Prescott’s Microbiology

1139 Pages·2013·137.77 MB·English

by  Joanne Willey, Linda Sherwood, Christopher J. Woolverton

ninth edition
PrescoMtitc'rso biology
JoannMe.W illey
HOFSTRA UNIVERSITY
LindMa.S herwood
MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY
ChristoJp.Wh oeorl verton
KENT STATE UNIVERSITY
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PRESCOTT'MSI CROBIOLOGY, NIENDTIHT ION
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Aboutt heA uthors
JoannMe.W illheaysb eean LindMa.S herwoiosad m e mber ChristoJp.Wh oeorl verits on
profesastHo orf stUrnai versoinLt oyn g oft heD epartmoefnM ti crobioalto gy foundipnrgo fesosfEo nrv ironmental
IslanNde,wY orks,i nc1e9 93w,h erseh e Montana State HUenrii vnetresriients yt. HealStchi enCcoel,l eogfPe u blHieca latth
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receihveerdB .A.i nB iolofgryo mt he Shew enotn t oc ompleatnMe . Sd.e griene overseietiBsnS gL -T3r ainFiancgi lity.
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developmenctycalleS .h ei sa na ctive coursiengs e nermailc robiogleongeyt,i csw,i deolnyt hmee chanisbmyws h icLhC sa ct
membero ft heA mericSaonic etfyo r biolomgiyc,r obgieanle taincdsm ,i crobiala sb iosenasnodro snt heL Cc haracteristics
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studenSthsea. l stoe achceosu rsiencs e llm icrobioilnottgohy ee lementsacrhyo ol Progratme,a chlianbgo rastaofreyrt iys,k
biolomgayr,i nmei crobioalnodg y, curricualnudhm a sc oauthowrietdh assessmdeencto,n taminsattriaotnea gnide s,
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shoroefL ongI slawnidt h hhuesrb and MicrobioAl Doigsyc:o vAeprpyr oach, Woolversteornv oensi tBso arodfE ducation
andt wos onsS.h ei sa na virdu nner anpdu blisbhyeP dr enticeH-eHraa lsls.o ciatainodna st hee ditor-ionf-i ctJhsoi uerfn oafl
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reaidngS.h ec anb er eachaetd prepartehdse t udgyu idfeostr h fieft ha nd Woolveratnodhn i wsi fNea,n cyh,a ve three
[email protected] sixtehd itioofMn isc robioHleorng oyn.­ daughtaes rosn,- iwn,-a lnada g randsHoen .
academiinct erfeosctupssr imaroinlh ye r enjotyism wei thhi fsa miullyt,r a-light
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gardenianngdt, r avelSihnecg a.nb e Hise -maiald dreisscs w [email protected].
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A ModerAnp proacthoM icrobiology
Evolutaisoa n F ramework
Introduicmemde diatiencl hya pt1ea rn du seads a no verarching
themet hroughoeuvto,l uthieolnp usn itmei crobiological con­
AbouttAhuethor1s1 1 24 ActinobacTtheerH iiag:hG + C Gram-Positive
ceptasn dp rovidaef sr amewourpko nw hicsht udenctasnb uild Prefaciev Bacteri5a5 5
2STheProtis5t6s8
theiknro wledge. '----+--- ParOtn eI ntroducttoMi iocnr obiology 211 TheFungi(Eu5m8y8co ta)
1 TheE volutoifoMni croorgaannr.;dmM �i crobiolo1g y
2 Micro5t:op2y2
3 BacteriaiCeiiSt4r2u cture ParSti xE coloagnyd S ymbiosis
4 ArchaeaiCeiiStr8u2c ture 28 BiogeochemicaiCyclingandGiobal
5 EukaryoticCeiiSt9r2u cture ClimateChan6g3e2
SeparaCthea pteornsB actearnidaA rchaea 6 Virusaensd O theArc ellullnafre dkAlguesn ts 29 MethodIsMn icrobial Ec15o4l15o gy
30 MicroorganiinM5 amrsi naen dF re5hwater
Ecosystem6s6 0
Inr ecogniotfit ohnei mportaanncdep revaleonfac rec haetah,e ParTtwo MicrobNiuatlr itGiroonw,t ahn,d C ontrol 31 Microorgani5m5inTerre5tri6a7i9E co!i)'stems
7 MicrobiaiGro1w3t3h 32 Microbiallnter6a9c9t ions
structguernee,t iacnsdt, a xonomaincdp hysioldoigviecr soift y 8 ControlofMicroorgtahneiEsnmvsiirnonll"lent
9 AntimicrobiaiChemo1t8h9e rapy ParSte venP athogenaincdiH toys Rte sponse
thesmei crobaersen owc overiendc haptetrhsa atr es eparate
33 lnnateHostResis7t2a3n ce
fromt hosaeb oubta cteria. ParThtr eeM icrobMieatla bolism 34 Adaptivelmmun7i5t3y
10 lntroductklntoMet2a1b0o Wsm 35 Pathogeniacnidtlynfect7i8o9n
11 Catabolism:EnergyReleaseandConservation
12 Anabolism:TheUseofEnergyin82i6o6s ynthePsaisr t EiMigchrto bDiiasle asDeest,e ctaionndT, h eir
Control
ParFto urM icrobMioalle cuBliaorl oagnydG enetics 3367 ECpliindiecmaiioMlaioncgdPgry uyo bablinHioldeclma omlutMnhio clroogb8yi0 o8l ogy
13 BacteriaiGenomeReplicationan2d8E7x press3i8o nH umanDiseasesCabuysVeidrusesandPr8i5o4n s
14 RegulatoifoBnilcteriaiCellular3P2r5o cesses 39 HumanDiseasesCabyusedbyB8a8c8t eria
AnI ntroducttoti hoeEn ntire 15E aunkdaErxyporatenisdAcs r i3co5hn3a Geeanlo meR eplication 40 HumanDiseasesCauFsuendgiandProtists
16 MechanismsofGeneticVa3r7i2a tion
MicrobWioarll d 17 RecombinDaNnAtT echnology ParNti neA ppliMeidc robiology
18 MicrobGieanlo mics4 24 41 Microbiologyof9F5o8o d
42 BiotechnologlynadnudstriaiMicrobiology
Now covereidnc hapte3r-s6 ,t hes eparacthea pteorns t he 43 AppliEendv ironmeMnitcarlo biolo9g9y6
ParFti vTeh e Diveorfts hietM yi crobWioarll d
structaunrdef unctioofbn a ctearnidaa rchaaeraef ollowbeyd 19 MicrobTiaaxlo nomayn dt hEev olutioofDn i versity Appendi1x oRfAeB viioelowof tg hiCech aeimMioslAte-1ryc ules
20 TheArchaea4 69 Appendix2C ommonM etabolPaitch ways
thed iscussoifeo unk aryoticp rceecleldsvi inrg uses. 21 TheDeinococci,Mollicutes,andNonproteobacterial
Gram-NegaBtaicvtee ri4a8 9 GlossarGy- 1
22 TheProteobact5e0r9i a CreditCs- 1
23 Firmicutes:ThelowG+CGram-Posit5i4v2e BilcItnedreixa1 -1
Secondary LymphoidT iOsrsguaenss and Molecular MicraonbdIi momluongoyl ogy
Th8eplecinst hmeo shti gholryg aniszeecdo ndary lymphoid
organi.salltargeolrogcaanitnetdhaebdomicnaavlitythat
functitoofin lst tehre blood balnodo dt-rbpaoaprr ntei tcol es The nintehd itiionnc luduepsd atoensg enetibciso,t echnology,
bea ss�sfsoefrdo reigbnynpe hsasg oc(yfitgeus3r 3e. 1M4a)c.­
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pathogiespn h agocytkoisleladen,dd d, i ges1theedr .e sulting
antigaernpesr esenttole ydm phocayctteisv,aa t isnpgei cmi­fic archaegaeln etihcassb eene xpandaendd m akesu pa separate
muneresponse.
Lympnho delska tt hjeu nctoifolnsy mphatiwchveerses ds, chaptteorr efltehcet relatoefdg neensesti incf ormatfiloonwA .
macrpoh agmeds d endrcietlitlcrs ap pa rtitchlaeetns t tehrle y m­
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ist hepnh agocytoasneddd e gradaenddt, h re esulatnitnigg ens streamlidniesdc ussoifoi nm munitwyi the nhancdeedt abiel­
arcprcsclnytmcpdhtoocytcs.
Lymphotiids saurefeso untdh rougthhobello ld aysh ighly tweeinn nataen da daptilvien kagheesl psst udengtrsa stph e
organio7rl.e odo saeslsyo cicaetleldu lar c(ofmipg3lu3er.ex1 e4s) .
Somel ymphociedla lrsce l osaeslsyo ciwaittsehpd e ctiifiscs ues
sucahss ki(ns kin-assloycmipahttoeiidsd s ourSe A,L Ta)n dm u­ complexaintdys pecificoifit mym uner esponses.
cousm embran(emsu cosal-assloycmipahtoteiidds soure ,
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lymphotiidsstuheafsteaturemacrsouprhraoguenbsdysepde­
cifiacr eoafBsa ndT lymphocayntdse osm etimes dendritic cells.
Loosealsys ocilaytmepdh otiids siusbe e srte presebnytt heed
bronchial-alsysmopchiotaiitdse (sdBu AeL Tb)e,c auistle a ck!!
cellpualratri tiThoen pirnigm.ar roylo eft helsyem photiids sues
istoefficientolryganlie7.uekoctyoitnecsreianstec:rabcet­ion
tweetnhi en naatnedt haed aptairvmoesf t hiem munree sponse.
'lhtuhsle,y mphotiids ssueersav ste h ien terbfeatcweet ehnie n ­
natree sistmaencchea niasnmdas d aptiimvmeu niotfay h ost.
Wen owd isctuhsests ies siunme osr dee tail
Desptihtseek idne'fse nastte ism,pe ast hogmeincirco organ­
ismgsa ianc cetsots h tei ssuuned etrh seki ns urfaHceert.eh ey
encounat sepre dalsiezotef cd e lclasl ltehd$e kin-associated
lymphoitdi !ls(uSeA L(Tfi)g ur3e3 .)1.T5h em ajofurn ctioofn
SALTi st oc onfine microbitaotl h aeir neviaam dmeerdsi ately
underltyhieenpgideramnidtsopreventthegmafrionmaicng­
cestsot hbel oodstOrneeat my.po efS ALTc elilst hLea ngc:r­
hancelsl ,a dendrcictlitlch apth agocytmoiscerso organisms
thapte nettrhas�tk ei Onn.c et hLea ngerhcaenlhsla sin t�mal­
i7.eadf orepiagrnt iocrml iec roorgaintmi isgmr,af treostm h e
epidertom niesa rlbyym pnho dewsh,e rietp reseannttsi gteon
activnaetaer lbyym phociyntdeusc,ai s npge ciifimcm nnree ­
spontsoet haatn tigTehnid.se ndrcietlilc- lympihnotceyrtaec ­
tioinl lustarnaottehbser ri dbgeet weiennn artees istaanndc e
adaptiimvmeu nity.
Thee pideramliscsoo ntaainnost hteyrp oef S ALTc ell
calltehdie ntraepildyfmrpmhaolc(yftifg u3r3e. 1a5s )p,e ­ The speciallyimzpehdot iids siunme l lcomuesm braniess
cialiTzceedl lhavingpotenticmymtuonloyretgiuclaantcdoarlylm eudc osal-assolcyimaptheotdii ds s(uMeA LTT)h.e re
respontsoae nst igTehne.sc ee lalrsse t rateglioccaalitlnety dh e arsen ertaylpoefsM ALTTh.e systmeom$ slt udiiset hdge u t­
skisnot hatth ecya inn teracneyapn tt igtehnabstr eatchhfie r st associlaytmepdh otiids �(uGeA LTG)A.L Ti nclutdheteso n­
linoefd efenMsoeso.tf t hesspee ciaSlAiLzcTee dl ls have lsiimlaisdL.,ee ndo iddisff,l llsyem phoairde aasl ontgh eg uta,n d
rcceptordainvdehrasvietlyikelyreevcoolgvneid7.etcoommsopne ciarleigzieoidnntshientesctailnlee dPpeaytecrh'Lesess.s
skipna thogen patterns. well-orgMaAnLiTza eldso oc cuirnts h ree spirsaytsotraeynm d
vi
A ModerAnp proacthoM icrobiology
..
21st-CenMtiucrryo biology
PrescoMtitc'rso biolleoagdtysh ew ayw ituhp datteedx dte voted
(figu)r.eAmlmonium&runoflflleachei
I!tolahsandotream•,frcquently causing tog lobcalli macthea ngbei,o fuealnsdm, i crobfiuaelcl e llFso.r
eutrophicatiionnc-raenia nsn eu trient
level&ittheadtnusmtibmorgani.ieumlrll,oaf�ntthheegrowthroefabyildisturmb­­ mores,e ec hapte2r8s,3 0,4 2,a nd4 3.
ingtehceoloj;yoftheseaquaticero�m�.
Bycontrasl,mniuificaitioncrobial c.anre­
lultlo!dndationtheofmunonituommore
nlt:rattteha�.nnbeinuoobi.li%edbypb.nt!
andmlcroabseorpnlmn$n.eeda$pedfic
rui<lofC:N:P.hTepr<Xmofdtnltrifica­
tionm'tottSoihl$eKntitr.rtateoN,and
Tlhheircsnycctlflotgefn:Jftilrifincl.atiloootn/uldenitrifetricatio�no.Ddoens . Metagenomaincdts h eH umanM icrobiome
fueledbyNH.,+introducedasfertilir.eris
respoosiblheifogrhtheestN0l0silne ve
650.000)'1lUS. The updategde nomics chcaopvteertrsh et echniacsaple cotfs
Whatarethe<:<�n�u..nuosfdi•­
ruptilnhgccarabnodnnitrogencycles!
Globlllclcihmaantgieetthemoobsvti­ metagenomaincdst ,h eh umanm icrobioimsde i scusisnet dh e
ouse xampkl ei.si mporttaokn ete ipn
mmaitnedWt. hh iawltNee oa rbteiArhsom oettrhi hsecaa as1m a1ue1ff c elrie­d conteoxftm icrobiinatle ractiinco hnasp te1r8as n d3 2.
lomtofthehtollll1«lllmrtencoonrdln
thepurdecea,da&indgalye<>wreekin
Julytilu.sptanio:ubhrol!ty8notb,yi t·
sel£evicoklngcleoN\ctleiembaange.
Globcf.llim•ctheangiesmmuredvotr
decaedswdindudnn1•nypenmete1'1
lucha.&urf�teumrpeoennloalndand Flugre28.12,. .tulrl•ndHum;m·MtildnftutnotSonlhtrO!I"I"ClJdl t.
oopnt.aM nrdIe n;t ro..baf a pttremesmcpibpeiartneadt trioopne;·a MnIdCfRrOIe N-QUIII"MwnV orga.rJlmibfntfir(romnirril\caticln1 LaboratSoarfye ty
quencoyfe xtreWt'maet heBra.s eodn
thesaen alyr.et�oh,ea veraggleo btaelm perahtausir nec rnK<I
0.74"C,ai0sr0itsihesdirectcloyrrdatedwithfocuoiml-fuel Reflectifnogr thcomriencgo mmendatfiroonmst heA merican
bustitoonCO,fip(re2S.)l.3Dtpendointnhgre;rtoefconlln·
nedincrienagsreeenhoguassees.atvheeraggleobsaulrface
temperraetipusredeidcttorbiesteweenl.land6.4"Clr)'2100. SocieftoyrM icrobiolcohgayp,t3 e7rp rovidsepse cigfiuci dance
Mo imporuqnute stiioshn o ww ilmli crobes re�po10O aO
m.changinigCI'O(lworid.rll<>:;aguaoneimuhave bufonrt thheedrtvmv amsatjoofer olifl'.arilietsmyemChz)'(ills ltnogr.y , folra boratboerspytr actitcohe esl ipn strucptroorvsi sdaef e con­
clwlgesin rniuobial activiitilelshwamvaejai.J:rl>aoctr ontherate
andrnagrtitude ofgreenbgoauss�eumul.ationa.nodbgalellimate ditiodnusr intgh et eachionflg a borateoxreyr cises.
eh.a.l!$e.'Iherolem.ierpolbtye!snba.laneinagncdvllbit.rostonn
fluxethunpenwtavdrnoeuesofmearchltieo:ologyro.i croblal
Retritnefw¥rJ�,iy.
1.l istlhn!e!JtemllouHgomt!ilir.oDrisa.ti!QSithm
2.DiK11M the,_.;bleroleDffureoti•nthceontroiDfCO,.
l.H owdo<�"9"'innitthreogencydb"yclearutsieldization
lnflu..ncetheurbon�?
4.rGc ;IomVmll'l!e1!llJI1nnoh!Jfli ri"l'l"th.t it"yd 1M-mlnik grnoymboi�lugrarl1yolgtou he uppao r a•ge n�od pcpil1tl1ct�ii nmctguateemo�ams 7s p oellmlrlrliaec rolllal CFlhnlausgnrtgieet28.Du. at1neG3ifl< oodrbeSafpiraAvcneendS<:ufiameimr-toMh:eP..am,nrhSo.ufacetnArp:l/rliliotrmaTl.mo!.gJpiiec"r.l.1lnt•"ul"ra'eO. O!nJOVnIileitswlOeOm:¢1,rGaopdWd ard
-
_ Disease
26.1W hiteS-yNnodsrIeDos em cei mNaotrAitmnheg r BiacPtao np ulations
SpeciIanlt erEesssta ys Batesv okael kli ndosf i mageSso.m ep eopliem mediateelryo dtehse e pideramnidst heinn vadtehseu nderlysiknign
thinokfv ampibraet asn da rer epulsOetdh.e rtsh inokft he andc onnecttiivses Duees.p ittheen ameW NS,t hep rimary
largfer ubiatt osft enc allfeldy ifnogx eIsfy. o uh avsep enat sitoefi nfect(iaontndh ea natomisciathlea rmemdo sti)st he
Organiziendt of ourt hemes-MicroDbiivaelr si& ty summeerv enionugt dooornts h eea st coofaNsotr Atmhe ricaw,i ngW.i ngsp roviad lea rgseu rfacaer efoar colonization,
mosquitaonedst hes malbla ttsh aeta tt hemm ayc omet o ando ncei nfecttehdet, h ilna yeorfs kiins e asidlaym aged,
EcologTye,c hniqu&e Asp plicatiHoinsst,o riHciaglh ­ mindA. news cencea nn owb ea ddetdo t hesbea:t wsi thl eaditnoag d verpshey siolocghiacnaglde usr ihnigb ernation.
whitfeu nghaylp hager owianrgo und their( mbuofizgxz­l eTsh esient urrne suilnpt r ematauwrea kenilnogso,sf e ssential
lighatnsd,D isease-tfhoecsues aendd i nteresetsisnagy s ur)eT.h iiss t heh allmaorfkw hite-nsoysned ro(mWeN S),f arte servaensds, t ranbgeeh avior.
andi fit rsa toefi nfectcioonnt inuunecsh eckietids p, r ojectedW hered idt hipsa thogceonm ef roma ndw hyd oeist
proviadded itioinnasli gthort e levtaonpti cs. to elimintahteme o stc ommonb ats peciIenes a steNronr thi nfebcatt sT?h eb eshty potherseigsa rdIitnosgr igIisnt hat
Americ(aM yotliusc ifugbuys2 0)2 6. humansi nadvertebnrtoluyg hittf romE uropew,he rie t
WNS wasf irsspto ttien2d 0 0a6m ong bhaitbse rnaitni ncga usmeisl idn fectiinao tnl eaosnte h ibernabtaitsn pge cies.
ac avnee aArl banNyY,.S cientqiusktkslb ye came alafromreT dh imsa kesG .d estrucatnaa npsp arecnats oef p athogen
� twor easoFnisr.si tts,p reardasp idlyk-niotw'nts o o ccuirna t pollutionh-utmhaeni ntroducotfii novna spiavteh ogoefn s
MicrobDiiavle rsiEt y& leassitbx a ts peciaensdi sn owfo undfr om them id-Atlanwtiilcd lainfdde o mestainci maplo pulattihoanttsh reabtieon­
UniteSdt atneosr,t hwairndtC oa nad(aO ntario, Qaunedb deicv,e rsaintdey c osysftuenmc tion.
NewB runswicakn)da, s fa rw esats O klahomSae.c onidti, s The capaciotfGy . d estructtoas nwse etph rougbha t
3.1G raPmo siatnGidrv aeNme gaotrMi ovneo daenrDdmi sd erms? deadlAy p.o pulatoifbo ant dse clifnreosm3 0t o9 9%in a ny populatiroenssu lftrso ma "perfsetcotr mo"f h osta-nd
giveinn fechtiebde rnac(utlhpael acweh erbea thsi bernaptea,t hogen-assfoaccitaotGre.dsd e. s trucitspa snysc hrophilic,
Thei mportaonfct eh eG rams taiinnt heh istoorfmy i crobia­ndm anya buddinmgi crobioliongtitosh ti nkil whicuhn fortunrahtydmye wsi tDhr acula). witahg rowtohp timuamr ountdr C;i td oenso tg rowa bove
ologcya nnobteo verstaTtheeGd r.a ms tairne actwiaosnfo r bacterhiausma typical Gram-epnovseiltoipvee. WNS isc ausebydt haes comycGeetoem yces dest2r0u°cCtA.al nlis n.f ecbtaetsd p eciheisb erniantc eo ladn dh umid
manyy earosn eo ft hec ritipciaelco efsi nformatuisoebndy guetsh abty r elatcienlegln veloaprec hitetcottu re Itc oloniaz beast w'isn gsm,u zzlaen,d e arwsh eriet f irsetn vironmseunctahss c aveasn dm inesB.e cautshee mier ta­
bactertiaaxlo nomitsoct osn strtuacxtaa n,d i ti ss tiulsle fueln ieosfv ariobuasc tertiaaxlwa e,m ayg aiinn sig bolirca ties d rasticraeldluyc deudr inhgi bernattihoeni,r
ini dentifbyaicntge irnic al inisceatlt iTnhgesi .n itsitauld ieesv olutoifot nh esaer chitecHteun roetse.ts h atth • bodyt emperatrueraec htehsa otf t heisru rroundibneg­s,
donet od ifferentbiaacttee rthiaast t ainGerda mp ositimviec utaensdA ctinobacatrecero mtpao sed almost twee2na nd7 °CTh.u s WNS iso nlsye einn h ibernabtaitnsg
fromth osteh astt aiGnr amn egatwievrede o neu sinmgo dd ofm onoderbma cterwihae,r eaalsm osatl olt he ort hosteh ahta vjeu setm ergefdr omh ibernatWihoenn.
organissmuscah s B acilsluubst i(lGirsap mo sitiavnedE) s ch­phylcao nsiosfdt i derms. metaboliaccatliltvyhe eb, a tb'osd yt emperatiustr oeoVl -atm
earloiltc hcheoibrla(a i Gc rtaenmwre oiguaa lthdia Avvteest ) ih.met i ilmcaeier,tlww alas tl shlto ruugtchhttau trp ehsyT.lh oegraeaennr dyeceli nlet nerveesletoxipcneeg p sttiFtrooountri csh nt ersu teralena1.e t tos Wuphpiolpireatit t s th ooolgg aertntoe ows tahvt.eh ee stima6t meidl liboant s
Howevearst, h ec elwla llosfm oreb actehraiveab eecnh araco­ft heg enuMsy cobacte(rei.ugMm. ., t ubercula thahta vael reasduyc cumbteoWdN S,m icrobiolocgoins­ts,
teriziethd a,s becaopmpea retnhtai ttm ayb em isleadtion gt ot hep redominamnotnloyd erpmh yluAmc ti1 servatioannidsg tosv,e rnmeangte nciaerset ryitnogl imit
refteorb actearsiG ar amp ositoirvG er am negaItnio vteh.e rM ycobacthearvieca e lwla lltsh acto nsiosfpt e p thec ontinudeedc liinnbe a tp opulatiCoanvse.hs a vbee en
wordst,h el ong-hmeoldde losf G ram-posiatnidvG er am­anda no utemre mbranTeh.e o utemre mbranies clo.�teodh umant raffiacn,d p rotocfooldrse contamination
negatcievelw la lldson oth oltdr ufeo arU b acterRieace.n tloyf m ycolaidcd sr athtehra nt hep hospholipid� aftevri sithiinbge rnachualvabe eend evelopteold i mitth e
IsrauignitSggnoub e ttaschctlatsiihte naffa rsessiept airewt oaehpdGs eo rhrsaot emuhpd lmao mdotsi r iceptro riorevGb cerii aosdmlnee oselsgtgycioa rpstbi tiHabsverce e e­ .fc(p eesorlle­lycosstu2'ait4 coemc.nreh 1ma(b)rLri PadSnefstfies�). u nSidun tb hoetr ydCpeoirrcG yannlue t tbshaptirpisesat,ia ft sdroh ouomrgcr eaenvs.tep o oc nasvieAtb.lois t lthioottpuyh wg eceh o c natninnocustupe rrdse eiao cdfk
tericaelle ln veloaprec hitecbtyufo rceuss inongt heo bserva­Memberosf t he geDneuisn ocoacrceau nso tb
mteimobntr haantse o-mtepbh laeac stmmeaer hmiabavr eae nnaesvs eeleoinpnw te iystp hia c Gsarilan mg­lidene gre mxsTc.he epitcrThie eolesnlne. vb ealcotcpeoserntsisa aiioG snfrtt a h mepp olsaistm·ia ve Gwiettohhw meh dyiefctuesen tsghary clpu ha(,mow)ca uetWsaNfenSowsrs.lh i i tWcbAthrNl oiSenwsb an am{M tey do.tl iusc ifugRuceos•l)d/m 1oopfrtis•:•c F orimcmto,NnW.a F.rethrAam/•.ri,c2N•UtnIrylng 1 Up.1Acth$nilueSr$1Jm.�ce iautsn3uc1ra9e :g6i7o9Mi-p6uol8p•2t.l on
positbiavcet eria-wohtihleerh sa vee nvelopweist ht wo whata ppeatrosb ea typical Gramc-dnl�e gative
membranes-ptlhaes mmae mbranaen da no utemre mbraneo uteSr- layTehre.io ru temre mbraniesd istinctivt
ass eeinn t ypicGarla m-negabtaicvtee Hreip ar.o posceadl ll­acLkPsS D.e inocoacrdne o tu niquient hirse spe'
ingt hef ormemro noderamns dt hel attdeird erms. Iti sn owk nownt hatth eraer es evertaxaa lw itch
Butw hym aket hicsh angSeu?t clbieffgei bnysp ointinbgr anes that ostuhbesmrto ilteuctufelo eLrsP S.
outt hasto meb actesrtiaai niGnrga mp ositairveae c tually
mdoiodoedremarsnm Bdssy r.o e mfese trartiioGnn rigGan rmga- mpn oesgiattiiavvreee-da sictdtaeuiranmlisS�lon cyuthgiren; ecw:S•r.ultcrldsieffeUi,nerIo.bCopl..lhflfJyIBlO.u.l{6Ame..vI4pe el0-rsp/7ec 0ti.ve onbl�tetUicenMvelope
asG ram-posibtaicvtee Irtiia st, o oe astyo m islesacdi entists
Student-FriOerngdalnyi zation
New!N ewswortShtyo ries-Ecahcahp tbeerg inwsi tha
real-sltiofrieyl lustrtahteri enlge vaonfct eh ec ontecnotv ­
ereidn t heu pcomintge xt.
Viruasneds
OtheArc ellular
InfectAigoeunst s
New!R eadineCshse ck-Thei ntroducttoie oanc chh apter
includaes sk ilclhse ckltihsadtte finetsh ep riokrn owledge
MustarCda,t suapn,dV iruses? cSatniltlael iociuhsnp efede caotnuetl:lOdbe roaoknvodlke fi�rsl teoedvr e2ir0o sissiintn2h0esUtnaitteed as tudennete dtso u ndersttahnemd a teritahlaf to llows.
Viruassea sg enotfgs o od wilals ac s oumrep rtioms aen yT.y picwaell y
D�=e :,::�:::�1:::;:d:r � thinkofthemasmajosrecaasues.eHsowoefvdeira,rvei>riugsneislicamfor
�:��en�:g:' �g1 111,�:;:n1i�ed otherrea>ens.Theyarevitalecmoesmtybesemrss.oTftalqeuraettihce
Statesd.oHgostarJdluochamreeaptospuloaurtiantgsassubiclhsebi!ll interwaictcthe llmuklroorb seancdo ntritbout theme o \lement ganic
!Jilmesandliunnchesctaorwraierdksochrooeit.eYachyearintfle
UrlitSetd,.a.,tapprmimately1,60s0ipcekoepnleedabrye•bacterium
thacta nw ntomintahtee maenadte. v ewno rsseu.r vairvideg rowwh en
th""e"'atipsroperlyrefrigerated.
fouTrhtdeidnaisrsoideimalas.inetyciousttlLhe,.eir.rsiaemnovniosrcioytnternoisegs.nenltnootaerltlsl,yacrGoOrlaOdm t-oploesriBialogRatnieitv caead/iCwnhneetscsrk o:l taifamnk8r.o7o)r ganisms New!L earniOnugt comes-vEersye ctiionne acchh apter
bLcf.u/'OoftOil()[mlsptaaeyrlrttieitovssdca goo onfflmf)deec,asooidUfotdrbttctgihwheoegheeerlt iyri nsetOeifrtal.ooaesAlrfnroiltoftsOntgwloaiOshadostbi:on,iotwLJdpmskhgdreioihiem nlsgilterliln(sahnoesaet.renwgSl clo.eh,omao eg/wno.�r,emTasIIlnowndhyn eiIIIIflneta D Cpkslero�efiimldo/nopsnena.awtsr h (heasecateotyancneocdttrueirhmlioaillnnsvugUtele)lan erea rranlvetdieprrruyesmovesuisso,huvosidufrblyoe,iadbsl,estaot elites,aOO sbheoguilnbwdseia tbhlat e lo pi esortff c ooarnftmte errne ta-dbiaancsgte.id v isttiuedse nts
immunocomproimnidsievdi dabuoaul1ts5 ;% ofthionsfe!'C tdeide .
ltseffectonpr""e"'ngsnipaanrttwkoularlyheortbreaking.The
womanu suaolnllysy u ffemrisl fdl,lu i ksyem ptomhso;w evtehre.s e 6.1V iruses
diannngoecHrues.ory upmsrpetgonmasbotechlyeiofefatmceitnstechnaadrtsrtiishnacteb gaicierlhrorliitrilshed.isssNneherewibooursn s Afrteeartd hisinesgc ytoisuoh no,bu e�l bdtl oe
infecwtiettdhh bea cterairulemi kteold ye velmoepn ingMiatniysw .i ldli e • Definteh tee rmvsi rolboagcyt,e riopatnldpo tgleosg,e s
asaresult.wThhomseurviveofnteeunrhoalvoegicaldisorders.• Li>torgatnhiastma>rehovsitrsusteos
Currently,pwraemgennaancrtoeonseledaegaatiinnsgtrBldy-to-eat
food>unlesstheyhavebeecnocnosoukmepdtpiroino.rf-ltoowever,
L.m onacyrogieskn oeo�wt no c ontamimnaantfoyeo dso thtehra tlno dto gs
andtheseaclawnsa'byteheated.ln2006th�U.S.FoodandDrug
AdministraAt)iaopnp(rFoaD•neewdapproacphrteoventlisteriosis:
spray•iinrgusesthatattackanddestrreooydttyho-e-beaacttceorlidu man
cutsalldlllncheonwmoeradtss..vtlihnreoutashreeeorafaododditive!
Th""e"'thodissafet>evciaruusosenetlshyeattackL.mooocyrogene<>.not
Sinceapprouvoaelov.fitrhuesceosnttorolthetransmi,-ssionof -"""'"--'"'"""""-"""'-�"-"'-""-_...�"'"""""'-----'----------------,­
listeriotshiesrbfyooodshasbe.Uennfsutnuudniaetdesleys,tthuodiesdid
ootindudefoodsfsruecshhafsruitfl"lOIJO.!:}'W9ln201e1nLes-contaminated
AnimatiIoocnn -Th iss ym­
boli ndicates mpartee­rial
senteidn thet exit sa lso
MicrIonq uiryS-eleficgtu res accompanibeyd a n anima­
throughoeuvte rcyh apter tioonn thet exwte bsiatte
contapirno binqgu estions, www.mhhe.com/willey9.
adding anoatshseers sment
opportufnoitrth ye s tudent.
MICROI NQUIRYl'ihy dotheemptyw,7'ii'f>rem1ioc;;fc;ch<rftothf
cei/,;f�rtM·tiro.'i)i'rlOiMffitmrhel;c:otct//1
Cros-sReferencNeodt es­
In-terxetf erenrceefses rt u­
denttso o thepra rtosf t he
book rteov iew.
RetrievIenf,e rA,p ply­
Questiownist hitnh en ar­
ratiovfe eacchha ptaesrs ist
studenitnms a sterisnegc ­
tiocno ncepbtesf ormeo v­
ing toono thetro pics.
viii
Student-FriOerngdalnyi zation
ViviIdn structiAornta l ProgrTahmr-ee­
dimensiorneanld itiaonndbs r ighatt,t ractive
coloernsh anclee arning.
r�>cutgilil<M'lH.: cth.:�.·\� �-ncaiitehc micmo•·glnNw:ilt5h ian" ki-\1 RecognitoifFo onr eignness
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MoreA nnotateFdi gures-Aklely m etabolic
pathways maonlde culparro cesasreens o wa nno­
tatesdo,t haeta chs teips c learly illaunsdt rated
explained.
Totolml�
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chapter oarngda nizbeyd n um­ oi> t�lti�el11.i<Hl� 1·ffia�t!)t o;t!•e.- �tlli<'l ll�(l'i!)al c.:•t!IiM V , .:ool<Olliln1i t>�·l rnOJ.. t<ln bill<'• ·euul�'l' hi,l·eol oll>
tbierltelhdse c hoenatdetitnhntoiig fstse ,sea stsuernet idails ­ • �lldslfc-L..u•Kh·-.h,(�radli"·n�.-. -cb. p�>;::nrr.�Ci S.ci<<' c io..1'1nfJMJ)7Tx:Jtd)or'AI -uCcJmt.·\''iXbtJt. J;C�""'h�h<,c'n "i.1nrm�t"m.l.lc:T i·tpo.t-lh.-.-dtt"..,k.lb �dl'-dvi>)i�"1.mtul·lll.'�iagl<t.1i "'n 1n.. �n�o:,tflfn.g":· 4n..:l� ."cc:��-t-k �h�(,. K'.fl)],·�i..:t'ch,t!'.r'"ntc,t, n1-� 1m( �)� 7i .:\d-�\ .r� \l ' 1•7 .;n-I-,1-,-.lb4CIt � o�nllln<'r>twh<nsd·->�ti.c;t'e·nu�r� l:"!L un u.o�!,';n o�tt.nMfhGOO�il >:til!;o\ln•iu ', nnt no "liu-" dmm"LildioL",!.cwin� b1:1nt< r�.--ha(1rZ�l --.t,. i'".-ii,.-"ll!tl.":J�1l'lOil 7\xo'Il..b<-r" I �� }n � '""'"'
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componewnittsch o mpletcerloys s­ • \GodJ ck.;l-c;.b;.tLr,;au<'r.ph .Jos r�i:�5,;�i i �U );(!d1.0 M'rarakm 4)�(·cau��<:'oxnln i� ;m,.,n, ltwufr.�.Um-t<".nwll;-:;!<'�t ,,k,l�.'\.:�.J o'i fl•���lln'ci "t.:' ll.-ll l"fi.n'leslid lii,r. '-"mt"'\,"'� 1� i 1u•t.u-.: Torro
• JJ:\.f\u. �m�'Tihu-1; �•rua:<�M->d.J.�u"u"Klso:.: urylami<k ma'kacu niqu.:.·nc:omhi11antp lumid.
referenficgeudr easn dt ables. �.-b&_, nu.D.-'\'A i.s< Ki-.1..1<.i: l.w.it-<'idfou .tw:..U .,t' ,!.�Li.•� • GtJXX:1libi.;:n ri�e� n:t �f:Li<.'cJl�lC"C ..-!d1 b.1::r g -:uc
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17. 2P.o lym�tasC�h in R�action oll�'\XIllcl<"<tliU�I I•.:b.: 'liutrt1 7.13�.
• (.()���JKm�<'4p.-.lJll,lylnm.lnut\of, •. lJ.ll",tdlii.' ()O.IurOdli O,nD rl ::u.lO:-.:I'�lJ'A''hdt 'n�ii(n luI l(�')JnClti�"Ru�b!!1"J . ,1 "Ji'i·U.-. n. t"wo.:8�'<r )" �3,·1i;u;, 1n• d 17.l5lnn trtoHodou �dntgCR elll!lc:.s.o mbiDnNaAn t
• l'<:RmnJarn.o:�mu1api.p3.:�7iflrnt.�l.l !Tcni�u<<'rl.ltao:.iitr�l • 'II:b�:o. .:T<1"i.lI'm_" '"3'nid: !:Yc� ,.,._t\ _" '"''-�·""it �hi;:« •
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• nN.�� anb �i ntmJu�it.1d1 m1i0� 'l'o-bb<'y3tr�r-.;:formatiol1
17.C3l onnigVe ctorsi lnCdr eating
Rf'combinD.aNnAt
• 'Ih t:r�� rc-t-1urlJl -...:o.tc; . klm81i\''f:Ctnr.<�:� k\k�'m5,i "v.iJ'-c.;.17 .6E xprsesnigF orei-Ggenneisn H osCte lls
�,,e-�,�mrk.,5,til"'- lt'lx"uy'="l I.i\.;- l;kJtiS<:ha(r�el 1f :ro.-momopM'-•"m"'C-;:if�b�;n1. in : otl�ll'- i�no�, fi· nw • A•InI t'lW::<.<' p("•'"w"n..si.buiu!\;, tl\fl'.:'rlt'-hT<:l�1l L3<'l(�h1� -�=,rl "' -e''·�._�,l��-al..u." '�u - '"P"'"'
• I'rll'!rtfC'C1 tl<>I1•�;.Or.l�uTnihx )(In0u=aMlio:.k{,. (K\.W d.(l>A.Wt,n'r, ,�u·l l 1' :'Jio:lx:7ct1 .m i(1otaJ)aCli;rIk.;� !;<:.:."lllrn--Tw_Ia\i'1nnlLP7d a.,I. t.0<11:u=um3110l..t;. tk!· :U:'l7 x.hKo.· t�it1 nLo->blr� <.:.iji:t tcl)�mLn ill'rf,••i .cPImI·u-afTDt. cO �i,u;�hAf�I'l i 1lik<�� lgna�au�.:' rr' l1baft'.ygttM.J\ rn�·Kd- ltn�I lc'i;<i r'b::c�xtih>i(l n�lbo liJ.tbl:-_:; U.I lei•r..nf:p n n p i :ro.treulN.lMlc'n OOr-itl onth i�<1.�1-.-.�un �-� a! "�; ·ln'� h, a <a.:�'t�L.l.co:oCialmi<'p�kil�r·i .o•hm�.d
CompareH,y pothesiIznev,e nt­ ��J·t�n�c:·r..at.cxwd�I ..J.l�e t�. ..� t.-·Tw�neaortsn l -dIu cJ.oNl.. lw•:n]-,..\ ., ,d >!nalnl�il.d.:�-� \n:lm; �l�T s� hr ��n bre��icli llnsc:.:.\ncln1ihtl��1c�UfOt <\Incli �Jrlml'<'"-"1 !)lm.:.K:t<:l nl'p�rI o:�Hi'.-On.,iht-'c>ilts.i..-.n:r...l �lW.kl n�i.. l.rli�.. l
Includqeuse stitoankse fnr omc ur­ tflino:.;nrlFb,bm<'l�C lu.,�'T1>dTtil i;.,ntt, ohlnf�f'li;<: ' ·ll'h 'TvC5\'>il><n'h'T o>lJ«io,N<lftAt·.i lh'eio:<>sllI'<:tro>".;:�h·I-.""T'l X.i �i>hlt <!Th�· .fno>lah .� -l��·� L� • i(�vnin.ll>c)nrl fl��(uX�iu�"n�T(x:( m� ·l�'�( kA(d'po,;( ;,;,n:�-p•-inr�vl�-ifp ��in!11.o.*nby r·n b.:. <d xIu kr'1<--.rfiJ�ig l'<1l<l1h "�,1< I1I•:I7n•1 i.,d 1L�y)h- ,-,L "C·ii.d , Sio
renlti teradteusrieg;n teosd t imulate • Ohru.ct:ottl�_ llx.cl� e�:d·l.ll•ul u�rirlyil"liglmv].tuc:J-,.,mbudr-i�.td...->t-.;, C"C� t•1id �ncwttxdh.'Kl� :iit•nd k! a1ll<'l�uJ1f'�l�lltiI)(r.:u IIin.u"n. " u�..l ..iv.1r a�;t�tilrll�ll>mnfli .:.:\iftTvmu�t�lnin>a<:llo.;.ll'l1.Lu"�ll)kl > n!)
t-.<1 ft.-�n� �<lmpli1:-o�a-hl�ldu wi.Lnh��p uwlh ul.u nl�- (tigun:l7.l5;,.
analytpircoabll em-soslkviilnlgs .
,H ypothIensvieznet,
I, Y<">o.tl l' '<'ft011llJ'iCn:Rjr.(,�1 ,hl1�Ir'l:OeiMioo1d1i'il.1t.'l �--ih\,,_w d<'• ><•�,.rlIs trrcJturf �HI�<'� .qllilf.�.-<1vr ibofnl �l'i
LK.\//m1m '�-actcruim thlll.h l'l >ntcl"<:)�'T Ab-;.l"<:yn ,�; mwn 'Yt\Lhi;:n�1.: i'r�.i.! iYitll.lf i])t\ha=.lan i.m:'.l ir ibufl.J.�·in
lHlrno.;i-'i�U''.'"ru't.y lnlugl Y�\lnc1ll.:1iLlm<'U rx,T. <' \ .:L..,�c:d· ;·tlf�lr�rrp'��:-:�mfn.v:-ld·cu.J. nlt o9;"n5 'n'bl nly"� " ; , ri\h'tioilXrh<Jl�.i-;t�C,hJil �ltdn ln..., .��. -] t•]ih d)c•O<' �i illt.".�clt: �t-OTl'!:1iu )<lli- ' nWj\'.(ht' yC.W.m\i�0gth(,t t�Jh��•i S S
Lh<; �_..f'I',-L<l·i.l.-.l d-. Jl.l,_�,�L_·I -'I'pOo -.,J�b.. pk.l analiun� h..·th,·u-.d
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ix