Prebiotics and Probiotics Science and Technology PDF
Preview Prebiotics and Probiotics Science and Technology
Prebiotics and Probiotics Science and Technology Dimitris Charalampopoulos, Robert A. Rastall (Eds.) Prebiotics and Probiotics Science and Technology With67figuresand97tables Editors: DimitrisCharalampopoulos DepartmentofFoodBiosciences UniversityofReading Whiteknights,Reading UK [email protected] RobertA.Rastall DepartmentofFoodBiosciences UniversityofReading Whiteknights,Reading UK [email protected] LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009929416 ISBN:978-0-387-79057-2 Thispublicationisavailablealsoas: ElectronicversionunderISBN978-0-387-79058-9 PrintandelectronicbundleunderISBN978-0-387-79059-6 (cid:1)SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2009 Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpart withoutthewrittenpermissionofthepublisher(SpringerScience+BusinessMedia, LLC.,233SpringStreet,NewYork,NY10013,USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsin connectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Useinconnectionwithanyformof informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orby similarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden. Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilar terms,eveniftheyarenotidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionof opinionastowhetherornottheyaresubjecttoproprietaryrights. springer.com Printedonacid‐freepaper SPIN:12084159–543210 ToElieMetchnikoff,GlennGibsonandMarcelRoberfoidfororiginating theconceptofprobioticsandprebiotics Preface Withgrowingconsumerandindustrialinterestinself-careandintegrativemedi- cine, our understanding of the relationship between health and diet has grown stronger. As a result, the market for functional foods, dietary supplements and nutraceuticalsiscontinuingtoexpandrapidly.Amongtheseproducts,probiotics andprebioticshavecarvedtheirownspecialnichebecauseoftheirscientifically- supported health promoting properties, and have been in the forefront of re- search over the past twenty years or so. This is driven by the realisation that the gut microbiota can play a critical role in human health. Important functions of the gut microbiota include the inhibition of the colonisation of the gut by potentiallypathogenicmicroorganisms,themicrobialfermentationofsubstrates yielding metabolicproductswhichcanserveassourcesofenergy for thegutcell wall, and the modulation of the immune system. A substantial amount of research has shown that the human gut microbiota can be modulated using probiotics and prebiotics leading tovarious beneficial effects. The prebiotics and probiotics area is a fast evolving field that attracts significant interest by both the academic and industrial communities. As a result, a substantial amount of research is generated every year. The use of post-genomics, encompassing transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and meta-genomics has helped greatly in making significant advances in the field,asthey providethemeanstocarryoutin-depthstudiesofthemechanisms involvedandofthebeneficialeffectslikelytobeexertedtothehost.Thetargetof many probiotics and prebiotics is the prevention and treatment of disorders associated with the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), including infectious, traveller’s, and antibiotic-associated diarrhoeas, Clostridium difficile infections, and consti- pation. They have also been suggested as therapeutic agents against irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel diseases. An increasing amount of evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies suggests that they are effective in the prevention of atopic allergies and may have potential anti-carcinogenic effects. In addition to the above, there has been considerable interest in #SpringerScience+BusinessMediaLLC,2009 viii Preface extra-intestinal application of probiotics and prebiotics, such as in urogenital infections and oral health, and in their applications in animals. This bookwill giveadetailedandupto dateaccountof theadvancesin the prebiotics and probiotics field, covering their taxonomy, the potential beneficial effectsto humansandanimals,theproposedmechanismsofactions,themolec- ular techniques used, and the challenges faced in manufacturing such products. The book consists of thirty one chapters. It starts with an introduction into the gastrointestinaltractecosystemanditsinteractionwithprebioticsandprobiotics (Chapter 1), it then describes the molecular techniques used for analysing the complex gut ecosystem (Chapters 2 and 3), and discusses the design of human trials for evaluating their efficacy (Chapter 4). It then moves into the area of prebiotics and starts off by discussing the mechanisms of prebiotic impact on health(Chapter5);itthenprovidesasystematicoverviewofestablishedaswellas potential prebiotic oligosaccharides (Chapters 6 to 11). Each of these chapters covers the processes used to manufacture these compounds, and critically dis- cussestheirefficacybasedonpublisheddatafrominvitroandinvivostudies.The rest of the chapters in the prebiotics part cover the application of prebiotics in animals(Chapter12),theanalysisofprebioticoligosaccharides(Chapter13),and theirmanufacturefrombiomasssources(Chapter14).Thebookthenfocuseson probiotics and begins with a taxonomic study of probiotic microorganisms (Chapter 15). It then discusses their interaction in the human gut (Chapter 16), provides an overview of functional genomic studies of probiotics (Chapter 17), discusses thechallenges in their manufacture (Chapter18)and in their addition to foods (Chapter 19), and presents the encapsulation methodologies used to improve probiotic delivery (Chapter 20). Subsequent chapters cover the potential beneficial effects of probiotics focusing on antibiotic-associated and Clostridium difficile diarrhea (Chapter 21), infectious and traveller’s diarrhea (Chapter 22), immune modulation (Chapter 23), chronic gastrointestinal infec- tions (Chapter 24), allergic diseases (Chapter 25), potential anti-carcinogenic effects (Chapter 26), urogenital applications (Chapter 27), oral health (Chapter 28), and on the development of mucosal vaccines based on lactic acid bacteria (Chapter 29). Finally, the remaining chapters cover the applications of probiotics in livestock animals (Chapter 30) and safety aspects of probiotics (Chapter 31). Preface ix Theaimofthisbookistoprovideacomprehensiveoverviewoftheresearch inthefieldofprebioticsandprobioticscoveringtheachievements,challengesand futureneeds.Assuch,wehopethatthisbookwillbeavaluablereferencetoboth researchers and industrialists working in the field. Dimitris Charalampopoulos Bob Rastall Table of Contents Volume 1 Editors .................................................... xv List of Contributors ........................................ xvii 1 Using Probiotics and Prebiotics to Manage the Gastrointestinal Tract Ecosystem ......................................... 1 RandalBuddington 2 Molecular Tools for Investigating the Gut Microbiota ......... 33 ChristopheLay 3 Post-Genomics Approaches towards Monitoring Changes within the Microbial Ecology of the Gut .................... 79 KieranM.Tuohy.LeticiaAbecia.EddieR.Deaville.FrancescaFava. AnnettKlinder.QingShen 4 Designing Trials for Testing the Efficacy of Pre- Pro- and Synbiotics ............................................ 111 StephenLewis.CharlotteAtkinson 5 Mechanisms of Prebiotic Impact on Health ................. 135 H.Steed.S.Macfarlane 6 Fructan Prebiotics Derived from Inulin .................... 163 DouwinaBosscher 7 Galacto-Oligosaccharide Prebiotics ....................... 207 GeorgeTzortzis.JelenaVulevic #SpringerScienceþBusinessMedia,LLC2009 xii TableofContents 8 Prebiotic Potential of Xylo-Oligosaccharides ................ 245 H.Ma¨kela¨inen.M.Juntunen.O.Hasselwander 9 Resistant Starch and Starch-Derived Oligosaccharides as Prebiotics ............................................ 259 A.Adam-Perrot.L.Gutton.L.Sanders.S.Bouvier.C.Combe. R.VanDenAbbeele.S.Potter.A.W.C.Einerhand 10 Oligosaccharides Derived from Sucrose .................... 293 PierreF.Monsan.FrancoisOuarne´ 11 Prebiotic Potential of Polydextrose ....................... 337 JulianD.Stowell 12 Prebiotics in Companion and Livestock Animal Nutrition ..... 353 KathleenA.Barry.BrittanyM.Vester.GeorgeC.Fahey,Jr. 13 Analysis of Prebiotic Oligosaccharides ..................... 465 M.L.Sanz.A.I.Ruiz-Matute.N.Corzo.I.Mart´ınez-Castro 14 Manufacture of Prebiotics from Biomass Sources ............ 535 PatriciaGullo´n.BeatrizGullo´n.Andre´sMoure.Jose´LuisAlonso. HerminiaDom´ınguez.JuanCarlosParajo´ 15 Taxonomy of Probiotic Microorganisms ................... 593 GiovannaE.Felis.FrancoDellaglio.SandraTorriani Volume 2 Editors .................................................... xv List of Contributors ........................................ xvii 16 Ecological Interactions of Bacteria in the Human Gut ........ 641 GwenFalony.LucDeVuyst
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