Premature Chromosome Condensation. Application in Basic, Clinical, and Mutation Research PDF
Preview Premature Chromosome Condensation. Application in Basic, Clinical, and Mutation Research
This is a volume in CELL BIOLOGY A series of monographs Editors: D. E. Buetow, I. L. Cameron, G. M. Padilla, and A. M. Zimmerman A complete list of the books in this series appears at the end of the volume. PREMATURE CHROMOSOME CONDENSATION Application in Basic, Clinical, and Mutation Research Edited by Potu Ν. Rao Department of Developmental Therapeutics The University of Texas System Cancer Center M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute Houston, Texas Robert T. Johnson Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge, England Karl Sperling Institut für Humangenetik Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany ACADEMIC PRESS 1982 A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers New York London Paris San Diego San Francisco Sâo Paulo Sydney Tokyo Toronto COPYRIGHT © 1982, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Premature chromosome condensation. (Cell biology) Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Premature chromosome condensation. I. Rao, Potu N. II. Johnson, Robert T. III. Sperling, Karl. IV. Series. [DNLM: 1. Cell transformation, Aeoplastic. 2. Chromo- somes. 3. Gene expression regulation. 4. Neoplasms— Familial and genetic. QZ 200 P925] QH600.P73 574.87'322 82-3940 ISBN 0-12-580450-4 AACR2 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 82 83 84 85 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 List of Contributors Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors1 contributions begin. RAMESH C. ADLAKHA (233), Department of Developmental Therapeutics, University of Texas System Cancer Center, M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston, Texas 77030 BERND BEEK1 (113), MRC Clinical and Population Cytogenetic Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Scotland A. R. S. COLLINS (253), Cancer Research Campaign, Mammalian Cell DNA Repair Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cam- bridge CB2 3EJ, England ALAIN DELEENER (159), Faculteit der Wetenschappen Algemene, Universiteit Brüssel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium HELEN L. DRWINGA (99), Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111 DENES DUDITS (359), Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Center, Hunga- rian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary GYULA HADLACZKY (359), Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary WAHEEB K. HENEEN 2 (79, 131), Institute of Genetics, University of Lund, S-223 62, Lund, Sweden 'Present address: Institut für Genetik, Freie Universität Berlin, D-1000 Berlin 33, Federal Republic of Germany. 2Present address: Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-268 00 Svalöv, Sweden xi xii List of Contributors JOSEPH HIRSCHBERG (173), Department of Genetics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel WALTER N. HITTELMAN (309), Department of Developmental Therapeutics, University of Texas System Cancer Center, M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, and University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas 77030 ROBERT T. JOHNSON (253), Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England MENASHE MARCUS (173), Department of Genetics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel TOHRU MARUNOUCHI (195), Laboratory of Cell Biology, Mitsubishi-Kasei Insti- tute of Life Sciences, Machida-shi, Tokyo 194, Japan SEI-ICHI MATSUI (207), Departments of Genetics and Endocrinology, Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263 YOHICHI MATSUMOTO (195), Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113, Japan SHIRO MITA3 (195), Laboratory of Cell Biology, Mitsubishi-Kasei Institute of Life Sciences, Machida-shi, Tokyo 194, Japan HEIDEMARIE NEITZEL (159), Institut für Humangenetik, Freie Universität Berlin, D-1000 Berlin 19, Federal Republic of Germany GÜNTER OBE (113), Institut für Genetik, Freie Universität Berlin, D-1000 Berlin 33, Federal Republic of Germany RAJIVA RAMAN (159), Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India Ροτυ N. RAO (1, 233), Department of Developmental Therapeutics, University 3 Present address: Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Tokyo, Japan List of Contributors xiii of Texas System Cancer Center, M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston, Texas 77030 DAN RÖHME4 (79, 131), Institute of Genetics, University of Lund, S-223 62, Lund, Sweden CHINTAMAN G. SAHASRABUDDHE (233), Department of Molecular Biochemis- try, University of Texas System Cancer Center, M. D. Anderson Hos- pital and Tumor Institute, Houston, Texas 77030 AVERY A. SANDBERG (207), Departments of Genetics and Endocrinology, Ros- well Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263 KARL SPERLING (43, 159), Institut für Humangenetik, Freie Universität Berlin, D-1000 Berlin 19, Federal Republic of Germany PRASAD S. SUNKARA (233), Merrill Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45215 LÀSZLO SZABADOS (359), Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary C. A. WALDREN (253), Eleanor Roosevelt Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262 HERBERT WEINFELD (207), Departments of Genetics and Endocrinology, Ros- well Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263 DAVID A. WRIGHT (233), Department of Biology, University of Texas System Cancer Center, M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston, Texas 77030 HIDEYO YASUDA5 (195), Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113, Japan 4Present address: European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 6900, Federal Republic of Germany 5Present address: Departments of Genetics and Endocrinology, Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263 Preface Since the 1960s the controlled fusion between different cells by means of Sendai virus and, more recently, polyethylene glycol, has provided biologists with a powerful tool with which to explore many fundamental problems that previously were largely inaccessible. One such area is the regulation of the cell cycle, particularly of DNA synthesis and mitosis. Fusion permitted the ready construction of cells containing elements from defined and different stages of the cycle and led directly to the observation and understanding that condensation of interphase chromatin is associated with asynchrony in the cell. The varied nature of the condensed interphase structures was explicable in terms of cell cycle stages, and this knowledge helped to illuminate earlier results from a wide range of biological materials. The term premature chromosome condensation was used to describe the phenomenon. Premature chromosome condensation has since proved to be a fruitful area of research, bringing together workers from many disciplines. It was therefore decided that a workshop supported by the International Union against Cancer be held to review the current status of research and to explore future possibilities, not least in relation to cancer. The workshop held at the Institut für Humangenetik, Freie Universität Berlin, on September 6, 1980 provided the impetus for this volume, which presents a series of detailed reviews of the contributions that prematurely condensed chromosomes have made to different areas of research. We hope that these chapters will serve as a stimulus to attract new investigators to this field. We hope that the readers, whether working in basic and applied research or in teaching, will experience the same fascination as the scientists who joined this meeting: the cytogeneticists, since this experimental approach makes it possible to look at the chromosomes as discrete structures at any stage in a cell's life and thereby obtain deeper insight into the chromosomal architecture and its regular conformational and functional changes during the cell cycle; the cell biologists, since this system provides a deeper understanding of the cascade of events associated with the normal process of mitosis and meiosis in animals and in plants; the biochemist, who makes use of this system to approach the fundamen- xv xvi Preface tal physiological and molecular mechanisms that control those processes. Inves- tigators in the field of mutation research will profit from the ability to analyze chromosomes shortly after induction of DNA damage and to follow the course of chromosome repair not only in G,, G , or G cells but also in differentiated cells 2 () which do not normally divide. This approach was also sought to determine the efficiency of chemotherapy in patients with malignancy. Quite unexpectedly it led to the development of a most valuable method for predicting the clinical course of patients with leukemia, which can now serve as a basis for individual therapeutic strategy. Thus, premature chromosome condensation becomes another tool for the clinician in the treatment of human malignancies. We gratefully acknowledge the financial sponsorship for this workshop pro- vided primarily by the "International Cancer Research Workshop Programme" (ICREW), Geneva, and the generous support by the Freie Universität Berlin. We are indebted to the members of the Institut für Humangenetik for their help in making the local arrangements for the workshop. Our special thanks go to the contributing authors for their enthusiasm and willingness to write about their work. We are extremely grateful to Walter J. Pagel for his assistance in editing this volume. Potu N. Rao Robert T. Johnson Karl Sperling 1 The Phenomenon of Premature Chromosome Condensation Potu N. Rao I. Introduction 2 II. The Phenomeon of Premature Chromosome Condensation . . .. 2 A. Mitotic Factors Have No Species Specificity 6 B. Visualization of Chromosomes from Differentiated Cells . .. 6 C. Some Generalizations 8 III. Historical Background 10 IV. Structure of Prematurely Condensed Chromosomes (PCC) . . .. 12 A. G, PCC 12 B. S PCC 15 C. G, PCC 18 V. The Fate and Consequences of Premature Chromosome Condensation 21 A. Template Activity of Prematurely Condensed Chromosomes 21 B. Initiation of DNA Synthesis in G, PCC 21 C. Integration or Exclusion of Prematurely Condensed Chromosomes in Hybrid Cells 23 D. Effect of an Interphase Component on Metaphase Chromosomes 29 VI. Factors Involved in the Induction of Premature Chromosome Condensation 30 A. Effect of Anions and Cations on the Induction of Premature Chromosome Condensation 31 Β. Involvement of Proteins in the Induction of Premature Chromosome Condensation 32 VII. Differences between Prematurely Condensed Chromosomes and Metaphase Chromosomes 35 VIII. Summary 37 References 37 1 PREMATURE CHROMOSOME CONDENSATION Copyright © 1982 by Academic Press, Inc. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved. ISBN 0-12-580450-4 2 Potu Ν. Rao I. INTRODUCTION The discovery that mammalian cells in culture can be readily fused by using uv-inactivated Sendai virus (Okada et al., 1957; Harris, 1965) has opened up new frontiers in cell biology. Some of the most notable advances made by the use of the cell fusion technique include the mapping of the human genome, the development of the hybridoma technique, and the discovery of the phenomenon of premature chromosome condensation. The objective of this chapter is to review the phenomenon of premature chromosome condensation, its discovery, its historical background, and the structural aspects of its products, the prema- turely condensed chromosomes (PCC). In plant and animal cells, chromosomes can be visualized as discrete cytologi- cal entities only for a brief time during the life cycle, i.e., either during mitosis or meoisis. Throughout the entire intermitotic period, which varies from 10 to 40 hr for animal cells in culture, the chromosomes remain diffuse and indistinguishable in the nucleus. The DNA molecule, complexed with histone and non-histone proteins, undergoes several orders of coiling, giving rise to chromatin fibers of about 230 Â in diameter; these are commonly observed by electron microscopy in interphase nuclei or isolated metaphase chromosomes (Ris, 1956; Gay, 1956; Abuelo and Moore, 1969; DuPraw, 1968). Such fibers are tightly packed into chromosomes at the time of cell division, a process that facilitates the equal distribution of genetic material between the two daughter cells. It has been almost a century since the chromosome cycle in plant and animal cells was first described (Flemming, 1880), yet key questions still remain unan- swered: (1) How is the presumably ordered yet dispersed interphase chromatin organized into the dense chromosome bodies? (2) What is the nature of the intracellular signals that trigger dissolution of the nuclear membrane and conden- sation of chromosomes? Since chromosome condensation is invariably as- sociated with mitosis, an understanding of this process might give us some insight into the regulation of cell division in normal and malignant cells. In this chapter I also discuss the attempts to promote condensation of chromo- somes experimentally, some of the factors that may be involved in this process, the fate and consequences of premature chromosome condensation, and the role of polyamines, cations, and proteins in the induction of premature chromosome condensation. II. THE PHENOMENON OF PREMATURE CHROMOSOME CONDENSATION Initially we set out to study the pattern of mitotic accumulation among binuc- leate HeLa cells, which were formed by the fusion of S phase cells (prelabeled
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