ebook img

Prenatal Diagnosis 1991: Vol 11 Table of Contents PDF

15 Pages·1991·2.7 MB·English
by  
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview Prenatal Diagnosis 1991: Vol 11 Table of Contents

1991 Volume11 PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS A WILEY MEDICAL PUBLICATION ISSN 0197-3851 Indexed or abstracted by ‘Ad Referendum (info- Med)’, ‘BIOSIS’, ‘Cambridge Scientific Abstracts’, ‘Chemical Abstracts Service’, ‘Current Awareness in Bio. Sciences’, ‘Current Contents’ ‘Excerpta Medica’, ‘Index Medicus’, ‘Midwives info & Resource Service’, ‘Reference Update’. ‘Repro. Res. Info. Services Ltd", ‘Science Citation Index’, ‘“SCISEARCH Database’, ‘SIIC’, "VINITI-USSR Acad. of Sciences Copyright © 1991 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. COPYING OF ARTICLES The code and the copyright notice appearing at the bottom of the first page of an article in this journal indicates the copyright owner's consent that copies of the article may be made for personal or internal use, or for the personal or internal use of specific clients, on the conditions that the copier pay for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. The per-copy fee for each article appears before the dollar sign, and is to be paid through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale. Such permission requests, or other inquiries, should be addressed to the publisher Typeset, printed and bound in Great Britain by Henry Ling Ltd., at the Dorset Press, Dorchester, Dorset @ PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS Editor-in-chief M.A. Ferguson-Smith, Departmento f Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 10P, U.K. Editor for M. M. Kaback, University of California, San Diego, UCSD North America Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, H-814, 225 Dickinson Street, San Diego, CA 92103, U.S.A. Editor for C. H. Rodeck, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Europe University College and Middlesex School of Medicine, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, U.K. Editorial Board L. Allan, C. Gosden, M. Monk, London, UK Edinburgh, UK London, UK. P. Aula, J. E. Haddow, J. Murken, Turku, Finland. Maine, USA Munich, Germany P. F. Benson, J. L. Hamerton, U. Nicolini, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Winnipeg, Canada Milan, Italy. R. L. Berkowitz, J.M. Old, New York, USA M. Hansmann, Oxford, UK Bonn, Germany M. Bobrow, J. Philip, London, UK J.C. Hobbins, Copenhagen, Denmark Connecticut, USA A. Boué, H. P. Robinson, Paris, France W. Holzgreve, Melbourne, Australia B. Brambati, Munster, Germany D. |. Rushton, Milan, Italy L. Y. F. Hsu, Birmingham, UK D. J. H. Brock, New York, USA G. Simoni, Edinburgh, UK Y. W. Kan, Milan, Italy D. Coleman, California, USA N. J. Wald, London, UK London, UK W. J. Kleijer, L. Dallaire, Rotterdam, The Netherlands D. Warburton, Montreal, Canada New York, USA. D. M. Danks, A. McDermott, M. J. Whittle, Victoria, Australia Bristol, UK Birmingham, UK K. E. Davies, M. Mikkelsen, R. Williamson, Oxford, UK Glostrup, Denmark London, UK M. Golbus, B. Modell, J.W. Wiladimiroff, California, USA London, UK Rotterdam, The Netherlands. AIMS AND SCOPE The aim of the journal is to communicate the results of original research in a variety of clinical and scientific specialities concerned with jn utero diagnosis of fetal abnormality in man (and animal models) resulting from genetic and environ- mental factors. This is considered to encompass genetic and other forms of screening aimed at identifying pregnancies at risk of fetal abnormality; the epidemiology and pathology of fetal abnormality (including fetal infection); fetal and maternal factors relating to intrauterine development; antenatal care in relation to the treatment and prevention of fetal abnormality; genetic counselling and selective termination of pregnancy; psychosocial aspects of prenatal diagnosis; the development and evaluation of services for prenatal diagnosis; developments in the field of obstetric ultrasound, fetoscopy and fetal blood sampling; the application of recombinant DNA technology and genetic linkage to the prenatal diagnosis of single gene defects; advances in amniotic cell culture techniques for the prenatal diagnosis of chromosome aberrations and metabolic defects EDITORIAL POLICY The overriding criteria for publication are originality, a high scientific quality and interest to a wide audience of those concerned with all aspects of prenatal diagnosis research. The journal provides a multidisciplinary forum for the exchange of information by which it is hoped to increase knowledge about the aetiology and pathogenesis of fetal abnormality and to promote further opportunities for its treatment and prevention. Papers not sufficiently substantiated by experimental detail will not be accepted, and although technical queries will be referred back to the author, the Editor reserves the right to make alterations in the text without altering the technical content JOHN WILEY & SONS Chichester - New York - Brisbane - Toronto - Singapore A Wiley Medical Publication PRDIDM 11 1-938 (1991) ISSN 0197-3851 PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS (Prenat. diagn.) CONTENTS VOLUME 11, ISSUE Nos. 1-12 Issue No. 1, January Trisomic Pregnancies Have Normal Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Bioactivity: P. G. Kratzer, M. S. Golbus, D. E. Finkelstein and R. N. Taylor. A Revisit of Trisomy 20 Mosaicism ii n Prenatal Diegnosis—An Overview of 103 Cases: L. Y. F. Hsu, S. Kaffe and T. E. Perlis Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Myasthenia with Arthrogryposis ii na Myasthenic Mother: C. Sto//, M.-C. Ehret-Mentre, A. Treisser and C. Tranchant . Women’s Choices for Fetal Chromosome Analysis: L. Abramsky end C. H. Rodeck Birth Prevalence of Down's Syndromei in1 England and Wales: H. Cuckle, K. Nanchahal and N. Wald . ; Cytogenetic Studies of Amniotic Fluid Taken Before the 1 Sth Week of Pregnancy for Earlier Prenatal Diagnosis: A Report of 114 Consecu- tive Cases: M. T. Rebello, C. T. H. Gray, D. E. Rooney, J. H. Smith, G. A. Hackett, F. E. Loeffler, D. H. Horwell, R. W. Beard and D. V. Coleman Extraction of DNA from Amniotic Fluid Cells for the Early Prenatal Diagnosis of Genetic Disease: M. 7. Rebello, G. Hackett, J. Smith, F. E. Loeffler, S. Robson, N. MacLachlan, R. W. Beard, C. H. Rodeck, R. Williamson, D. V. ColemanandC. Williams . The Impact of Supportive Intervention After Second Trimester Termination of Pregnancy for Fetal scanned S. H. Elder and K. M. Laurence . Chorionic Villus Sampling for Fetal Karyotyping in Missed Abortions: Z. Appleman, J. Rosensaft, U. Elchalal, B. Caspi and J.C hemke SHORT COMMUNICATIONS A Three-year Follow-up on a Child with Low Level Trisomy 8 Mosaicism Which was Diagnosed Prenatally: L. Camurri and A. Chiesi Identification of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Genomic Probe P20 Constant Taq! Fragment Corresponding to the EcoRV and Mspl Polymorphisms: NV. G. Laing, A. P. Walker, P. A. Akkari, D. C. Chandler, M. G. Layton, M. E. Mears, T. Yamada, R. J. Bartlett, M. A. Pericak-Vance, W.-Y. Hung, M. C. seca G. van Ommen, A. D. Roses and B. A. Kakulas . Issue No. 2, February Fetal Echocardiography using Transvaginal and Transabdominal Probes During the First Period of Pregnancy: A Comparative Study: R. D‘Amelio, C. Giorlandino, L. Masala, M. Garofalo, M. Martinelli, G. Anelli andL . Zichella Analysis of Acylcarnitines in Maternal Urine for Pemnstal Diegnesie of Glutaric Aciduria Type 2: 7. Sakuma, N. an T. Ichiki, M. Kobayashi, Y. Wada and D. Nohara : : , vi VOLUME CONTENTS Prenatal Screening for Chromosome Abnormalities using Maternal Serum Chorionic Gonadotrophin, Alpha-Fetoprotein, and Age: J. A. Crossley, D. A. Aitken and J.M . Connor Prenatal Diagnosis of Severe Osteogenesis Imperfecta: G. Constentine, J. McCormack, J. McHugo and A. Fow/lie . Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy: An Often Uneumpested Conse of Severe Polyhydramnios: A. B. Levine, K. A. Eddleman, U. Chitkara, J. P. Willner, R. J. Vosatka and R. L. Berkowitz . Detection of Fetal Cells in Maternal Blood: S. C. Yeoh, /. L Sargent C. W. G. Redman, B. P. Wordsworth and S. L. Thein. SHORT COMMUNICATIONS A Viewpointo f Future Prenatal Diagnosis: £. A. Reece, S. Rotmensch, J. Whetham, M. T. Cullen andJ . C. Hobbins . Prenatal Diagnosis of Cystic Hygroma and Chestesngiome |in the Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome: A. Verloes, J. P. Schaaps, C. Herens, D. Soyeur, J. Hustin andP . Dodinval ‘False-Negative’ and ‘False-Positive’ Prenatal Cytogenetic Results Due to ‘True’ Mosaicism: P. Hammer, W. Holzgreve, Z. Karabacak, J. Horst and P. Miny ‘ i ‘ ; ; ; LETTER TO THE EDITOR Prenatal Diagnosis of Mosaic lsochromosome 20q: J. H. Priest, T. L. Sanders, A. L. Brown and K. M. May ; : ANNOUNCEMENTS Issue No. 3, March Prenatal Diagnosis of Lissencephaly: D. H. Sa/tzman, C. M. Krauss, J. M. Goldman and B. R. Benacerraf . Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin and Alpha- Pernpeanein —_ in Matched Samples of Amniotic Fluid, Extraembryonic Coelomic Fluid, and Maternal Serum in the First Trimester of Pregnancy: NW. C. Wathen, P. L. Cass, M. J. Kitau and T. Chard ‘ Alteration in Age- Specific Risks for Chromosomal Trisomy - nestemnel Serum Alpha-Fetoprotein and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Screening: C. H. Miller, T. J. O’Brien, S. Chatelain, B. B. Butler and J. G. Quirk. ; . 183 Further Predictors of Renal Dysplasia | in Fetal Obewustive Urapathy. Bladder Pressure and Biochemistry of ‘Fresh’ Urine: U. Nicolini, Y. Tannirandorn, J. Vaughan, N. M. Fisk, P. NicolaidisandC.H.Rodeck 159 Prenatal Diagnosis in Autosomal Dominant Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome: D. L. Viljoen, Z. Jaquire and D. L. Woods. ‘ ; . 167 Prenatal Diagnosis for Huntington's Disease: A Molecular and Psycho- logical Study: A. Spurdle, J. Kromberg, J. Rosendorff and T. Jenkins 177 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS Prenatal Ultrasound Diagnosis of Apert’s Syndrome: H. Narayan and /. V. Scott ‘ d . 187 Prenatal Diagnostic Procedure for Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency: R. S. Weening, R. G. M. Bredius, H. Wolf andC . E. vanderSchoot 193 Astomia-Agnathia-Holoprosencephaly Association. Prenatal Diag- nosis of a New Case: M. Rolland, M. F. Sarramonand M.C. Bloom. 199 VOLUME CONTENTS LETTERS TO THE EDITOR Transabdominal Chorionic Villus Sampling by Free Hand versus by Steering Device: B. Gustavii . Ubiquinone Concentration in Control Chorionic Villi ‘and Fetal Liver. C. Charpentier, B. Chadefaux, J. Aupetit and J.-P. Harpey ERRATUM Issue No. 4, April Consequences of Prenatal Diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis on the Repro- ductive Attitudes of Parents of Affected Children: J. Boué, F. Muller, B. Simon-Bouy, C. Faure andA . Boué Prenatal Diagnosis of Recurrent Larsen Syndrome: Further Definition of a Lethal Variant: D. Moste/lo, L. Hoechstetter, R.W . Bendon, P. St. J. Dignan, A. E. Oestreich and T. A. Siddiqi Progression of Exencephaly to Anencephaly in the Humen Fetue—An Ultrasound Perspective: L. Wi/kins-Haug and W. Freedman The Normal Fetus of an Acardiac Twin Pregnancy: Perinatal Manage- ment Based on Echocardiographic and Sonographic Evaluation: A. E. Donnenfeld, J. van de Woestijne, F. Craparo, C. S. Smith, A. Ludomirsky and S. Weiner Screening for Fetal Down's Syndrome with Maternal Serum Markers— An Experience in Italy: G. Mancini, M. Perona, D. Dall’'Amico, C. Bollati, F. Albano, R. Mazzone, M. Rosso and A. O. Carbonara . Prenatal Diagnosis of Inborn Errors in Peroxisomal f-Oxidation: A. J. A. Wanders, R. B. H. Schutgens, H. van den Bosch, J. M. Tager and W. J. Kleijer Prenatal Diagnosis in Multiple Gestation: 20 Years’ Experience with Amniocentesis: R. L. Anderson, J. D. Goldberg and M. S. Golbus SHORT COMMUNICATION Pallister Killian—Mosaic Tetrasomy 12P Syndrome. Another Pre- natally Diagnosed Case: J/. L. Bresson, F. Arbez-Gindre, J. Peltie and A. Gouget ; LETTERS TO THE EDITOR Significance of very low maternal serum human chorionic gonado- tropin in prenatal diagnosis of triploidy: G. Kohn, R. Zamir, T. Zer, A. Amiel and M. Fejgin . Mosaic lsochromosome 20q: M. L. Begleiter, C. LimandJ .A . Thorp Issue No. 5, May First- Trimester Diagnosis of an Unusual Case of a-Mannosidosis: WV. A. Petushkova Randomized Clinical Trial of Traneabdominal |v ersus Tranecervicel Chorionic Villus Sampling Methods: 8. Brambati, E. Terzian and G. Tognoni. Cu/Zn Superoxide Diemutace Quantification rom Fetal Erythvocytee— An Efficient Confirmatory Test for Down's Syndrome After Maternal Serum Screening and Sonographic Investigations: 7. Porstmann, R. Wietschke, G. Cobet, G. —— R. Bollmann, V. i aenneas P. Pas. Viii VOLUME CONTENTS Prenatal Diagnosis of Infantile Hypophosphatasia: F. Kishi, S. Matsuura, |. Murano, A. Akita and T. Kajii . Early Amniocentesis at 11-14 Weeks’ Gestation ae the Sheets of Fetal Chromosomal Abnormality—A Clinical Evaluation: G. A. Hackett, J. H. Smith, M. T. Rebello, C. T. H. Gray, D. E. sees R. W. Beard, F. E. Loeffler and D. V. Coleman Induction of Fetal Lung Maturation with Intra- punpiattn —_— in Multiple Pregnancy: U. Dan, G. Barkai, B. Reichman, B. Goldman and S. Mashiach DNA-based Prenatal Dienneaie of the Infantile rom of seeneet Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (INCL, CLN1): /. Jarvela, J. Rapola, L. Peltonen, L. Puhakka, J. Vesa, P. Ammaila, R. Salonen, M. aman P. oe A. Mustonen and P. Santavuori . SHORT COMMUNICATIONS Pancreatic and Sacral Agenesis in Association with Maternal Diabetes Mellitus: Case Report: P. Johnson, M. J. Seller, N. Morrish, K. Neales and D. Maxwell. Expression of Fragile-X in a Female Fetus Diagnosed After Chorionic Villus Sampling: 7. Webb Partial Trisomy 22q12-—qter in Prenatal Diagnosis: E. Tolkendort, G. Mehner and B. Prager Prenatal Paternity Testing by DNA Anata A. Lobbiani. A fiveen, P. Vedrietti, B. Brambati and G. Colucci . LETTER TO THE EDITOR Prenatal Diagnosis of Microcephaly: J. L. To/mie Issue No. 6, June Prognosis of Fetuses with a Cystic Hygroma: H. S. Bernstein, R. A. Filly, J. D. Goldberg and M. S. Golbus , Enhancement of Amniocyte Growth on a —o" Sulton H.- C. Chang and O. W. Jones Prenatal Diagnosis and Outcomes of Five — a Meesieten io an Isochromosome of 20q: K. E. Richkind, M. J. Mahoney, M. |. Evans, J. Willner andR . Douglass . First-trimester Maternal Serum Unenebemend Oestriol on Alpha- Fetoprotein in Fetal Down's Syndrome: B. F. Crandall, M. S. Golbus, J. D. Goldberg and M. Matsumoto Anxiety in Women with Low Maternal eee pr Perenatnin Screening Results: D. N. Abuelo, M. R. Hopmann, G. Barsel-Bowers and A. Goldstein First-trimester Prenatal Biesunie of ee Experience with 16 Cases: D. J. H. Brock andL . Barron Screening for Down's Syndrome in Older Women —_ on a Serum Alpha-Fetoprotein Levels and Age: Preliminary Results: M. Zeitune, T. Ben-Tovim, M. Fejgin, A. Amiel and Y. Beyth SHORT COMMUNICATIONS Mosaic Trisomy 17 in Amniotic Fluid Cells Not Confirmed in the Newborn: M. Djalali, G. Barbi and D. Grab VOLUME CONTENTS Is Placental Mosaicism Associated with Poor Perinatal Outcome? N. J. Leschot and H. Wolf B-Glucuronidase Deficiency as a Cause of Prenatally Diagnosed Non-Immune Hydrops Fetalis: W. Lissens, G. Dedobbeleer, W. Foulon, L. De Catte, K. Charels, A.G oossens and |. Liebaers . Interstitial Deletions without Phenotypic Effect: Prenatal Diagnosis of a New Family and Brief Review: J. C. K. Barber, H. Mahi, J. Portch and M. D’A. Crawfurd. LETTER TO THE EDITOR Prenatal Diagnosis of Euchromatic 16p+ Heteromorphisms in Two Unrelated Families: M. H. Bogart, C. Bradshaw and O. W. Jones . Issue No. 7, July The Efficacy of Maternal Age Screening for Down's ated in Wessex: S. Youings, N. Gregson and P. Jacobs . ; Isoelectric Focusing Pattern of Human Amniotic Fluid a- Fetoprotein: K. Wiechen, H. Plendl and W. Grote . A Normal 46,XX Infant with a 46,XX/69,XXY Pomente: a Major Contri- bution to the Placenta is From a Resorbed Twin: D. F. Callen, H. Fernandez, Y. J. Hull, J. M. — H. M. Chambers and G. R. Sutherland. First- Trimester — oaen Alpha- a oo “Chorionic Gonadotropin in Aneuploid Pregnancies: A. Johnson, F. S. Cowchock, M. Darby, R. Wapner and L. G. Jackson . Prenatal Diagnosis of Harlequin Ichthyosis by Fetal Skin ae Report of Two Cases: K. Suzumori and T. Kanzaki. ; Early Transvaginal Sonographic Diagnosis of Alobar siding cephaly: M. Bronshtein and Z. Wiener Maternal Serum Human Chorionic Qunetete — in Twin Pregnancies: L. M. Nebiolo, W. B. Adams, S. L. Miller and A. Milunsky ; ; : ‘ ; ; SHORT COMMUNICATIONS Prenatal Diagnosis for Dystrophia Myotonica Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction: C. Clark, K. F. Kelly, N. Smith, N. Fairweather, T. Brown, A. Johnston and N. E. Haites . Post-Mortem Findings in a Fetus with 48,XXY, 421: A. “Smith, G. Watson, J. Michas, R. Viersbach and D. Ellwood . Pallister—Killian Syndrome Diagnosed by Chorionic Villus Sampling M. Sharland, L. Hill, R. Patel and M. Patton Duplication of Chromosome 11 Centromere in Fetal and penta Karyotypes: a New Variant?: M. Till, A. Rafat, C. Charrin, H. Plauchu and D. Germain Prenatal Diagnosis of Duplication Cyst of On Patan G. L. perem D. Blitz, P. Gibson, L. Seabolt, M. Olszewski, D. J. Wright and D. B. Schwartz ; ; ; ; ‘ LETTER TO THE EDITOR A Second Report of Normal Outcome with Mosaic |lsochromosome 20q Found on Amniocentesis: M. A. Kershner and A. E. Donnenfeld VOLUME CONTENTS Issue No. 8, August Prague Special Issue From the 5th International Congress of Early Fetal Diagnosis, July 1990 Editorial: Early Prenatal Diagnosis: M. A. Ferguson-Smith Preimplantation Diagnosis: A Patient Perspective: F. Pergament . Chromosome Analysis of Multipronuclear Human Oocytes After /n Vitro Fertilization: B. Martin-Pont, J. Selva, M. Bergere, C. Fillion, J. N. Hugues, A. Tamboise andE . Tamboise B-Glucuronidase Activity in Mouse Oocytes, Mouse Preimplantation Embryos, and Human Gametes: M. Van Blerk, W. Lissens, M. Nijs, M. Van Der Linden, A. C. Van Steirteghem and| . Liebaers Superovulation Fails to Increase Human Blastocyst Yield After Uterine Lavage: S. A. Carson, A. L. Smith, J. L. Scoggan and J. E. Buster Possible Effect of Gestational Age on the Detection of Fetal Nucleated Erythrocytes in Maternal Blood: D. W. Bianchi, J. E. Stewart, M. F. Garber, G. Lucotte and A. F. Flint Comparison of Transabdominal and Transcervical cvs and Amniocen- tesis: Sampling Success and Risk: S. Smidt-Jensen and J. Philip Chorionic Villus Sampling: Analysis of Fetal Losses to Delivery, Placen- tal Pathology, and Cervical Microbiology: R. D. Wilson, K. Cho, B. McGillivray, D. Kalousek, D.S haw and V. Baldwin Risk of Miscarriage after Transcervical and Transabdominal cvs in Relation to Bacterial Colonization of the Cervix: P. Baumann, V. Jovanovic, G. Gellert and R. Rauskolb Transcervical (TC) and Transabdominal (TA) CVS for Prenatal Diag- nosis in Rotterdam: Experience with 3611 Cases: M. G. J. Jahoda, H. Brandenburg, A. Reuss, T. E. Cohen- Overbeek, J. W. Wiadimiroff, F. J. Los andE . S. Sachs Trisomy 18 in Chorionic Villus Sampling: Problems and Consequences: A. Wirtz, K.-Ph. Gloning and J.M urken : Uncommon Chromosomal Mosaicism in Chorionic Villi: l Kennerk- necht, G. Barbi, M. Djalali, W. Just, W. Vogel and R. Terinde Follow-up and Pregnancy Outcome after a Diagnosis of Mosaicism in CVS: A. S. P. M. Breed, A. Mantingh, R. Vosters, J. R. Beekhuis, J. M. M. Van Lith and G. J. P. A. Anders Mosaicism and Accuracy of Prenatal Cytogenetic Diagnoses after Chorionic Villus Sampling and Placental Biopsies: P. Miny, P.Ham- mer, B. Gerlach, S. Tercanli, J. Horst, W. Holzgreve and B. Eiben Proliferation Kinetics in Native Chorionic Villus Cells: /. Kennerknecht, S. Baur-Aubele and W. Vogel Chorionic Villus cDNA Library Displays Expression of Butyryicholines- terase: Putative Genetic Disposition for Ecological Danger: H. Zakut, J. Lieman-Hurwitz, R. Zamir, L. Sindell, D. Ginzberg and H. Soreq Early Prenatal Diagnosis of the Fragile Site at Xq27.3 Associated with Martin-Bell Syndrome: NV. Tommerup, F. Sandergaard, A. Hanauer, /. Oberle, J. Bang, B. Barbi, B. Bech, K. Davies, U. Froster-/skenius, K.-H. Gustavson, C. B. Van Der Hagen, A. Heiberg, U. Kristoffersen, M. Mikkelsen, P. Miny, K. B. Nielsen, K. Rasmussen, A. Schinzel, L. Tranebjaerg, T. Tonnesen and J. Wahilstrom ;

See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.