 SouthYarmouth,MA Greek style pottery that was made in Etruria can be differentiated from pottery imported To theEditors: from Greece by such characteristics as its In the Archaeological Museum in Sofia I Italianfabricor Etruscan shapes. Meanwhile, attended the presentation of Kitov’s newest the decoration on Etruscan vases of Greek website:http://www.thracetemp.org styleis oftenas fineas thoseproducedby the NikolaTheodossiev finest painters in Greece, and is evidence of fig.1 Sofia,Bulgaria thepresenceofGreekimmigrant craftsmenin Etruscan centers.3 In order to gain a more Letter to our Readers complete picture of the Greek pottery work- Winter 2006 shops in Etruria, it is important not only to Dear Readers, identify excavatedpieces but toconnect those We realize withhorror that it has beena year sinceour last issue. It has been quitea year pieces that lackcontext. in thelives of your editors:marriage,deaths, relocation, tenure,anew excavation…There Three unprovenanced Greek Geometric havebeen threedeaths in thefamilies of your twoeditors,andfor our associateeditor of style vases may not only be representatives of “Students inAction,” completionof thePhD,marriage,andapositionat Oberlin. the same workshop, but also products from In this issue we are happy to introduce a guest editor of Book Reviews. Francesco de the sameEtruscan tombgroup. Twoare today Angelis is aproduct of theScuolaNormaleinPisa,has helda two-year fellowshipat the inAmericanmuseums. These vessels possibly Getty,andis now on theArt History faculty ofColumbiaUniversity. Aprofessor ofRoman originate in a larger collection from Rome, History,hehas publishedimportant works onEtruscan subjects,andis creatinga web site much of which is in the National Etruscan on the urns ofChiusi:http://charun.sns.it. Museum at the Villa Giulia. Certainly from Afirst for us:anarticlefromEtruscanNews3 was citedinStudiEtruschi. An unpublished this Roman collection is a third piece that is inscription, sent to us inanoteby DominiqueBriquel, was commentedonin the sectionon closely connected to the above-mentioned Etruscanepigraphy (REE)ofStudiEtruschi(2004). We want tomention twoother journals vases. Thecommonalities between these three that havebeen reportingimportant news onEtruscan subjects:JeanMacIntoshTurfais now vessels,as wellas their similar histories,may in charge of Etruscan reviews in the Bryn Mawr Classical Review (BMCR) : indicatea singlefind spot. fig. 2 ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/ARCHEOhas continued topublishextraordinary photographs and Thefirst pieceis in theClevelandMuseum articles onEtruscanmaterial,including such recent finds as theSarteanoTomb(Seearticle of Art, Acc # 1993.1 (fig. 1) and was pur- by AlessandraMinettiinEtruscanNews4). Oneofour most enthusiastic readers,JeffHill, chased at auction in 1992.4This bird-shaped writes us fromAustralia that heis willing toprepareanindex for thepast issues ofEtruscan askos has been wellknown since theNorbert News.JeffHillis also the winner ofour crosswordpuzzlecompetitionin thelast issue. Schimmel collection, of which it was a part, Severalimportant exhibits and reopenings are scheduledfor thenear future: theimminent was publishedin the1970s.5It represents an reopeningof theGetty Villaandits galleries ofancient art; theinaugurationin 2007 of the extremely fine example of Greek-style MetropolitanMuseum’s renovatedRomanandEtruscangalleries, with thenewly-restored Geometricpainting. The secondpieceis abar- Monteleone chariot as its centerpiece; the Bunte Götter, or Colored Gods, exhibit which rel-shapedoinochoefrom thecollectionof the started in Munich and has been traveling. We ask our readers to let us know about other MetropolitanMuseumofArt,Acc#1975.363 upcomingevents andexhibits,and welcome their brief reports and reviews. (fig. 2). The Metropolitan barrel vase was a Finally, we sadly report thedeaths ofcolleagues. Timothy Gantz, whoseobituary appears gift from theNorbert SchimmelFoundation to in this issue, worked at Murlo as a graduate student; his splendid Early Greek Myth has theMetropolitanMuseumin1975.6The vase become the standard text, and is enormously useful for our understanding of Etruscan is a similarly well executed Geometric style iconography. AcolleaguefromBelgium reported theloss ofRoger Lambrechts, whosemany piece that matches the Cleveland askos in important contributions to Etruscan studies included the original conception of a Corpus quality andartistic style. The two vases were SpeculorumEtruscorum,or Corpus ofEtruscanMirrors (CSE); healsolater createda web acquiredat the same time,although thereis no site for Etruscan and Praenestine mirrors: pot-pourri.fltr.ucl.ac.be/mirroirs/ Helmut Rix indicationgivenas to their source.7 leaves his invaluable reference work, Etruskische Texte,as a legacy to us. It is especially Thebarrel vaseandbirdaskos shapes have painful tomention thedeathofGiulianoBonfanteinRome:he was glad to write thelinguis- exact parallels in Etruria, not in Greece or tic sectionofTheEtruscanLanguage:AnIntroduction,because,as he said,it was interest- MagnaGraecia. TombXfrom theOlmoBello ingfor anIndoeuropean scholar tobe workingonanon-Indoeuropoeanlanguage. Bisenzio, today in the Villa Giulia, has two Pleasejoin us at theAnnualMeetingof theAIAinMontreal. Our lateevening reception birdaskoiandabarrel vase.8Arecently pub- will be January 7, 10:00-12:00 P.M., where we look forward to seeing many of you. lished tomb,Tomba 6 Settembre fromVulci, AlthoughEtruscanNewscannow be viewedonits own web site, weourselves are very fond has also produced a bird askos.9 Therefore, of the tabloidformat,and willcontinue to sendout thepaper copy to those who subscribe. both the Cleveland and the New Yorkpieces Your subscription,andany donations, willalso support activities suchas theannual recep- are very high quality examples ofGreek-style tionandgraduate student symposia,and what wehope tobeanexpanded series ofevents: pieces madeinEtruria. lectures, tours…Any suggestions? It is notable that the Cleveland askos and the New York barrel vase, as well as their Sincerely yours, above-mentioned parallels, are painted in a fig. 3 TheEditors [continuedonnext page] Page 3 fig.5 fig. 7 fig.4 fig. 6 style related to Euboean Late Geometric fig- teristically Euboean scene of the rampant 1.For the most recent summary of this phe- 42&display= ural painting. The decorative repertoire of goats which appears on the New Yorkbarrel nomenon, F. Canciani, “La Ceramica Italo- 5. O. W. Muscarella (ed.), Ancient Art: The these pieces is a stylistic strain of Euboean vase(figs. 6-7). Geometrica,” 9-15; M. Martelli, “La Norbert Schimmel Collection (Mainz 1975) derivation. They all show an artistic affinity Many pieces fromCima-Pesciotti,aprivate Ceramica Etrusco-corinzia,” 23-30; M. A. No. 65bis. J. Stettgast,VonTrojabis Amarna. for certain motifs, such as pendent triangles, collectionheldinRomeandmade upprimari- Rizzo, “La Ceramica a Figure Nere,” 31-42; The Norbert Schimmel Collection, New York hatched maeanders or swastikas, checker- ly of finds from southern Etruria, were pur- “La Ceramica a Figure Rosse;” all in M. (Mainz 1978)No. 67. boards, thick vertical wavy lines and cross- chasedby theItaliangovernment for theVilla Martelli (ed.), La Ceramica degli Etruschi 6. Annual Report of the Trustees of t he hatched triangles. Thus, these pieces and Giuliain1972.13Many of thepieces from the (Rome1987). Metropolitan Museum of Art 1975-76, 45. other similar vases havebeenidentified with Collection,however, were soldon theantiqui- 2. Åkerstrom’s work on the subject remains “Ancient Art: Gifts from the Norbert a large South Etrurian workshop for Greek ties market in 1964.14 The New Yorkbarrel an important starting point. A. Åkerstrom, Schimmel Collection,” The Metropolitan style ceramics, the Workshop of the Vulci vaseand theClevelandaskos may havebeen Der geometrische Stil in Italien (Leipzig Museum of Art Bulletin (Vol. 49, No. 4) No. Biconical.10 purchased from part of the Cima-Pesciotti 1943). New pieces,however,havebeenadded 52, 60. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ho The Cleveland and New York vases lack group, since weonly know that they werein to the corpus of known pieces. M. Falconi /04/eust/ho_1975.363.htm provenance. Theonly parallels are thosemen- theSchimmelcollectionbefore theearly sev- Amorelli, “Corredi di tre tombe rinvenute a 7. SeeNote5above,Ancient Art. tionedfromVulciandBisenzioin thehinter- enties. If this is the case, it is likely that the Vulci nella necropoli di Mandrione di 8.Åkerstrom,abovenote1,55-59,Taf. 12-13. land around Vulci. The two pieces from Pesciotti oinochoe is part of the same tomb Cavalupo,” StEtr (1969) 181-211. “Materiali 9. Moretti Sgubini, above note 2, 188-199. American museums demonstrate a higher assemblageas the twopieces inAmerica. archeologicidaVulci,” StEtr(1971)193-211. Another barreloinochoefromItaly,alsocon- degreeofartistic skill than theparallels and so Asimilar oinochoe with the checkerboard F. Canciani, “Un biconico dipinto da Vulci,” nected toEuboeanpainting, was discoveredin wereprobably madeina wealthy cosmopoli- on the shoulder andahandle strut was found DialArch (1974-5) 79-84. F. Canciani, “Tre Pithekoussai; G. Buchner, “Recent Works at tancenter. The workshopof theVulcibiconi- withabirdaskos inTomba 6 Settembrefrom nuovi vasi “italo-geometrici” del Museo di Pithekoussai (Ischia), 1965-71,” ARepLond cal was locatedat thepowerfulEtruscancen- Vulci.15 The Geometric style bird askos can Villa Giulia,” Prospettiva (1976) 26-29. M. (1970-71) 64-65. This one,however,lacks the ter ofVulci, so this was likely the sourcefor be associated with barrel oinochoai and Fugazzola Delpino, “Vasi Biconici Tardo- highconicalfoot of theEtruscanpieces which both vases. With the parallel grouping in checkerboard oinochoai in two, albeit sepa- Geometrici,” ArchCl (1976) 3-9. “Crateri in was apparently an Etruscan tendency. See Bisenzio, it is a more compelling argument rate, tombs. Thepieces arepossibly relatedin argilla figulina del Gemetrico Recente a MurockLeathermanabovenote 2,143. that theseoriginatein the same wealthy tomb some typeof table service,however. TombX Vulci,” MEFRA (1978) 465-514. F. Delpino, 10. MurockLeatherman,abovenote 2, 24-89. fromVulci. at OlmoBelloincludedabarrel vaseand two “Ceramiche tardo geometrico in Etruria: tre Isler abovenote 2, 27-28. The third piece, an oinochoe from the bird askoi. Instead of an oinochoe, TombX biconici,” PP (1981)102-5. A. Sgubini 11. M. Moretti (ed.), Nuove Scoperte e Cima-Pesciotti collection, which is today in containeda wide-mouthedjug,alsodecorated Moretti, “Ricerche Archeologiche a Vulci: Acquisizioninell’Etruria Meridionale (Rome theVillaGiuliaMuseum,Inv. 74092 (fig. 3), inGreek style.16Thejug wouldhavefulfilled 1985-1990,” in M. Martelli (ed.), Tyrrhenoi 1975) 197, Tav. 47. F. Canciani, “Tre nuovi is closely linked to the New York and the same function as an oinochoe. All of the Philotechnoi (Rome 1994). A. Moretti vasi “italo-geometrici” del Museo di Villa Cleveland vases.11This VillaGiulia vasehas pieces fromTomb 6 Settembre werefoundin Sgubini,Veio,Cerveteri,Vulci:cittàd’Etruria Giulia,” Prospettiva4(1976) 27-28. already been recognized as belonging to the a fragmentary state.17 It cannot be ruled out aconfronto(Rome 2001). 12. Isler,note10 above. same workshop as the Cleveland and New that abarrel vase was includedin thecontents 3. Along withnew identifications, therehave 13. M. Moretti (ed.), Nuove Scoperte e Yorkpieces.12Although this pieceis Greekin of the tomb. also been attempts to classify the Italian Acquisizioninell’Etruria Meridionale (Rome shape, it was painted almost certainly by the TheClevelandaskos is related to theNew Geometric pieces. H. Isler, “Ceramisti Greci 1975)179. same hand as the Cleveland askos and the Yorkbarrel vase by acquisition history. The in Etruria,” NumAntCl (1983) 9-48. A. 14. A. M. Moretti Sgubini (ed.), The Villa New York barrel vase. All of the motifs Pesciotti oinochoe is related to those two by Murock Leatherman, “Italian Geometric Giulia National Etruscan Museum Short appearingon this vasematch the repertoireof style and artist. All most likely originated in Pottery: Workshops and Interactions,” Guide(Rome 2001)50. theother twopieces. Thelargefiguralpanels Vulci and were possibly all part of the Unpublished Dissertation, Brown University, 15. A. M. Moretti Sgubini, Veio, Cerveteri, on theneckandhandleof theoinochoeare the Pesciotticollectionbefore that collection was 2004. Vulci: città d’Etruria a confronto (Rome most telling. Theheads of the water birds on sold in the sixties and seventies. These three 4. Antiquities from the Norbert Schimmel 2001)188-199,III.b.1.4,III.b.1.3. theoinochoeare renderedinexactly the same vessels wereallpaintedby the sameartist and Collection, Sotheby’s, Wednesday December 16. Akerstrom,op.cit.,58Taf. 12.2. way as on the Cleveland askos (figs. 4-5). therefore also may come from the same 16,1992,New York,No. 39. 17. Op. cit. This oinochoe also bears animal figures that wealthy Vulcente tombgroup. http://www .clevelandart.or g/Explore/ wereexperimentally derivedfrom thecharac- departmentWork.asp?deptgroup=14&recNo= Page 4 LL aa nn gg uu aa gg ee PP aa gg ee Aneglected Etruscan letters of the inscription appear raised: this 2. The text givenby previous editors was mis- point, together with the strange direction of taken,andhas tobecorrected. inscription writing which is contrary to the normal 3. S. Gsell, Bulletin archéologique du Etruscan use, shows that the name of this Comité des Travaux Historiques et by DominiqueBriquel Pumpun son of Larth was inscribed on the Scientifiques (1906) CCLXXIII-CCLXXIV; This inscription is by no means a recent mold with which theobject was made. These P. Wuilleumier, Description de l’Afrique du discovery — it was published in 19061 — details lead one to see this disc as a kind of Nordentreprisepar ordredeM. leMinistrede but it hadbeenneglectedby Etruscologists. tesserahospitalis,i.e. anobject permitting to l’Instruction publique et des Beaux-Arts, It was never includedincorporaofEtruscan twopersons linkedby relations ofhospitality Musées et collections archéologiques de inscriptions, even the 1991 Etruskische to recognizeeachother. Theexistenceof such l’Algérieet delaTunisie, 22,Muséed’Alger, Texte, by H. Rix and his collaborators, objects in antiquity is widely attested; Supplément (Paris 1928) 20-21; M. Le Glay, which is the most complete work avalaible Plautus’Poenulus(v. 955-8,1049-55)gives a “Les religions orientales dans l’Afriqueanci- InscriptionG15.(Photographcourtesy of today about Etruscanepigraphy; nor was it goodexampleof their useby PunicandGreek enne d’après les collections du Musée theROM) quotedinbooks or articles about Etruscans. traders travelling abroad. The discovery of a Stéphane Gsell,” Les conférences-visites du It offers a very short text:2 only two words, tessera hospitalis inscribed with an Etruscan Musée Stéphane Gsell (Algiers 1956) 8-9; J. ‘LarthVelchite,(son)ofVipinei’ pumpun larthal, with letters written left to name in Gouraya attests the persistence of Desanges, Pline l’Ancien, Histoire naturelle, right, in a classical onomastic formula, links betweenEtruriaandPunicor Punicized livreV,1-46 (Paris 1980)161,n. 20. Seealso 3.1 Two scribes were responsible for incising “Pumpun sonofLarth.” Its interest,howev- Africalongafter thegreat periodofEtrusco- A. Schulten, “ArchäologischeFundeimJahre G15. The family name velchite and the er,does not lieinits meaning, whichbrings Carthaginian relations,in the timeof thebat- 1906,” Archäologischer Anzeiger(1907 2) c. metronymicvipinalwere writtenby onehand. The nothing new to our knowledge of the tleofAlalia(535B.C.). At this timebothpeo- 174-175, Y. Liébert, “Une inscription latine letters in these words wereincisedina reasonably Etruscanlanguage,but in theplace whereit ples, who were then thedominant powers on d’Algérie,” Revue des Études Latines 74 neat fashion(photograph 2,above). They are,for was found: it was discovered in a tomb of the Tyrrhenian sea, had concluded alliance (1996 [1997]) 38-46, M.Dorbane and J.-P. themost part, uniformin sizeand spacedequidis- thenecropolis ofGouraya,ancient Gunugu, treaties,mentionedby Aristotle(Politics, 3,5, Laporte,catalogueof theexhibitionL’Algérie tant from one another. The personal name larth 150 km. west from Algiers on the 11). In the tombs ofGouraya was foundabun- enhéritage,art et histoire(Paris 2004)edited was addedby another hand. Theletters werecrude- Mediterranean coast, in modern Algeria. dant pottery of the so-calledCampanaB ware by N. Ferhat, E. Delpont, Y. Koikas (Arles ly incised and were positioned awkwardly with Thus it was takenintoaccount almost exclu- of the 2nd to1st c. B.C., which seems tohave 2003)185,n°99. respect tooneanother (photograph 3,next page). been produced in Etruria. Even in a Thealphaand therhoarelarger thanother letters sively by specialists ofAfricanantiquities – Mediterranean world now controlled by in theinscription. The scribe whoincised this word Stéphane Gsell in 1906, Pierre Wuillemier Rome, Etruscans could still maintain trade failed to write within theboundaries of the upper in 1928, Marcel Le Glay in 1956, Jehan Desanges in19803–and was not noticedby relations withpartners inAfrica; theinscribed band that encircles the urn. Thebandis demarcat- discofGourayabears witness toit. ed by a groove, above which most of the letters specialists of ancient Etruria. Nevertheless, were written. The tail of the rho and the oblique it throws aninterestinglight on thepersist- 1. Icould study this document, whichis kept bars of the alpha of larth descend far below the ing relations between Etruria andAfrica in in the Musée National des Antiquités of groove. In contrast to the alpha of vipinal, in the late period to which this document Algiers, thanks to the courtesy of N. Drias, which themedialbar is horizontal(A), themedial belongs (2nd to1st c. B.C.). director of the museum, to whom I am very bar of thealphaoflarthdescends sharply toward The text is writtenona smallbronzedisc grateful. Acomplete study will appear in the the right in theoppositedirectionof writing. (diam. 7 cm), whichbears onits other face Annales du MuséeNationaldes Antiquités. InscriptionfromGouraya:Pumpunlarthal The letterforms in velchite · vipinal may be theheads of two rams facingeachother. The classified as Tipo II, settentrionale, II sec. a.C. Etruscan Inscriptions in the accurate transcriptionof this inscriptionis in(3). (Maggiani 1990), but some shapes do not match thosein themodel script.11For example, the top- Royal Ontario Museum1 (3) vetnei: viscna{·}l: sech‘Vetnei, most oblique stroke in epsilon and wau is not by Rex Wallace daughter ofViscna’ bowed. And whereas thelowermost oblique stroke ofwauis elongated, this is not thecasefor epsilon. 1.At the RoyalOntarioMuseuminToronto,I 2.3Thefamily to which thedeceasedbelonged All of the oblique bars of this letter are roughly viewed (8/14/01) two Etruscan inscriptions on is well represented in funerary inscriptions at equalinlength. Tauhas theformT, theobliquedis- cinerary urns ofacylindrical type(olla)common Clusium. The name, in various morphological secting the verticalat the top without sloping too toChiusi. The urns werepublishedinHayes 1985 incarnations,9is attestedin18inscriptions (vetnal noticeably in thedirectionof writing. under thecatalogueentry numbers G13 andG15.2 gen. sg.: ET Cl 1.773, 1.1452, 1.2657, ETP187; Another inscriptiononacinerary urnof this same vetnalisa gen. sg. + articular pro.: Cl 1.1029. 3.2G15is alsoafunerary text. Thedeceasedis type, G14,3 was published by Hayes in Studi 1.1840,1.2305,1.2306; vetnei:Cl1.1686; vetinal rememberedby his personalnameandfamily name Etruschi (Hayes 1975) and so was included in gen. sg.: Cl 1.941; vetinei: Cl 1.1688, 1.1689; larth velchite, which are followed by a Rix’s compendium of Etruscan texts (ET Cl vetenei: Cl 1.1691; vetanal gen. sg.: Cl 1.1312, metronymicvipinal, thefeminineformof thefam- 1.2484).4 G13 and G15 seem to have been over- 1.1313, 1.1350; and vetanei: Cl 1.107, 1.322).10 ily name of the deceased’s mother (vipinei). The looked. Thenameis alsofoundnearby at Perusia(Pevet- family name of the deceased, velchite, confirms nei: 1.845; 1.1047), but only in two inscriptions. Clusium as the point of origin of the urn. Six 2.InscriptionG13 was paintedindark redon the viscnei, thefamily nameof themother ofvetnei,is inscriptions,allfrom this area,may beattributed to InscriptionG13.(Photographcourtesy of roundlidof the urnin sinistroversedirection(pho- not attested in inscriptions recovered at Clusium, members of this family. Two inscriptions refer to tograph1).5Hayes (1985:166) transcribedG13 as theROM) but the stemfrom whichit was built,visce,is,both males named larthvelchite (ET Cl 1.576, in(1).6 as a masculine family name (ET Cl 1.54; 1.820) 1.577).12Athird inscriptionnames thehusbandof 2.1Theletterforms in this inscriptionare typical andas acognomen(Cl1.1041; Cl1.1200). Outside the deceased as a member of the velchite family of thosefoundinother 2ndcentury B.C. inscrip- (1) vepnep viscna . l . sech ofClusium thefamily nameviscenei([withanap- (velchites gen. sg.,ETCl1.1721). Femalemem- tions fromChiusi. According toMaggiani’s classi- tyxis ?],) appears as a cognomen on a funerary bers of thefamily (velchiti)areattestedinETCl Hayes’readingmay beimproved uponin sever- fication of Etruscan alphabets of the Hellenistic inscriptionfromArretium(ETAr 1.73). Thename 1.466,1649and1650. al ways. First ofall, the thirdletter of wordoneis Age(Maggiani1990), theletterforms inG13 may viscna, without accompanying onomastic phrase, Themother of thedeceasedbelonged to thevip- tau. Theobliquecross bar dissects the verticalnear be categorized as Tipo II, settentrionale, II sec. the toptau. Thefinalletter must beiota. Ashort a.C.8Thelowermost oblique strokeofepsilonand was incisedona vasefrom theAger Saenensis(ET inafamily. Tojudgefrom thenumber offunerary AS 2.7). inscriptions with this name, thefamily was partic- dash of red paint appears near the bottom of the wau is elongated and it meets the vertical just ularly prominent at Clusium. In the nominative vertical stroke,but this is accidentalor perhaps the below themid-point; the topmost strokeinbothlet- 3.InscriptionG15 runs in sinistroversedirection casealone thereare 27 masculineforms vipiand result of the scribe not cleanly lifting his brush ters is short and slightly bowed. Nuhas theformN. around the upper rimbandof thecylindricalbody 27 feminineforms vipineifor a totalof54funerary from the surfaceof theceramic.7Thefirst wordis Khiis aninvertedarrow. Thecrossbar of thealpha of the urn(photographs 2 & 3). The transcriptionof inscriptions referring to members of this family vetnei, a feminine family name. In two places descends very gently in thedirectionof writing. Hayes (1985:168)is reproducedin(4). during the neo-Etruscan period (4th c. - 1 c. words are separatedby punctuationin theformof 2.2 The interpretation does not present prob- B.C.).13 a colon. This dividing sign is visible after vetnei (4) larth velchite · vipinal lems. The inscription is a funerary text. The andafter lambda. Asingle dot stands between the 4.Hayes (1985:167-168)dates G13 andG15 to alpha of viscna and the following lambda. It is deceasedis afemale whosefamily namevetneiis Hayes’readingis correct,except that hedoes not the 2nd-1st c. B.C. basedon themorphology of the probable that thelower dot is nolonger visible. A accompaniedby ametronymicphraseviscna · l : indicate thepunctuation that is visiblebetween the cinerary urn. This dateis borneout by the shapeof revised readingof theinscriptionis givenin(2). sech. The separationof theinflectionalending-lof personal name and the family name of the theletterforms of theinscriptions. thegenitivefromits nominalbaseviscnaand the deceased. (5)is thecorrect readingfor G15. (2) vetnei: viscna · l: sech placement of a dividing point between the two (5) larth · velchite · vipinal must beanerror on thepart of thepainter. Amore [continuedonnext page] Page 5 [continuedfromprevious page] for whichit was possible tocitemacutia(ETCl The first chapterof t he scêvês, larthals afunes, tuthines), and a sub- 1.2483)as acomparandum. ject (vinac restmc, thil scuna, cen).7 In the Cortona inscription first clauseof theTabulaCortonensis thereis 5. Throughout the paper linguistic forms in the by KoenWylin alsoa second subject parallel tovinac restmc. Etruscan alphabet are transcribed in bold. The subject is, according to Maggiani, pes Epigraphicconventions:Squarebrackets [a]indi- cateletters that havebeen restoredor cannolonger From an analysis of the technical terms (very likely tobe understoodas fundus,based be read; curly brackets { a } indicate characters used in the famous TabulaCortonensis, it is on the fact that it is located in the plain, erroneously written by the scribe; the underdot a obvious tome that it is ajuridicaldocument, spante). This landis tobeceded to theCusu. indicates characters that are damaged and/or no comparable in part to the Cippus Perusinus. Maggiani concludes that the property, which longer clearly legible. Grammaticalabbreviations: The text presents acontract between twopar- in the first place may have belonged to the gen. = genitive; pro. = pronoun; sg. = singular. ties concerning the sale, the acquisition or Cusu,but had temporarily beeninpossession References toEtruscaninscriptions arefromPauli concession of certain goods.1 Groups of per- ofPetru,now returns to theCusu, thanks toa &Danielsson(CIE),Rix 1991(ET)andWallace, sons arelistedas beingopponents,interested legaldecision.8InMaggiani’s view it is even Shamgochian&Patterson 2004-2005(ETP). parties or perhaps witnesses of the transac- possible that Petru andhis wifehave to return InscriptionG15.(Photographcourtesy of tion. Scholars debate thefunctionof thelists certain (rented) pieces of property, but also theROM) 6. Hayes’transcriptions are updated in light of a morecurrent systemof transcription. Greeksigma of persons as well as the interpretation of have to pay a penalty (pes, traula, pava), Acknowledgments:I thankBethKnox, curator of stands for apalatal sibilant /™/. sstands for aden- terms suchas cenu,nuthanaturandêprus. which wouldexplain why thefundushad tobe antiquities at theRoyalOntarioMuseum,for pro- tal /s/. Thedentaland velar aspirated stops areth According to Agostiniani & Nicosia, the measured. viding me with background materials and for andchrespectively. editors of the editio princeps of the inscrip- So,given the twointerpretations, the ques- patiently answering my email inquiries. I also tion, thefirst chapter of the text describes the tion remains: Does cenu mean ‘obtain’or thankNicolaWoods,ReproductionCoordinator for 7. Theinscription was discoveredon thelidof the selling or letting of property by Petru Sceva ‘cede’? theMuseum,for her assistanceinacquiringdigital urnduringcleaning(Hayes 1985:166). and the Cusu brothers to small farmers. This In my opinion, it is Facchetti’s merit to images of the urns andinscriptions. Iamgrateful to distributionofproperty fits in with the social have shown that the text on the Cippus BillRegier for his comments onanearlier version 8. For discussion, see Maggiani 1990: 188-191. of thepaper. Following the schemaproposedinanearlier article situationinEtruriaafter thePunicWars.2The Perusinus not only deals with thedivisionof (Maggiani1984), theletterforms belong toa sub- transaction itself is expressed by the passive property between twofamilies, theAfunaand Abbreviations typeof the ‘regularized’variety,C4. verbformcenu, whichis accompaniedby an the Velthina families, but also contains a ablative indicating the agent pêtruis scêvês.3 clause withinformationabout the right to use Ar=Arretium 9. The masculine stem is vetna; the feminine is The relevant lines arecitedbelow. water from another’s land, the so-called AS =Ager Saenensis vetnei. The forms with medial vowel, vetinei, aquae haustus.9 Facchetti believes that this CIL =Pauli&Danielsson,Corpus vetenei,vetanalandvetanei,are tobeexplained et pêtruis scêvês êliunts vinac restmccenu idea is expressed by the term thil, which he InscriptionumEtruscarum by anaptyxis(seeRix 1984: 217),by morphologi- tênthur sar cusuthuras analyzes as thi-il, ‘the action (-il) of the Cl =Clusium cal renewal (vetnal >vetenal under influence of larisal[i]svlapesc spante tênthur sa sran sarc water’. According to Facchetti, Velthina has Co =Cortona vete),or by acombinationof the two. clthil têrsna thui spanthi mlesiêthic rasna to cede this aquae haustus, an action ET =Rix,EtruskischeTexte ETP =Wallace,Shamgochian&Patterson, 10. Morphologically relatedforms,vetniandveti- SIIIIC expressedby the verbscuna. With respect to EtruscanTexts Project Online ni,arefoundat Clusium(vetni:Cl1.1684; vetini: the form scuna, which follows thil, I believe Pe =Perusia Cl1.1685)andCortona(vetni:Co1.23). Inchapter one theemphasis is on the verb that Maggiani’s analysis is moreappropriate. formcenu. Thus far, twointerpretations have Rather than being interpreted as a verb form Footnotes 11. Thealphabet appears tohavefeatures ofTipo been given, one by Facchetti (2000), another (‘cede’), it is to be analyzed as a substantive II,Etruria settentrionale,III sec. a.C. (no. 2)and by Maggiani(2002).4 (scun-na), as I have argued elsewhere.10 In 1. In the springof 2005(April10, 2005)adraft of TipoII,Etruria settentrionale,II sec. a.C.(no. 1). Animportant problemfor theinterpretation fact, scunamay wellbederivedfrom the verb this paper was ‘published’online ina test version of what I hope to be the electronic version of 12. G15, ETCl 1.576 and ETCl 1.577 have the of this passageis thefact that cusuthurasis a scunewhichappears in theCippus Perusinus Etruscan News, the Newsletter of the American sameonomasticphrase,larthvelchite vipinal. ET different case thanpêtruis scêvês, whichindi- in theformulaacilune turune scune, whichis Section of the Institute for Etruscan Studies. My Cl 1.576 and ETCl 1.577 may refer to the same cates that they assume different syntactic parallel toLatinfacere,dare,praestare.11As colleague,Prof. DominiqueBriquel, who read the person. ETCl1.576 was incisedonaceramictego- functions within the clause. Taking into a substantive, scuna has to be interpreted as paper online,emailedmeonJuly 6, 2005 toinform la, whichcouldhavebeen set upat theentrance to account the functional differences between ‘achievement, use,concession’.12It is delim- me that he and one of his students, Fabrice Poli, the tomb. G15andETCl1.577 probably refer to the twonames,Facchettihas,inmy opinion, ited by the genitive thil,13 so that the phrase had recently writtenon the sameinscriptions. Iam persons belonging to two generations of the vel- provided an accurate analysis of the text and thil scunameans ‘the useof the water’andis happy to report that my colleagues andI, working chitefamily. ETCl1.577 was paintedonaceram- has madeaprofoundly significant comparison thus roughly equivalent to the Latin phrase independently, have reached many of the same icolla(CIEI, 606). Punctuationis in theformofa with the Cippus Perusinus. The verb cenu aquaehaustus. conclusions about these texts. Thepaper ofBriquel colon(:). As notedin §3,G15 was incisedalong the appears inclauseIII: Now that theinterpretationofthil scunahas andPoli willappear in the upcomingissueofStudi upper band of the body of the urn and a single been clarified, we have to ask whether the Etruschi. dividingpoint was used to separate the words. aulesi velthinas arznalclensi thii thil scuna aquae haustus is obtained or is ceded by 2. Each catalogue entry in Hayes 1985 has com- 13. For other case-forms for this family name see cenu eplcfeliclarthals afunes Afuna? I believe that Facchetti’s interpreta- mentary andphotographs. Unfortunately, thepho- theindices inRix 1991,Bd. I. tion is correct. Since Afuna on the Cippus tographs arenot of sufficient quality topermit the His conclusionis that cenumust mean ‘(is) Perusinus and Petru on the Tabula [Theeditors apologizefor the useofa simpler tran- readingofinscriptions G14andG15in their entire- obtained’in both texts and that both texts deal Cortonensis are outsiders/non-residents (in scription than theone usedby theauthors, usingth, ty. Most ofG13 canbemadeout,but thefirst and with theacquisitionof the right ofaccess toor Perugia and Cortona), it is more likely for ch, s for theEtruscanletter forms]. thelast letters cannot be seenclearly. use of property belonging to a second party. them toobtainaproperty or rights fromoneof References The first clause of the Tabula Cortonensis the local aristocracy (Velthina, the Cusu 3. In Hayes 1975: 103-104 G14 is transcribed as therefore contains the description of a legal brothers) rather than to cede. But there is larthia: titi:maçx[–––]. According toHayes Hayes,JohnW. 1975. TheEtruscanandItalicCollections in agreement betweenPetru Sceva(whoobtains more:In the text of theCippus Perusinus,it is (1985: 168), the editors of Studi Etruschi were the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto: A Survey. Studi responsiblefor the readingof the third word. Hayes Etruschi43.71-104. property) and the Cusu brothers.5 Facchetti said that members of theVelthinafamily have labeled the reading ‘highly conjectural’. Indeed, —. 1985. EtruscanandItalicPottery in theRoyalOntario believes that this agreement is expressed by thepossessionof12 naper(ameasureof sur- the stylized sketchof the remains of thepaintedlet- Museum. Toronto:RoyalOntarioMuseum. the termpes, which refers,againaccording to face area) of land (ipa ama hen naper XII ters givenby Hayes (1985:168)does not appear to Facchetti, to a long term rental agreement velthinathuras). This is followedby theclause support the reading proposed by the editors. Maggiani,Adriano. 1984. Iscrizioniiguvinee usigrafici concerningproperty whosedimensions are set that deals with theaquaehaustus. Iconclude However,it appears tomeas if the readingmaçx[ nell’Etruria settentrionale. InAldoL. Prosdocimi,La tavole forthin the text.6 then that Afunaobtains theaquaehaustuson is thecorrect one. If the secondletter is analpha,it iguvine. I, 217-237. Firenze:LeoS. Olschki. According to the interpretation of thelandof theVelthina. As Facchettinotes,in is larger than thealphasoflarthia. The upper part —. 1990. Alfabetietruschidietàellenistica. La scrittura Maggiani, cenu should be translated as ‘(is) the interpretation of Maggiani the repetition of theletter, where theoblique strokes converge,is nell’Italiaantica:RelazioniecomunicazioninelConvegno ceded’. Maggiani argues that clause I of the of the wordfor water (thii, thil)is unmotivat- missing. It may originally havebeenpaintedon the del1985(Orvieto). AnnFaina4.177-217. TabulaCortonensis, clause III of the Cippus ed (‘ToAule Velthina, with respect to water, lipor rimof thelid. This lineof reasoningis sug- Pauli,Carl&OlofAugust Danielsson(ed.). 1893. Corpus Perusinus and the inscription on the the use of water is ceded’). In support of his gestedby thefact that the rightmost strokebegins InscriptionumEtruscarumI,1(Tit. 1-4917). Leipzig:Barth. Arringatore statue (Pe 3.3: aulesi metelis ve analysis of the initial phrase of clause III, toarcleftward toward theedgeof the upper band. Theletterformafter gammais illegible tome. Rix,Helmut. 1984. La scritturaelalingua. InGliEtruschi: vesial clensi cen fleres tece sansl tenine Facchettipoints to theparallelismof thefor- unanuovaimmagine,acuradiMauroCristofani, 210-234. tuthines cisvlics) have the same syntactic mulae withlocativeandpertinentive(whichis 4. Rix published the inscription, ET Cl 1.2484, Firenze:GiuntoMartelli. structure, namely a passive verb form (cenu, usedas alocativeofagenitive):Ta5.5:zilci withaminor addendum. He read thefourthletter as cenu, tenine), an indirect object (cusuthuras, velusi hulcniesi (‘in the zilcship (in that) of u.,and the third wordas thecognomenmaçu.[tia], Rix,Helmut et al. 1991. aulesi, aulesi), an agent or actor (pêtruis Vel Hulchnie’); Cippus Perusinus: aulesi Page 6 Facchetti’s objection (2003:5) toMaggiani’s interpretationofthilas agenitiveII. However, examples exist of nominal forms with both genitiveendings,e.g.,rasnal(Co8.1) vs. ras- nas (Ta1.184); suthil (Co 3.2) vs. suthis (Pe 1.948). 14. In the translation of Facchetti (‘with respect to the water ofAuleVelthina,(he)has to cede (= scuna) the use of water (= thil), obtainedby Afuna’) thereis not only theprob- lematiclackof the subject for scuna,but also the useofa so-calledpast participlecenuwith real participial function. In other texts with verb forms ending in –u, such use is not proven. As I have demonstrated in Wylin 2000: 307, verbforms in–u are tobeconsid- ered as modally indifferent forms expressing perfectiveaspect. 15. Maggiani 2002: 72 and 2001:99-100. Ido not follow Maggiani’s interpretation of the sentencetêrsna thui spanthimlesiêthic rasna SIIIICas a thirdparallel subject (atêrsnathat shouldbecomepublic(rasna). 16. Maggiani 2002: 7 and 2001:108. 17. As for the questionofrasna,Iagreecom- pletely with the analysis of Facchetti 2000: 30-40. 18. This interpretationis possibleif–lmarks the plural ending of the demonstrative pro- nouns as arguedby Facchetti 2002: 28-35. TheCortonaTablet:SideA(FromLuciano TheCortonaTablet:SideB(FromLuciano 19. Another possibility is to consider pavac Agostiniani,FrancescoNicosia,Tabula Agostiniani,FrancescoNicosia,Tabula traulac as two adjectives modifying pes. At Cortonensis,Rome, 2000) Cortonensis,Rome, 2000) any rate,it seems tome that zalat theendof theclauseis strongly emphasized to stress the fact that twomeasurements have tobe taken. velthinas arznal clensi thii (‘with respect to Iconcludeby presentinga translationofmy 10. Wylin 2000: 240-247 andWylin 2004:fn. Regarding the syntax of thefinal sentence,in the water (with respect to that) of Aule interpretationof thefirst clauseof theTabula 13. InTa 0.19 (mlac ca scuna fira hinthu) it whichtênthuris treatedas theinternalobject Velthina’). Cortonensis. seems that scunais modifiedby anadjective of têntha and inni is treated as an adjectival If Velthina possesses property on which mlac and a demonstrative pronoun ca, while relativepronoun,I refer to the reader toWylin thereis water,Afunacanobtain useofit,but et pêtruis scêvês êliunts vinac restmccenu the verbformmay wellbefira(see theforms 2002: 220. he cannot cede it. We therefore translate tên thur sar cusuthuras firinandfirithvenein theLiber Linteus). InTa clause III of the Cippus Perusinus as: ‘With larisal[i]svlapesc spante tênthur sa sran sarc 1.182 (camnas larth . . . atrsrce scuna calti REFERENCES respect to the water ofAule Velthina, son of clthil têrsna thui spanthi mlesiêthic rasna suthiti . . . ) I have argued that scuna is the Agostiniani, Luciano & Nicosia, F. 2000. Arznei, the use of water is obtained14 eplc SIIIICinnipes pêtrus pavac traulac tiur direct object of the verbformatrsrce(‘builda Tabula Cortonensis. Roma: “L’Erma” di felic(?)by LarthAfuna.’ tên[th]urc têntha zacinat priniserac zal scuna’); inTa5.6, that scunais precededby a Bretschneider. Now I return to theTabulaCortonensis. We genitiveconstruction. know that certainpieces ofland that belonged ‘So by Petru Scevas, the êliun, a vineyard 11. Manthe1979: 270-276. Facchetti, Giulio M. 2000. Frammenti di to the Cusu brothers have been obtained by andarestmof10 tenthurareobtainedfrom 12. The questionof whether scunacanalsobe diritto privato etrusco. Firenze: Leo S. Petru. The land in the text is called vinac theCusu,and(also)afundusin theplainof interpreted as a noun in clause VII of the Olschki. restmc. In this case I believe Maggiani15 is 4 tenthur and 10 sran (is obtained) from Cippus Perusinus (Pe 8.4, 22-24: cimth spel —. 2002. Appuntidimorfologiaetrusca. Con right inarguing that in thefirst paragraph we these same(folks);18<theentireproperty> thuta scunaafunamenahennaper cicnlhare un’appendice sulla questione delle affinità find at least two times the same syntactic here in the plain and in the mlesia (costs) utuse) requires some discussion. After the genetiche dell’etrusco. Firenze: Leo S. structure: a nominative subject (vinac restmc 14.5 rasna. With respect to the fundus for indication that Velthinapossesses 12 naperof Olschki. andpes-c(spante),anindicationofmeasures Petru thezacinat priniserachas amonth to land (clause II), it is said in clause IVthat —. 2003. “Note etrusche.” Archivio (tênthur sar and tênthur sa sran sarc) and a size up the two measures, (these are) the Velthina has another 5 naper on the sacred GlottologicoItaliano88.203-220. genitive(cusuthuras larisal[i]svlaandclthil). pavaand thetraula.’(= quemfundumPetri place(municlet)andadjacent to thoseanother Thus,Petru obtains not only a ‘vineyard’and mense agrimensor priniserac metiatur six naper(maybeas alocus purus). Inclause Maggiani,Adriano. 2001. “Dagli archivi dei arestm,but alsoapes(probably afundus,as mensuras pavac traulacduas).19 VI welearn that afamily tombalsobelongs to Cusu. Considerazioni sulla tavola bronzea di indicated by Maggiani). All of this property Velthina(eca velthinathuras thaura). Now in Cortona.” RivistadiArcheologia2594-114. belongedoriginally to theCusu brothers. The Author’s Address: clauseVIIit is said that Afuna shouldor can —. 2002. “Riflessioni sullaTavoladiCortona. problem seems to be that the second subject KoenWylin make(mena)acavity (spel)of 3 naperon the LaTabulaCortonensis eil suocontesto stori- pesccontains theconjunction–c, whiletêrsna CatholicUniversity Louvain 6 naper adjacent to the tomb of Velthina. coarchaeologico.” Attidell’Incontrodi studio, does not. Ibelieve that têrsnacould very well Department ofArcheology Therefore Velthina has to dare, facere, 22 giugno 2001, a cura di Maristella beacover termfor theproperty under discus- [email protected] praestare (acilune, turune, scune). Manthe Pandolfini e Adriano Maggiani, pp. 65-75. sion. Indeed, in the fourth paragraph, at the (1979: 272-276)has shown that the third verb Roma. point where both parties are named (on the NOTES form, praestare, often appears on Roman onehand theCusu brothers,on theother hand 1. Agostiniani-Nicosia 2000:84-86,Facchetti graves when land has become locus Manthe, Ulrich. 1979. “Ein etruskischer Petru andhis wife),Maggiani16wonders why 2000:59-88andMaggiani 2002: 69-70. religiosus. It seems very likely that on the Schiedsspruch. Zur interpretation des Cippus the people (rasna) as a third party are not 2. Agostiniani 2000:85,92-93. Cippus Perusinus it is said that Afuna is Perusinus.” Revueinternationaledes droits de mentioned. Theanswer is that rasnadoes not 3. Agostiniani 2000:95-96. allowed to make a cavity (a tomb) on the l’Antiquité26.261-305. refer to the third party in the legal contract, 4. Agostiniani and Nicosia choose not to property of the Velthina, and that this land but specifies as ‘Etruscan’17 a certain mone- express their opinion as to the meaning of becomes locus religiosus (spel quta scuna Wylin,Koen. 2000. tary value of the property obtained by Petru. cenu. afunamena= ‘Afunahas tomake thecavity a —. 2002. “Forme verbali nella Tabula Thus the sentencetêrsna qui spanthimlesiêth- 5. Facchetti 2000: 61-65. locus religiosus’). This translation of scuna Cortonensis.” StudiEtruschi65-68.215-223. ic rasnaSIIIICcouldmean: ‘thetêrsna(=all 6. Facchetti 2000: 74. fits very wellin with theother texts (Ta 0.19, —. 2004. “Un morfema agentivo etrusco.” of the property) here in the plain (that is the 7. Maggiani 2002: 71. 5.6,1.182),allof them tombinscriptions. ArchivioGlottologicoItaliano89.111-127. pes)andin themlesia(theseare the vineyard 8. Maggiani 2002: 74and 2001:109. 13. I agree that stems ending with a vowel and therestm)[costs]14.5rasna.’ 9. Facchetti 2000:18-19. have thegenitiveIin–s,for which,compare Page 7 Herbal (Crataegus oxyacantha), another thorny had their ownnames for henbane, suchas “the The Etruscan Texts Project plant. According to Dioscorides the tuberous prophet” andinsania.10Due toits connection Continuedfrompage1 presents “Markup for thistleis usedfor toothaches,pleurisy, sciati- with religious figures across the to theglossographer to theDioscorides manu- Museums: Scripts, ca,andlesions (3.19). Mediterranean, it seems likely that henbane script. 6. Thyme(Thymus vulgaris or serpyllum). was used in various areas in some ritualistic Artefacts, and XML The thirteen glosses of twelve plants (two According to Dioscorides, this plant is way. glosses are recorded for one plant) were (An EpiDoc Workshop)” at “known by all.” Indeed, the thyme described 11. Rough bindweed (Smilax aspera). understoodinantiquity topertain toEtruscan here, whether it is thecultivated(vulgaris)or Better known by its scientific name, Smilax Brown University religious practice. Theoriginallexicographer wild (serpyllum) species, is mentioned as a aspera,smilax tracheia,is glossedas rhadia. drew uponacorpus ofEtruscan texts concern- by James F.Patterson fumigator by bothVirgil,in theGeorgics,and It is usedas anantidotefor poison. Inamost ing ritual practice known collectively as the Department ofClassics Pliny.9TheGreekis thumos,and theEtruscan, curious application, Dioscorides notes that if Etruscadisciplina, translatedintoLatinby the University ofMassachusetts Amherst moutouka(mutuca). Theancient pharmacolo- the plant is rubbed on a newborn baby, that Romans, who admired Etruscan proficiency gist writes that it is used against phlegm, for child will hence be immune to all poisons Online databases have become an invalu- in omen reading. In this complex situation it breathing difficulties, worms, sciatica, dim (4.142). able means of publishing, and publicizing, will be of interest to list the various plants sight,andas adiuretic(3.36). The glosses found in Dioscorides’ De ancient manuscripts andinscriptions. Thedig- referred to by the glosses and to compare italformat is a simple way tomake texts and 7. Feverfew(Chrysanthemumparthenium, MateriaMedicaoffer instances ofplants (such them with ancient medical and ritual prac- inscriptions available to the scholarly commu- “maiden’s golden plant,” or “flower”). as valerian, pimpernel, and henbane) which tice.6 nity. The emerging standard for publishing Dioscorides prescribes parthenion, or fever- were usedinEtruscan religious rites and were 1. Valerian(Valerianaofficinalis). Valerian texts online is EpiDoc, a set of editing con- few,for the removal of phlegm and bile for also thought tobemagical,or usedin rituals root, common in today’s health-food stores, ventions in the XML markup language. But asthmatics and melancholics, or for a hard by other societies throughout the ancient the publication of inscriptions electronically was usedinantiquity ina variety of ways. The womb, gallstones, and erysipelas, a sort of Mediterranean.11 Further study of the use of is anew fieldand therehas not beenenough gloss gives soukinoum(Latinsuccinum)as the rash. Thenameparthenion(“maiden”)proba- these herbs may reveal more about Etruscan discussionabout how to tailor EpiDoc to the Etruscan synonym for the asaron of bly refers toArtemis, with special reference to religious and herbal practices. Certainly the needs of thegrowingnumber ofprojects that Dioscorides, who claims it is a diuretic and her protection of childbirth, and therefore attribution of Greek and Latin names to currently publish texts online. causes warmth,and whichis usefulfor drop- John Bodel (Brown University) and with a gynecological connection. The Etruscan plants indicates that the Etruscans sy and sciatica whendrunk(1.10). Charlotte Roueche (University of London) Etruscan word for this plant is kautam and their neighbors hadcommon traditions of In the samepassage, theauthor of thegloss hosted an international workshop at Brown (3.138). medical, as well as ritual and magical prac- alsoattributes a termfor valerian toOsthanes, University on November 12-13 “to examine 8. Madder (Rubia tinctorum, “dyers’ red tices. the mythical alchemist and student of the development and potential uses of [plant]”). Among the plants under considera- Extensible Markup Language (XML) and, Zoroaster. According toPliny,Osthanes, who tion,only madder,eruthrodanon(“reddye”), moreparticularly,a set ofeditingconventions accompaniedXerxes inhis expeditionagainst 1. Theglosses arecollectedinM. Pallottino, and valerianarementionedby Dioscorides as for marking up epigraphic texts (EpiDoc) in theGreeks, was thefirst to writeabout magic, TestimoniaLinguaeEtruscae(TLE)(2nded., growinginItaly; theherbalist writes that it is theelectronicpublicationofinscribedmateri- and “scattered the seeds ofhis monstrous art” Florence 1968) Nos. 801-858, and translated cultivatedinRavenna. This plant’s medicinal intoEnglishinG. BonfanteandL. Bonfante, als inmuseumcollections andinnon-standard (NH30.2). scripts.” Thepurposeof the workshop was to value is as a cure for leucoderma, paralysis, TheEtruscanLanguage(2nded.,Manchester 2. Arum (Arum italicum). Dioscorides’ present thefinalproducts ofdigitalinitiatives, sciatica, and snake bites. It also helps the 2002)186-191. I thankLarissaBonfanteand Greekis aron. TheEtruscangloss is drakon- to examine their usefulness to the scholarly spleen. The Etruscan gloss is lappa minor, JulieLaskaris for their helpandadvice. tia mikra (2.167), “small dragon [plant],” a community,and todiscuss theproblems asso- meaning “littleburr” inLatin(3.143). 2. The standard text is M. Wellmann,Pedanii Greek wordinorigin. Theherbalist writes that Dioscuridis Anazarbei de materia medica ciated with the emerging digital format. The 9. Helichrysum (Helichrysum stoechas, programincluded thefollowingpapers: its curative abilities are the same as the libri quinque, 3 vols. (Berlin1907-14). “sun-gold [flower]”). Dioscorides’headword drakontion, whichis usedfor everythingfrom 3. C. Singer, “TheHerbalinAntiquity andIts CharlotteRoueche(King’s College,London): is chrysanthemonorchalkas (“goldflower” or ear-aches,a stuffy nose, sores,breathingprob- Transmission to Later Ages,” JHS, vol. 37, DigitisingAphrodisias “bronzeflower”), whichare synonyms for the lems, lesions, cough, throat congestion, part 1(1927)1-52,p. 24. gold-flower (Helichrysum siculum). The 4. Singer 1927, 22. Thomas Elliot (University ofNorthCarolina, cloudy urine,andeyeproblems (2.166). Etruscangloss is garouleou. It is recordedby 5. For detailed studies, see V. Bertoldi, ChapelHill):Thecurrent stateofEpidoc 3. Pimpernel, scarlet andblue(Anagallis Dioscorides for useagainst sebaceous tumors, “Nomina tuscainDioscoride,” StudiEtruschi arvensis andAnagallis caerulea). Dioscorides Neel Smith (College of the Holy Cross): and “it temporarily makes jaundice look 10 (1936) 295-320, and M. Torelli, “Glosse Digital Incunabula and the Classical Text calls this plant anagallis; the gloss given for healthy” (4.58). This plant is knownby many etrusche: qualche problema di trasmissione,” Services protocol theEtruscanis masutipos for scarlet andtan- Mélanges Heurgon(Rome1976)1001-8. common names in English, including gold- toum for blue pimpernel. The plant is useful 6. I exclude one plant, batrachion (2.175), Rex Wallace, Michael Shamgochian, and flower, eternal flower, everlasting flower, for wounds,inflammation, ulcers, toothaches, from this survey,for its identificationis con- James Patterson(University ofMassachusetts immortelle,andcurry plant. phlegm,eyeproblems, snakebites,nephritis, fused:it is unclear whether theEtruscangloss Amherst): The current state of the Etruscan dropsy,andprolapse(2.178). 10. Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger, “black is meant toapply toselinonagrionor batra- Texts Project henbane”). Dioscorides has a long entry for chion,parsley and theranunculus, respective- The author of this gloss mentions that the Stephen Houston (Brown University): Maya this fascinating plant. Its uses include as an ly. so-called “prophets” called the scarlet pimper- epigraphy aidfor discharges of theeye,ear,and womb, 7. Robert Ritner, “EgyptianMagicalPractice nelhaimaophthalmou, “thebloodof theeye.” inflammation of the eye and foot, coughing, under theRomanEmpire: theDemoticSpells Gina Borromeo and Lisa Anderson (Rhode Prophetai was the Greek term for a certain runny nose, excessive pain, hemorrhage, and their Religious Context,” ANRW II.18.5 IslandSchoolofDesignArt Museum), class ofEgyptianpriests.7AnEgyptianmagi- fever,and toothache. TheEtruscan synonym, (1995) 3333-3379. Annewies van der Hoek and Sarolta Takacs cal connection is also suggested by haima 8. I thankJulieLaskaris for this and theabove (MuseumofFineArts,Boston), we are told, is fabouloniam (Latin fabuloni- ophthalmou, whichoccurs at Papyrigraecae reference. Christopher Lightfoot (MetropolitanMuseum am?)(4.68). magicae12.421.8 9. M. Grieve,AModernHerbal, 2 vol. (New ofArt,New York),and Perhaps the most infamous of the plants, 4. Gentian (Gentiana sp.). The common York1931). Sebastian Heath: The current state of the plant gentiane is said to be kikenda in henbane is best known as the plant used to 10. Thepseudographic traditions ofOrpheus, AmericanNumismaticSociety collections feign Juliet’s death in Shakespeare’s Romeo Democritus,andPythagoras discuss themag- Etruscan. Dioscorides’ de Materia Medica JohnBodel,ElliMylonas,andLisaAnderson and Juliet. Used externally for its analgesic ical properties of plants and stones, and pass mentions it as aplant that heats thebody and (Brown University): The current state of the effect, when taken internally the foul-tasting on recipes for amulets and rituals: C. A. is tobe usedas anastringent,cure snakebites, U.S. Epigraphy Project plant can cause death or a death-like condi- Faraone, Ancient Greek Love Magic sprains, and problems of the liver, stomach (Cambridge1999)11. tion. Its English name derives from the fact Charlotte Roueche and Gabriel Bodard andeye(3.3). 11. There seems to be some correlation that the seeds of this herb are poisonous to (King’s College, London): The current state 5. Tuberous thistle (Cnicus tuberosus). between the Etrusca disciplina and Egyptian ofInscriptions ofAphrodisias poultry; it is alsocalled “nightshade.” Leukakantha, “whiteacanthus,” is themodern magic(seeabove,No. 3). Tohenbane is attributed a strong magical Professor Rex Wallace, programmer Michael tuberous thistle. It is claimed to have been tradition. Anumber oflegendary religious fig- Shamgochian, and research assistant James called spina alba in Etruscan: but this is the ures, including Democritos and Pythagoras, Latin term, “white thorn,” for the hawthorn [See “EpiDoc” onpage16] Page 8 Museums, theBritishMuseum, theMuséedu Tristram’s Sistrum Louvreand theMetropolitanMuseumofArt, by JudithSwaddling among other institutions and private lenders, Department ofGreek&RomanAntiquities illustrate the Castellani’s comprehensive par- TheBritishMuseum ticipation in Roman artistic, antiquarian, and politicalactivities. This intriguing and beautifully-made Theexhibitionbegins with the story of the instrument was acquired by the British foundation of the firm, started by Fortunato Museum inApril 2005. Shaped rather like a PioCastellani(1793-1865)in1814. Although slingshot, it is an Etruscan ivory sistrum, or heinitially imitatedcontemporary Frenchand ceremonial rattle. Thediscs wouldhavebeen English work,FortunatoPiobecameinspired slottedon toametalor wooden rodbetween by theancient jewelry andmetalwork that was the lions’ mouths, and shaking the sistrum being unearthed at archaeological sites, such rhythmically produceda soft shufflingnoise, as the Etruscan Regolini-Galassi Tomb at believed toinvoke thegods. Sistraoriginated Cerveteri in 1836. He admired the exquisite in Egypt, and the name comes from the craftsmanshipof theseobjects andbecame the Egyptian onomatopoeic word for the instru- first nineteenth-century goldsmith to create ment,sesheshet. Thereit was associatedpar- works closely modeled after classical Italian ticularly with thegoddess Isis or Hathor,and and Greek prototypes; he thus created a new was used especially by women. But the type fashion for such jewelry and improved con- of sistrum we find in Egypt, and also in Portrait ofAugustoCastellani,before temporary Italiancraft anddesign. Etruscanivory sistrumin theBritish Rome, where the worshipofIsis spreadin the 1914.(Photograph.MuseodiRoma. Among the archaeological-revival style Museum 4thcentury BC,is different; it consists ofan ArchivioFotograficoComunale,Rome, jewelry in the exhibition are two pairs of “a AF 220.) bauletto” earrings from theVillaGiulia–one ovalframe with several rods, whichare usual- quickly recognised the object from the frag- Etruscan and dating from the second half of ly of bronze or occasionally of silver, but mentary discs and lions’ heads. The owner The Castellani and Italian the sixthcentury B.C., theother anineteenth- there are a number of votive examples in then had the sistrum privately restored: an century version by the Castellani. These faïence. extremely painstaking job. Bonhams’ Archaeological Jewelry at works illustrate theart ofgranulation that the This U-shaped variant seems tohavebeen research led them to believe that it belonged the Bard Graduate Center firm was famous for “rediscovering.” This peculiar to the Etruscans, though, to be fair, to Ernest William Tristram, an expert in technique, involving the application of tiny weknow ofonly oneother example. It, too,is Englishmedieval wall-paintingandProfessor forStudies in the granules ofgold toanobject’s surface tocre- inivory withlions’head terminals,andit has at theRoyalCollegeofArt. This was basedon Decorative Arts, Design, ate a pattern, had been perfected by the been in the British Museum since 1910; it is the fact that the owner had purchased the Etruscans in theninth tofourthcenturies BC said to have come from Orvieto. There are ivory at an auction house in Manchester and Culture but had been forgotten over time. Fortunato several advantages in having the two in the among a small collection of ancient bronze Pio and his sons, Alessandro (1824-83) and samecollection. Firstly wecanlookafreshat brooches and implements bearing the label by MichelleHargrave Augusto(1829-1914), spent decades trying to the dating. Our first sistrum has been placed ‘Tristram FSA’(Fellow of the Society of TheBardGraduateCenter master this process. The Castellani’s interest in the 7thcentury B.C. on thebasis of styleof Antiquaries). Investigation on our part, how- in classical jewelry is further highlighted by thelions’heads,and though the “new” oneis ever, revealed that there was another E. TheCastellanifirmofRomebecamefamous two allegedly “ancient” bracelets from the stylistically very similar andalmost certainly Tristram FSA, an Edward Tristram, whose in the nineteenth century for their modern CampanaCollectionin theLouvre, whichare madein the same workshop,at thejunctionof tracks werecoveredby thefact that he started jewelry inspiredby Etruscan,Roman,Greek, composed of Etruscan “a bauletto” earrings the frame and handle it has dramatic masks life as a Trustram and for some reason and Byzantine antiquities. “The Castellani that wereflattenedandhinged together in the representing comedy and tragedy, a decora- changed his name to Tristram. Our Tristram and ItalianArchaeological Jewelry,” present- nineteenth century. The Castellani seemed to tivefeature suggestingadatenearer the4thor was alawyer,and secretary of theDerbyshire ed by the Bard Graduate Center and curated havebelieved these tobeanauthentic typeof possibly even the 3rdcentury B.C. It remains branch of the Society ofAntiquaries until he by SusanWeber Soros andStefanieWalker,is Etruscanbracelet; thefirmand their followers to be established how the religion of Isis in died in 1919; he had pursued archaeology in the first exhibition to explore in depth the created several contemporary reproductions Etruriacame tobeassociated with thesedra- that general area over a number of years. To artisticand scholarly contributions tojewelry of it, and thereby legitimized a new form of matic symbols. We can explore whether the cut along story short,aidedby theDerbyshire madeby threegenerations of this family. The “ancient” jewelry. two are carved from the same type of ivory, Archaeological Society, we pursued every exhibition features a representative selection The exhibition features many of the perhaps even from the same tusk, and how possible genealogical link to try to find out ofCastellanipieces displayedalongside their Castellani copies and adaptations of antiqui- each was constructed. The first has no fine more about this Tristram, and we concluded ancient prototypes; workshop designs and ties from the Campana Collection, including gold meander inlay like this new one, which that he was almost certainly theowner of the tools; paintings,photographs andmannequins anenameledgolddiadembasedonone said to was also brightly painted; there are traces of object. Couldour Mr Trustramhavechanged showing the Castellani clientele and how the befoundat Cumae. MarcheseGiovanniPietro pink,especially on thehair of themasks,and his name toTristram to rhyme with sistrum? pieces were worn; andbooks highlighting the Campana(1808-80)hadamassedahugecol- possibly alsoblack. Acquisition of this fascinating instrument Castellani’s workand their sources ofinspira- lection of antiquities, partially through exca- Why do we call it Tristram’s sistrum? was funded from the bequest of Miss Eva tion. Themore than 280 objects in the show, vations at Veii and Cerveteri that had been Again it involves doubles. When the object Lorant, a lover of Etruscan culture, who left borrowedfrom theVillaGiuliaandCapitoline financed largely was brought to us for identification by her estate to the British Museum Friends. through misappro- Bonhams last autumn,muchofit was in tiny Miss Lorant would doubtless be pleased that priated funds. fragments, and neither Bonhams nor the her bequest has again helped to further Campana was afam- owner knew what it was. Beingfamiliar with researchintoEtruscanculture. theexamplealready in theBritishMusuem,I ily friend, and Alessandro and Augusto were jewelry. by Alessandro to be from Melos, but by involvedin thecata- It was in part the loss of the Campana Augusto to be Tyrrhenian — which demon- loguing and restor- Collection that prompted Alessandro and strates the inability to attach a secure prove- ing of his collection Augusto to become archaeological collectors nance to objects not properly excavated. before the Italian inorder “to replaceinour Rome those things Before he sold the necklace to the museum, government soldit to which the Pope has sold to Alessandro replaced missing elements and France, Russia, and France.”1Alessandro became a famed dealer, reattached the terminals, all in accordance Britain to pay off archaeologist, and authority on ancient with common nineteenth-century practice. some of his debts. objects andcountedanumber ofpublicinsti- The Castellani reproduced this piece on a The Castellani’s tutions and private collectors as clients. His number ofoccasions,andanalmost identical close study of the most important relationship was with the necklace from the Cooper-Hewitt National Campana pieces BritishMuseum to whomhe sold severalcol- Design Museum, Smithsonian Institution is resulted in some of lections of antiquities, the largest being in alsoon view. the firm’s most suc- 1872. Among theobjects from this sale was a Although not as well known outside of Room IV of the Castellani showrooms: modern goldwork. cessful and popular gold strap necklace with amphora- and seed- Italy,Augusto was anantiquarianas well,and (Photographed after 1870. Archivio privato Giuseppe Moretti, archaeological-style shaped pendants (ca. 330-300 B.C.) — said Rome.) [See “Castellani” onpage11] Page 9 EE xx cc aa vv aa tt ii oo nn RR ee pp oo rr tt ss ings of the northwest complex (Cetamura Antica, 17-21). The kiln, Structure K, had beenfully excavatedby 1996 (Charles Ewell, AnEtruscanHellenisticWorkshop: theKiln andArtisans’Zone at Cetamura del Chianti, doctoraldissertation,FloridaStateUniversity, 2000) . The structure has been dated to the third century BCE, contemporary with a paved room, Structure C, and the first phase of thenearby cisternStructureB. A3x3m unit on the north of the kiln, was designed to investigate the area in front of the kiln that served for stoking it. The two praefurnia of thekiln werecompletely uncoveredanddense layers ofcarbon werefoundimmediately out- side thechannels,containingpottery dating to HellenisticPhaseI(ca. 300-150 BCE). Farther southinZoneII,anewly discovered complex,AreaL,is under excavation,dating by allindications to the secondcentury BCE (Hellenistic Phase II). Thus far excavations have been carried out in a group of 6 large units (each 3x4m), revealinga series of walls andpavings,but noclear design(Fig. 1). The stone working is rough and the lines of the walls in somecases arenot straight,but per- haps the most important problem is that the Fig.1.Cetamura,AreaL, view from the south. area was used for the borrowing of stone, probably in the MiddleAges. Arough sand- Recent Archaeological stonefoundation wallextends from theparty entirely, since they run underneath a wall of though so far relatively little bucchero has Research at Cetamura del thebaths of theRoman villa.)Among the spe- beenfoundinits originalcontext. In themost wall between Structures Aand B, and seems to be part of a reworking of Structure B. A cial finds were two tools made from the recent probe of the agger was discovered an Chianti (Civitamura) large stone paving or platform adjoins it on workedantlers ofadeer,possibly apestleand amphora stamp with the name EVTACHEI, the west. Particularly conspicuous is a long, by Nancy T.deGrummond an awl (Trashpit I). Near Trashpit II were dating to the late third century BCE, almost thick(.95-.98m) wall that runs through three found 30 joining fragments of an Etruscan certainly part of the same amphora with the units for a length of 10 m, on a diagonal in Excavations at Cetamura del Chianti near ceramicmortarium,including the spout on the stamp M.LVRIfound in 1993 in an adjacent relation to the rectangular structures ofPhase Siena by Florida State University have rim; the vessel was sufficiently preserved to unit (CetamuraAntica, 30,cat. 140). The two I. The modest amount of pottery found in unearthedahilltop settlement withalongand show thediameter at ca. 52cm. stamps are from the amphora type known as association withit is consistent withadatein diverse history, encompassing an Etruscan Just above the level of the trashpits were “Greco-Italic,” and are among the earliest PhaseIIof thenorthwest complex. Near it is settlement, a Roman villa, and a medieval foundanumber ofexamples oflargeEtruscan known Roman amphora stamps; they may an unusual tetragonal platform or foundation fort. Each period has multiple chronological bricks,firedat alow temperature,of the same provide evidence of trade with Roman Cosa of large rough stones that aligns partly in a phases. Theexcavations areconducted under date or a little later. (These are similar to (N. deGrummond, “Sestius at Cetamuraand perpendicular to this large wall. Nodiagnostic the supervision and with permission of the examples foundearlier at Cetamura, stilllying Lurius at Cosa?” inTerramarique:Studies in pottery is associated with the tetragon,but in SoprintendenzaArcheologica per laToscana, in thekiln where they weremade,StructureK Honor of Anna Marguerite McCann, ed. J. styleit is very like thediagonal walland the ActingDirector Dr. Carlotta Cianferoni. This onZoneII ; CetamuraAntica, 24-25). Resting Pollini,Oxbow, 2005, 30-39.) wall that represents anextensionof theparty short report emphasizes the results of four onanirregular clumpof suchbricks were the Another major project of these years was a wallofStructures Aand B(i.e.,ofPhaseII). seasons of excavation and one study season remains ofa sandstone wallfrom theRoman well,cut into the sandstonebedrocknear the Throughout theareaof thediagonal walland during the years 2001-2005,obtained sincean baths,dated to theAugustanperiodby numer- center ofZoneI,hypothesized tobeEtruscan. the large platform, a hard, fine yellow clay exhibition on Cetamura in 2000 (Cetamura ous fragments of Roman red gloss pottery Excavations in this areabeganat 19m. below soil seems tobeanartificialfilling,creatinga Antica,TradizionidelChianti, withcatalogin foundin the terracingfor the wall. At a slight- ground level, under the supervision of beaten earth floor. This imposing group of English, edited by Nancy T. de Grummond; ly higher level was a fairly well preserved Claudio Bizzarri, and have now been sus- walls and pavings in Area Lbelongs to the version in Italian translated by Alba segment of fortification, again sandstone, pendedat adepthof 26.74m. Theexcavations final years ofEtruscancultureat Cetamura. Frascarelli; available from the author, nde- belonging to themedievalperiod,but not pre- havenow reached the water tableand special Various items fromCetamurahavebeencon- [email protected]). cisely datable. It may belong to theperiodin apparatus willbeneeded tocontinue the work servedor restoredduring this periodby Studio Amajor project during the years 2000-2005 the twelfth century when Cetamura was andpump the water out. Almost allfinds were Arts CentreInternational(SACI)inFlorence, was the excavation to bedrock of two large referred to in medieval documents as a cas- from episodes of dumping in the well, and under the direction of Renzo Giacchetti and and deep units located on an escarpment trum(CetamuraAntica,10). included mostly Roman material, such as Roberta Lapucci. These include a number of between Zone I and Zone II; these were 3x6 Ina smaller unit to the west of these, thegoal coins, glass, red gloss pottery and box flue pan tiles, both Etruscan and Roman, a frag- meter rectangles, which in places were sunk was tofindmaterial that wouldhelp togivea tiles. At the level of the water table, several ment ofa tile,probably from thekiln, witha todepths of twoor moremeters. These units precisedatefor oneof the walls ofRoom4of vessels have been found having multiple smoke hole, a bucchero saucer and several on the edge of Zone I (Area G) provided an theRomanbaths. Only medievalandRoman pieces, suchas apitcher with some 39 sherds. metal objects. At present the mortarium and excellent cross section of stratigraphy of the stratigraphy was identified. In the Roman The amount of material preserved suggests thepitcher from the wellarein thecustody of site; at thebottom were traces of twoparallel level were found fragments of cocciopesto that these were vessels that fell in when the SACI and slated for restoration. During the Etruscan sandstone walls (4.5m. distant)dat- and painted plaster, suggesting that the wall, well was actually in use. Of interest are the study seasonof 2004andat other times sever- ingca. 325-300 BCE,interpretedas the sides and Room 4, belonged to a secondary phase fragments of Hellenistic black gloss pottery, alother researchprojects havebeenlaunched, ofanentrancegate to theacropolis. Within the of the baths, probably the first century CE. redepositedin theRomandumpingactivities. including a Master’s thesis by Stephanie same level were found two large pits in the Above this was a sectionofamedieval ram- Thesehavebeen studiedas part ofaMaster’s Layton on “Etruscan Bucchero from bedrock (Trashpit I, 2002; Trashpit II, 2005) part or earthwork (agger; Cetamura Antica, paper at FSUby JacquelynSimmons, “Black- CetamuradelChianti” (scheduledfor comple- filled withdiscardeddebris from theEtruscan 15-17) within whichhavebeenfoundobjects gloss Pottery from the Refuse Strata of the tion in spring of 2006; drawings by Maria kitchen and table: animal bones, local wares of a much earlier date. Of particular interest Wellat CetamuradelChianti.” (FloridaState Rosa Lucidi), and a study of the mortarium for cookingand storing,andfragments offine were fragments of Etruscan bucchero proba- University, 2004) and tools from the trashpit by MelissaHargis. table wares. (The pits actually probably join, bly dating to the sixthcentury BCE, testifying InZoneII, workhas proceededon thefoun- but it was not possible to excavate them toactivity on the siteduring this periodeven dations of several imposing sandstone build- Page 10
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