Preparation of a Physical Development Plan for the Albertine Graben in Uganda SITUATION ...

369 Pages·2014·18.09 MB·English

www.cpcs.ca
SITUATION ANALYSIS REPORT

Preparation of a
Physical Development Plan for the
Albertine Graben in Uganda

Prepared for:
Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development
Prepared by:
CPCS International Limited
In association with:
KKATT Consult

CPCS Ref: 12243
16 May 2014
1st Floor, Trident
House
Lower Broad Street
Bridgetown,
Barbados
[email protected]
www.cpcs.ca

16 May 2014 CPCS Ref: 12243

Permanent Secretary
Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development,
P. O. Box 7096,
Kampala, Uganda

Attention: Commissioner Byendamira,

Dear Sir:

Re: Development of a Physical Development Plan for the Albertine Graben, Uganda

We are pleased to deliver our Situation Analysis Report for this Project following an intense
six-week data collection effort during April and May. This included significant amounts of
field work by 8 of our team along with a highly participatory series of Stakeholder Working
Sessions held in 5 major centres. Please find enclosed 3 hard copies and 1 soft copy as per
our agreement.

We are, of course, always ready to discuss any items that may emerge or for which you
require further clarification.

We await your comments by 31 May and, as always, appreciate your continuing support in
successfully completing this piece of work.

Best regards,
CPCS Transcom International Limited

Rob Story
Project Manager/Team Leader
SITUATION ANALYSIS REPORT | Preparation of a Physical Development Plan CPCS Ref: 12243

for the Albertine Graben, Uganda

Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements
CPCS would like to acknowledge the kind assistance
granted to them by the staff of the Ministry of Lands,
Housing and Urban Development. In addition we wish to
thank the many officials and residents of the Albertine
Region who gave so generously of their time and shared
with us their insights into the future development of the
Albertine Region.
Any errors of fact or interpretation are ours.
CPCS Transcom International Limited
1st Floor, Trident House
Lower Broad Street
Bridgetown, Barbados
[email protected]

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SITUATION ANALYSIS REPORT | Preparation of a Physical Development Plan CPCS Ref: 12243

for the Albertine Graben, Uganda

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... i
Acronyms/Abbreviations ................................................................................................... i
Executive Summary ...........................................................................................................1
1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................1
1.1 Project Background ..................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Project Goals and Objectives ....................................................................................... 2
1.2.1 Project Objectives ................................................................................................ 2
1.3 Strategic Objectives ..................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Components of an Integrated Physical Development Plan ......................................... 4
1.5 Situation Analysis Approach and Methodologies ....................................................... 4
1.5.1 Team and Roles .................................................................................................... 4
1.5.2 Information Sources ............................................................................................. 5
1.5.3 Field Work ............................................................................................................ 5
1.5.4 Stakeholder Participation ..................................................................................... 6
1.5.5 GIS and Air Photo Data ......................................................................................... 6
1.6 Structure of this Report ............................................................................................... 6
2 National & Regional Context ...........................................................................................7
2.1 Project Location & Physical Description ...................................................................... 8
2.2 Socio-Economic Context .............................................................................................. 8
2.3 Institutional Context .................................................................................................. 11
2.3.1 Government Structure ....................................................................................... 11
2.3.2 Institutional Context - Physical Planning ............................................................ 11
2.3.3 Local Government in the Albertine .................................................................... 13
2.4 Legal and Institutional Framework ............................................................................ 15
2.4.1 The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995 ............................................ 15
2.4.2 The Physical Planning Act, 2010 ......................................................................... 15
2.4.3 The Local Government Act ................................................................................. 16
2.4.4 The Land Act, 1998 ............................................................................................. 17
2.4.5 The Land Acquisition Act, 1965 .......................................................................... 18
2.4.6 The Public Health Act ......................................................................................... 18
2.4.7 The National Environment Act, Cap 153 ............................................................ 18
2.4.8 The Wildlife Act, 1996 ........................................................................................ 19
2.4.9 The Forest Act, 1999 .......................................................................................... 19
2.4.10 The Petroleum Supply Act, 2003 ........................................................................ 19
2.4.11 The Petroleum (Exploration, Development and Production) Bill, 2012 ............ 19
2.4.12 The Petroleum (Refining, Gas Processing and Conversion, Transportation and
Storage) Bill, 2012 .............................................................................................................. 20
2.5 The Planning Context and Hierarchy ........................................................................ 20
2.6 Sub-Regions Overview ............................................................................................... 21
2.6.1 North Study Area ................................................................................................ 21
2.6.2 Central Study Area ............................................................................................. 21
2.6.3 South Study Area ................................................................................................ 21
3 Stakeholders' Views ...................................................................................................... 24
3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 25

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SITUATION ANALYSIS REPORT | Preparation of a Physical Development Plan CPCS Ref: 12243

for the Albertine Graben, Uganda

3.2 Stakeholders Working Sessions - Planning Participation Process ............................. 26
3.2.1 Summary of Key Topics Identified ...................................................................... 26
3.2.2 Arua Planning Participation Working Session .................................................... 29
3.2.3 Adjumani Planning Participation Working Session ............................................ 37
3.2.4 Hoima Planning Participation Working Session ................................................. 45
3.2.5 Fort Portal Planning Participation Working Session .......................................... 54
3.2.6 Ishaka-Bushenyi Planning Participation Working Session ................................. 62
3.2.7 MLHUD Planning Participation Working Session ............................................... 72
4 Socio-Economic & Cultural Situation .............................................................................. 78
4.1 Demographics ............................................................................................................ 79
4.2 Migration and Urbanisation Trends .......................................................................... 83
4.3 Local Economy & Employment .................................................................................. 85
4.3.1 Formal Sector ..................................................................................................... 86
4.4 Education ................................................................................................................... 86
4.4.1 Enrolment ........................................................................................................... 86
4.4.2 Distance to Nearest School Facility .................................................................... 87
4.5 Health and Sanitation ................................................................................................ 88
4.5.1 Health Infrastructure .......................................................................................... 88
4.5.2 HIV/AIDs ............................................................................................................. 90
4.6 Gender Equality ......................................................................................................... 92
4.7 Poverty ....................................................................................................................... 93
4.8 Cultural Heritage ........................................................................................................ 95
4.8.1 Ethnic Groups ..................................................................................................... 95
4.9 Issues Relevant to the PDP ........................................................................................ 98
5 Land Use, Management and Settlement Patterns ........................................................ 100
5.1 Introduction - Land .................................................................................................. 101
5.1.1 General  Problems  in  Uganda’s  Land  Acquisition  System ................................. 101
5.1.2 Recommendations to Solve the General Land Acquisition Problems ............. 102
5.2 Land Tenure Regimes in Uganda ............................................................................. 102
5.2.1 Customary Land Tenure ................................................................................... 102
5.2.2 Mailo Tenure and Native Freehold Tenure ...................................................... 104
5.2.3 Freehold Tenure ............................................................................................... 106
5.2.4 Leasehold Tenure ............................................................................................. 107
5.3 Compulsory Land Acquisition .................................................................................. 108
5.4 Land Values .............................................................................................................. 110
5.5 Land-Use Guidelines ................................................................................................ 111
5.6 Land Uses ................................................................................................................. 112
5.7 Settlement Patterns................................................................................................. 115
5.7.1 Settlement Patterns & Growth Trends ............................................................ 115
5.7.2 Settlement Analysis .......................................................................................... 118
6 Infrastructure and Services .......................................................................................... 125
6.1 Transportation ......................................................................................................... 126
6.1.1 Road Transport ................................................................................................. 126
6.1.2 Railway Transport ............................................................................................. 135
6.1.3 Air Transport .................................................................................................... 139
6.1.4 Water Transport ............................................................................................... 145
6.1.5 Pipeline ............................................................................................................. 149

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for the Albertine Graben, Uganda

6.1.6 Transportation Needs ...................................................................................... 149
6.1.7 Transport Legal and Regulatory framework .................................................... 151
6.2 Water Supply ........................................................................................................... 152
6.2.1 Existing Infrastructure ...................................................................................... 152
6.2.2 Condition of the Water Sources ....................................................................... 153
6.2.3 Water Supply Challenges and Recommendations ........................................... 154
6.2.4 Water Supply Situation Analysis ...................................................................... 155
6.2.5 Water Institutional Framework ........................................................................ 155
6.3 Sanitation ................................................................................................................. 157
6.3.1 Existing Infrastructure ...................................................................................... 157
6.3.2 Sanitation in the Albertine region .................................................................... 157
6.3.3 Planned Projects /Strategies ............................................................................ 157
6.3.4 Sanitation Challenges and Recommendations................................................. 157
6.3.5 Sanitation Situation Analysis ............................................................................ 158
6.3.6 Sanitation Institutional Framework ................................................................. 159
6.4 Solid Waste Management ....................................................................................... 159
6.4.1 Existing Infrastructure ...................................................................................... 159
6.4.2 Condition of Solid Waste Disposal ................................................................... 160
6.4.3 Planned Solid Waste Strategies/Projects ......................................................... 160
6.4.4 Solid Waste Situation Analysis ......................................................................... 160
6.4.5 Solid Waste Legal and Institutional Framework .............................................. 161
6.4.6 Solid Waste Challenges and Recommendations .............................................. 161
6.5 Energy ...................................................................................................................... 162
6.5.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 162
6.5.2 Hydropower...................................................................................................... 163
6.5.3 Alternative Energy Sources .............................................................................. 167
6.5.4 Energy Challenges and Recommendations ...................................................... 167
6.5.5 Energy Situation Analysis - Summary ............................................................... 169
6.5.6 Energy Institutional Framework ....................................................................... 170
6.6 Information and Communication Technology ........................................................ 171
6.6.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 171
6.6.2 ITC Targets / Planned Developments ............................................................... 172
6.6.3 ITC Challenges and Recommendations ............................................................ 173
6.6.4 ITC Legal and Institutional framework ............................................................. 174
7 Municipalities, Towns and the Albertine ..................................................................... 176
7.1 Introduction- Urban Development .......................................................................... 177
7.2 Urban Areas in the Albertine Graben ...................................................................... 177
7.3 Status of Planning of Urban Areas ........................................................................... 179
7.4 Urban Development Issues, Opportunities and Constraints ................................... 185
7.4.1 Arua .................................................................................................................. 185
7.4.2 Hoima ............................................................................................................... 186
7.4.3 Fort Portal Town ............................................................................................... 188
7.4.4 Kasese Town ..................................................................................................... 190
7.4.5 Masindi Town ................................................................................................... 192
7.4.6 Bushenyi-Ishaka Town ...................................................................................... 193
7.4.7 Pakwach............................................................................................................ 194
7.4.8 Butiaba ............................................................................................................. 195

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7.5 Regional Integration ................................................................................................ 199
8 Environmental Situation.............................................................................................. 200
8.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 201
8.2 Legal, Administrative and Policy Framework .......................................................... 201
8.2.1 Key Legislation and Policies in Uganda ............................................................ 201
8.2.2 Regulatory and Planning Bodies and their Roles ............................................. 205
8.2.3 Approvals Process as Applied to Oil & Gas ...................................................... 206
8.3 The Existing Environment ........................................................................................ 206
8.3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 206
8.3.2 Atmospheric Environment ............................................................................... 207
8.3.3 Geology and Soils ............................................................................................. 207
8.3.4 Surface Water and Groundwater ..................................................................... 207
8.3.5 Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity ........................................................................... 209
8.3.6 Fishing ............................................................................................................... 211
8.3.7 Protected Areas ................................................................................................ 211
8.4 Potential Development Impacts .............................................................................. 212
8.4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 212
8.4.2 Climate Change ................................................................................................ 217
8.4.3 Land Cover and Soils ........................................................................................ 218
8.4.4 Surface Water and Groundwater ..................................................................... 218
8.4.5 Flora and Fauna ................................................................................................ 220
8.4.6 Wetlands .......................................................................................................... 221
8.4.7 Protected Areas ................................................................................................ 222
8.4.8 Fish ................................................................................................................... 223
8.4.9 Cumulative Effects ............................................................................................ 224
8.4.10 Secondary Effects ............................................................................................. 224
8.5 Location of Environmental Disturbance .................................................................. 225
8.5.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 225
8.5.2 Protected areas ................................................................................................ 227
8.5.3 Wetlands .......................................................................................................... 227
8.5.4 Wildlife, Species of Special Importance and Biodiversity ................................ 228
8.5.5 Fish Populations ............................................................................................... 228
8.5.6 Soil Erosion ....................................................................................................... 229
8.6 Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 229
9 Natural Resources Management ................................................................................. 231
9.1 Context / Introduction ............................................................................................. 232
9.1.1 Definition .......................................................................................................... 232
9.1.2 Ecosystem Services: Framework for Natural Resources Management ........... 233
9.1.3 Purpose of this Chapter .................................................................................... 234
9.1.4 The National Context of Natural Resources ..................................................... 234
9.2 National Institutional, Legal and Regulatory Context ............................................. 235
9.2.1 Institutional Structure ...................................................................................... 235
9.2.2 Legislation and Regulation ............................................................................... 237
9.2.3 International Considerations ............................................................................ 238
9.3 Natural Resources of the Albertine Graben region ................................................. 238
9.3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 238
9.3.2 Non-renewable Resources: Minerals and Oil & Gas ........................................ 239

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for the Albertine Graben, Uganda

9.3.3 Renewable Resources: Water Supply and the Ecological Reserve .................. 239
9.3.4 Climate Change ................................................................................................ 242
9.3.5 Water and Fisheries ......................................................................................... 242
9.3.6 Water and Energy: Hydropower ...................................................................... 243
9.3.7 Land, Soils and Agriculture and Forestry ......................................................... 244
9.3.8 Forests and Forestry ......................................................................................... 245
9.3.9 Wood Resources and Biomass Energy (Charcoal) ............................................ 248
9.3.10 Wildlife, Biodiversity and Tourism ................................................................... 251
9.4 Issues Relevant to the PDP ...................................................................................... 255
9.4.1 Synopsis and Best Practice ............................................................................... 255
9.4.2 Natural Resource Opportunities for the Albertine Graben ............................. 259
9.4.3 Natural Resource Constraints in the Albertine Graben ................................... 259
10 Agriculture - The Economic Base ................................................................................ 261
10.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 262
10.1.1 Background ....................................................................................................... 262
10.2 Agriculture Sector in the Albertine Graben ............................................................. 263
10.3 Land Uses in the Albertine Graben ......................................................................... 267
10.4 Agriculture Performance ......................................................................................... 267
10.4.1 Land .................................................................................................................. 267
10.4.2 Key Agriculture Enterprise Profiles in the Albertine Graben ........................... 268
10.5 Key Issues Shaping Competitiveness in Agriculture ................................................ 270
10.5.1 Increased Production, Productivity and Resilience .......................................... 270
10.5.2 Improved Marketing Systems and Access ........................................................ 271
10.5.3 The  Case  for  “Dutch  Disease”  Impetus: ........................................................... 271
10.5.4 Information Access and Involvement of Civil Society Organisations ............... 272
10.5.5 Human Resource Capacity and Skills Enhancement: ....................................... 272
10.5.6 Marketing ......................................................................................................... 273
10.5.7 Agricultural Financing ....................................................................................... 273
11 The Petroleum Industry in the Albertine .................................................................... 276
11.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 277
11.2 Overarching Issue: Managing Expectations ............................................................ 279
11.2.1 Expectations from Government of Industry .................................................... 279
11.2.2 Expectations from Communities of Industry ................................................... 280
11.2.3 Expectations of Industry from Government .................................................... 280
11.2.4 Expectations of Communities from Governments ........................................... 281
11.3 Land ......................................................................................................................... 282
11.3.1 Complex Land Use Traditions ........................................................................... 282
11.3.2 Land Valuation and Speculation ....................................................................... 283
11.3.3 Involuntary Resettlement ................................................................................ 283
11.4 Institutional Presence/Capacity .............................................................................. 284
11.5 Coordinating Company/Community /National Development Plans ....................... 285
11.6 Challenges and Related Best Practices .................................................................... 286
11.6.1 Sustainability Performance Standards ............................................................. 286
11.6.2 Revenue Transparency ..................................................................................... 287
11.6.3 Stakeholder Engagement ................................................................................. 287
11.6.4 Project-induced In-migration ........................................................................... 289
11.6.5 Local Content and Vocational Training ............................................................ 289

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for the Albertine Graben, Uganda

11.7 Issues Relevant to the PDP ...................................................................................... 291
12 Economic Development ............................................................................................. 292
12.1 Macro-Economic Overview - Uganda ...................................................................... 293
12.2 Uganda in the East Africa Community ..................................................................... 296
12.3 The Albertine in Uganda .......................................................................................... 297
12.3.1 Agriculture – Crop Production ......................................................................... 297
12.3.2 Agriculture – Fisheries ...................................................................................... 299
12.3.3 Agriculture – Other ........................................................................................... 300
12.3.4 Tourism ............................................................................................................. 300
12.3.5 Petroleum Industry .......................................................................................... 301
12.3.6 Mining............................................................................................................... 301
12.4 Opportunities and Limitations/Constrains .............................................................. 302
12.4.1 Oil Sector Impact on Uganda ........................................................................... 302
12.4.2 Oil Sector Development within National Development Plan ........................... 303
12.4.3 Specific Opportunities for the Albertine Region .............................................. 305
12.4.4 Major Economic Opportunity Constraints in the Albertine ............................. 305
12.5 Issues Relevant to the PDP ...................................................................................... 309
13 On-going and Planned Projects .................................................................................. 311
13.1 Planned and On-Going Projects in the Albertine .................................................... 312
14 IEC Programme ......................................................................................................... 314
14.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 315
14.2 Understanding IEC ................................................................................................... 315
14.2.1 Information ...................................................................................................... 315
14.2.2 Education .......................................................................................................... 316
14.2.3 Communication ................................................................................................ 316
14.3 The IEC Strategy ....................................................................................................... 316
14.3.1 Goal & Objectives ............................................................................................. 316
14.3.2 Approach & Methodology ................................................................................ 316
14.3.3 IEC Materials & Activities ................................................................................. 317
14.3.4 Targeted Audience ........................................................................................... 317
14.4 Monitoring Effectiveness ......................................................................................... 317
14.5 IEC Progress to Date (Situation Analysis Phase – May 2014) .................................. 318
14.5.1 Monitoring and Evaluation ............................................................................... 322
14.6 Way Forward ........................................................................................................... 323
14.7 IEC for Physical Plan Implementation ...................................................................... 323
15 Issues, Opportunities, Constraints ............................................................................. 325
15.1 Albertine Development Issues, Opportunities and Constraints .............................. 326
16 Next Steps ................................................................................................................. 334
16.1 Next Steps ................................................................................................................ 335
16.1.1 Client and Stakeholder Review ........................................................................ 335
16.1.2 Formal Presentation of the Situation Analysis Report ..................................... 335
16.1.3 Preparation of the Draft Albertine Graben PDP .............................................. 335
16.1.4 Proposed Presentation, Consultation on the Draft PDP .................................. 335
Annexes......................................................................................................................... 336
Annex 1: Document List ................................................................................................. 337
Annex 2: Identified Stakeholders ................................................................................... 340

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List of Figures
Figure 1-1: Integrated Physical Planning Components .............................................................. 4
Figure 2-1: Planning Institutional Hierarchy ............................................................................ 13
Figure 2-2: Physical Development Plan Hierarchy ................................................................... 20
Figure 3-1: Integrated Planning Approach ............................................................................... 26
Figure 5-1: Global Urban-Rural Population Trends ................................................................ 116
Figure 5-2: Fort Portal Formal Pattern ................................................................................... 118
Figure 5-3: Arua Settlement Pattern Analysis ........................................................................ 119
Figure 5-4: Hoima Settlement Pattern Analysis ..................................................................... 120
Figure 5-5: Fort Portal Settlement Pattern Analysis .............................................................. 120
Figure 5-6: Rhino Camp Settlement Pattern Analysis ............................................................ 121
Figure 5-7: Urban Formal Settlement - Density Sample ........................................................ 122
Figure 5-8: Informal Urban Settlement - Density Sample ...................................................... 122
Figure 5-9: Peri-Urban Settlement - Density Sample ............................................................. 123
Figure 5-10: Rural Settlement - Density Sample .................................................................... 123
Figure 6-1: Road Networks - Existing and Future Works ....................................................... 131
Figure 6-2: Passenger traffic at CAA managed Aerodromes .................................................. 142
Figure 6-3: Albertine Water Supply Coverage........................................................................ 156
Figure 6-4: Albertine Hydro Situation .................................................................................... 164
Figure 7-1: Proposed "Eco-City, Arua" ................................................................................... 185
Figure 7-2: Arua Planning ....................................................................................................... 186
Figure 7-3: Hoima Planning .................................................................................................... 187
Figure 7-4: Hoima Structure Plan ........................................................................................... 188
Figure 7-5: Fort Portal Planning ............................................................................................. 189
Figure 7-6: Fort Portal Structure Plan .................................................................................... 190
Figure 7-7: Kasese Planning .................................................................................................... 191
Figure 7-8: Masindi Planning .................................................................................................. 192
Figure 7-9: Masindi Structure Plan ......................................................................................... 193
Figure 7-10: Pakwach Planning .............................................................................................. 194
Figure 7-11: Butiaba Planning ................................................................................................ 195
Figure 9-1: Lake Albert Fishing and Invasive Weeds .............................................................. 241
Figure 12-1: Real GDP and GDP Per Capita (2002 constant prices), 2002-2013 .................... 293
Figure 12-2:  Uganda’s  Economic  Structure  – Employment vs. Contribution to GDP ............ 294
Figure 12-3: Tourism Sector’s  Contribution  to  GDP  and  Employment,  2000-2020 ............... 295
Figure 12-4: Contribution of Albertine Region in National Food Crop Production, 2008/09 297
Figure 12-5: Production of Four Top Food Crops (metric tonnes), 2008/09 ......................... 298
Figure 12-6: Fish Catch by Water Source, 2009-2012 ............................................................ 299
Figure 12-7: Number of Visitors to National Parks, 2012 ...................................................... 300
Figure 12-8: Doing Business Ranking by Indicator, 2014 ....................................................... 307
Figure 12-9: Starting Business Procedures and Time ............................................................. 308
Figure 12-10: Domestic Credit to Private Sector by Banks (in % of GDP), 2012 .................... 309
Figure 14-1: Poster 1 (English/Rutooro/Runyoro) ................................................................. 318
Figure 14-2: Poster 2 .............................................................................................................. 319
Figure 14-3: Poster Sample Addopting Visuals ...................................................................... 324

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