Pre-Modern East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Volume I: To 1800

331 Pages·2008·17.349 MB·English

by  Patricia Buckley Ebrey, Anne Walthall, James Palais

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Pre-Modern East Asia:
To 1800
A Cultural, Social, and Political History
Second Edition
PATRICIA EBREY
University of Washington(cid:6)Seattle
ANNE WALTHALL
University of California(cid:6)Irvine
JAMES PALAIS
Late of University of Washington(cid:6)Seattle
HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY
Boston New York
Publisher:Suzanne Jeans
Senior Sponsoring Editor:Nancy Blaine
Senior Marketing Manager:Katherine Bates
Senior Developmental Editor: Tonya Lobato
Senior Project Editor:Jane Lee
Art and Design Manager:Jill Haber
Cover Design Director: Tony Saizon
Senior Photo Editor:Jennifer Meyer Dare
Composition Buyer:Chuck Dutton
New Title Project Manager: James Lonergan
Editorial Assistant:Stacey Walker
Marketing Associate:Lauren Bussard
Editorial Assistant: Anne Finley
Cover image: Tang Dynasty (618–906 C.E.). Mendicant Friar. Tang Dynasty, Mural from
Dunhuang, Sinkiang Musée des Arts Asiatiques-Guimet, Paris, France/Erich Lessing/Art
Resource, NY
Text credits appear after page 294.
Copyright © 2009 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
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Printed in the U.S.A.
Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2008926851
ISBN 13: 978-0-547-00539-3
ISBN 10: 0-547-00539-3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9-RRD-12 11 10 09 08
C O N T E N T S
Preface xi The Hundred Schools of Thought 26
Conventions xv Confucius and the Analects 26
Mozi 27
Mencius 28
PART ONE
Xunzi 29
The Foundations of East Asian
Daoism and the Laozi and Zhuangzi 29
Civilization in China 1
Legalism 31
CONNECTIONS: The Prehistory of East Asia 2 Yin and Yang 31
The Art of War 32
The World of Spirits 32
Chapter 1 China in the Bronze Age:
Warring States Literature and Art: The Case of
The Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties
Chu 32
(cid:7)ca. 1500(cid:6)771 B.C.E.(cid:11) 8
MATERIAL CULTURE: Lacquer 33
The Geography of the Chinese Subcontinent 9
The Shang Dynasty (ca. 1500–1045 B.C.E.) 10
MATERIAL CULTURE: Rammed Earth 11 Chapter 3 The Founding of the Bureaucratic
Writing 12 Empire: Qin-Han China (cid:7)256 B.C.E.(cid:6)200 C.E.(cid:11) 35
Metalworking 13 The Qin Unification (256–206 B.C.E.) 36
Developments Outside the Shang Core 15 The First Emperor (r. 221–210 B.C.E.) 37
The First Emperor’s Tomb 38
The Western Zhou Dynasty (1045–771 B.C.E.) 16
Qin Law 40
The Mandate of Heaven 16
The Xiongnu and the Great Wall 40
The Zhou Political Structure 16
The Han Dynasty (206 B.C.E.–220 C.E.) 41
DOCUMENTS: The Announcement of Shao 17
Official Support for Confucianism 43
Western Zhou Society and Culture 18
Wang Mang 43
Palace Eunuchs 44
Chapter 2 Philosophers and Warring Intellectual, Literary, and Religious Currents 44
States During the Eastern Zhou Period Han Confucianism 44
(cid:7)770(cid:6)256 B.C.E.(cid:11) 20 DOCUMENTS: Lucky and Unlucky Days 45
The Multistate System of the Eastern Zhou 21 Sima Qian and the Records of the Grand
BIOGRAPHY: Guan Zhong 22 Historian 46
Warfare and Its Consequences 23 BIOGRAPHY: The Ban Family 48
DOCUMENTS: The King of Zhao Convinces His Chinese Society in Han Times 48
Uncle to Wear Barbarian Dress 25 Common Farmers 48
Elite Groups 49
The Family 50
vi Contents
Central Asia and the Silk Road 51 The Rebellion of An Lushan (755–763) and Its
Aftermath 84
Borderlands 51
The Achievements of Tang Men of Letters 85
MATERIAL CULTURE: Silk from the Silk Road 52
The Case of Vietnam 52 BIOGRAPHY: Du Fu (712–777), Confucian Poet 87
Maintaining the Empire 53 DOCUMENTS: Poking Fun 88
CONNECTIONS: Buddhism in India and Its The Dunhuang Documents 90
Spread Along the Silk Road 55 The Tang Dynasty’s Final Decades and the Five
Dynasties 91
Chapter 4 Political Division in China and the
Spread of Buddhism (cid:7)200(cid:6)580(cid:11) 60
PART TWO
The Three Kingdoms (220–265) and the Western
The Emergence of East Asian
Jin Dynasty (265–316) 61
Civilization 93
Non-Chinese Dominance in the North 63
CONNECTIONS: Cultural Contact Across
The Northern Wei and Hybrid Xianbei-Chinese
Eurasia (600–900) 94
Culture 64
The Revolt of the Garrisons and the Division of
the North 66 Chapter 6 Early Korea to 935 98
The Southern Dynasties and Aristocratic Culture 67
Geographical Setting 98
BIOGRAPHY: Yan Zhitui (531–591+) 68
The Early Historical Period (200 B.C.E.–313C.E.) 100
Poetry, Calligraphy, and Painting as Arts of Men
The North: Choso˘n, Puyo˘, Koguryo˘, and the
of Letters 69
Chinese Commanderies 100
The Buddhist Conquest of China 69 The South: The Three Han (Samhan) 101
MATERIAL CULTURE: Cave 285 at Dunhuang 71 DOCUMENTS: The Widow of King Kogukch’o˘n 102
Daoist Religion 71 The Three Kingdoms: Koguryo˘, Paekche, and Silla
(313–668) 103
DOCUMENTS: The Monastery of Eternal
The Introduction of Buddhism 105
Tranquility 72
Unification by Silla (581–668) 106
Unified Silla (668–892) 107
Chapter 5 The Cosmopolitan Empires of Sui
Society and Culture 108
and Tang China (cid:7)581(cid:6)960(cid:11) 74
BIOGRAPHY: Kangsu, the Scribe 110
The Northwest Military Aristocracy and the Sui
MATERIAL CULTURE: So˘kkuram Buddhist
Reunification of China 75
Temple 111
The Founding of the Tang Dynasty (618–907) 76
Parhae (698–926) 111
The Tang at Its Height 78
MATERIAL CULTURE: Tea 79
The Tang Elite 81 Chapter 7 Early State and Society in Japan
(cid:7)to 794(cid:11) 114
Empress Wu 82
Emperor Xuanzong 83 The Geography of the Japanese Archipelago 115
Contents vii
Early Kingship in Late Yayoi (ca. 100–350) 115 The Fujiwara Era (900–1050) 150
The Korea Connection 117
BIOGRAPHY: Sugawara no Michizane 151
Ancient Religion 117
Marriage and Politics 152
The Formation of a Centered Polity (350–794) 118 The Heyday of Aristocratic Culture 153
The China Connection 118
MATERIAL CULTURE: Writing Japanese 154
MATERIAL CULTURE: Haniwa 119 Buddhism and the Fujiwara 155
Fixing the Capital at Nara 121
DOCUMENTS: Sanbo¯e (The Three Jewels) 156
The Conquest of Emishi and Hayato 122
Rule by Retired Monarchs (1086–1180) 156
The Introduction of Buddhism 122
The Estate System 158
DOCUMENTS: Poems from Nihon shoki and
Man’yo¯shu¯ 124 CONNECTIONS: The Mongols 160
Elite Culture 124
A Stagnant Agrarian Base 126
Chapter 10 Koryo˘ Korea (cid:7)935(cid:6)1392(cid:11) 167
Early Koryo˘ Government (935–1170) 167
Chapter 8 China Among Equals: Song, Liao, Xia,
and Jin 128 The Changing International Context
(943–1146) 169
The Founding of the Song Dynasty 129
Society and Culture in the Koryo˘ Period 170
Song’s Rivals: Liao and Xia 129
MATERIAL CULTURE: Celadon 171
A New Era 131
The Medieval Chinese Economic Revolution 131 DOCUMENTS: Popular Songs 172
International Trade 132 Family and Kinship 172
The Song Scholar-Official Class 133 Buddhism and Confucianism 173
Reformers and Anti-Reformers 135 History-Writing 174
The Fall of the Northern Song and the Jin Dynasty 137 Military Rule and the Mongol Invasions
(1170–1259) 175
BIOGRAPHY: Tong Guan, Eunuch General 138
Ch’oe Family Dominance 175
Hangzhou and the Southern Song (1127–1276) 139
The Mongols 175
Song Culture and Society 139
Koryo˘ Under Mongol Domination (1260–1351) 176
The Revival of Confucianism and the Learning
BIOGRAPHY: Lady Ki, Consort of the Mongol
of the Way 139
Emperor 178
Gender Roles and Family Life 141
Confucian Revival (1351–1392) 178
MATERIAL CULTURE: Huang Sheng’s Clothing 143
DOCUMENTS: Tales of Retribution 144
Religion in Song Life 144
Chapter 11 Kamakura Japan (cid:7)1180(cid:6)1333(cid:11) 180
Rise of the Warrior 180
Chapter 9 Heian Japan (cid:7)794(cid:6)ca. 1180(cid:11) 147 Prelude to Kamakura Rule (1156–1185) 182
The Age of Kingly Rule (ca. 794–900) 147 Military Government at Kamakura (1180–1333) 183
Early Heian Culture 149 Family Politics 184
Transformations in Religious Practice 149 Kamakura Shogunate 185
viii Contents
DOCUMENTS: The Estate Stewards in Legal Changes in Religious Practice 211
Documents 186 Muromachi Culture 212
Toward Intensive Agriculture and Economic
Civil War (1467–1600) 212
Growth 188
MATERIAL CULTURE: No¯ 213
Buddhism 189
Literature and Popular Arts 190 DOCUMENTS: The Journal of So¯cho¯ 214
Local Leagues 216
BIOGRAPHY: Nichiren 191
Rise of Warlords 216
MATERIAL CULTURE: The Mongol Scroll and
The Conquerors 218
Mongol Combat 192
The Mongol Invasions (1271–1281) 192
Chapter 14 The Ming Empire in China
Fall of the Kamakura Regime (1293–1333) 193 (cid:7)1368(cid:6)1644(cid:11) 221
The Founding of the Ming Dynasty 222
Ming Taizu, the Hongwu Emperor 222
Chapter 12 China Under Mongol Rule
Chengzu, the Yongle Emperor 223
(cid:7)1215(cid:6)1368(cid:11) 194
Weaknesses of the Imperial Institution 224
The Mongol Conquest of the Jin and Xia
Diplomacy and Defense 225
Dynasties 194
Zheng He’s Voyages 226
The Mongol Conquest of the Southern Song 196
The Mongols and the Great Wall 226
Khubilai 196
Trade and Piracy Along China’s Coasts 227
Crossing the Yangzi River 197
Social and Cultural Trends 228
DOCUMENTS: The Luoluo 198
The Educated Class and the Examination Life 229
Life in China Under the Mongols 198
BIOGRAPHY: Tan Yunxian, Woman Doctor 231
BIOGRAPHY: Hao Jing, Imprisoned Envoy 200 Wang Yangming’s Challenge to Confucian
The Chinese Educated Elite During the Mongol Orthodoxy 232
Era 201 Local Society 233
MATERIAL CULTURE: Blue-and-White Urban Culture 234
Porcelain 202 MATERIAL CULTURE: Gardens of Suzhou 235
Drama 204
DOCUMENTS: Scene from The Peony Pavilion 236
Dynastic Decline 238
PART THREE
Meeting New Challenges (cid:7)1300(cid:6)1800(cid:11) 205 Chapter 15 Choso˘n Korea (cid:7)1392(cid:6)1800(cid:11) 240
Yi So˘nggye’s Rise to Power 240
Kings and Yangban Confucian Officials 242
Chapter 13 Japan(cid:18)s Middle Ages (cid:7)1330(cid:6)1600(cid:11) 206
Dynastic Decline and the Japanese Invasion 244
New Political Alignments (1338–1573) 206
MATERIAL CULTURE: Yangban Children’s
Changes in Roles for Women 208
Board Games 245
Trade in Town and Country 208
BIOGRAPHY: Admiral Yi Sunsin 246
BIOGRAPHY: Hino Meishi 209
Life on the Margins 210 Relations with the Manchus 247
Contents ix
Internal Politics in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Social and Cultural Crosscurrents 273
Centuries 248 The Conservative Turn 273
The Dream of Red Mansions 273
DOCUMENTS: Lady Hyegyo˘ng’s Memoirs 250
MATERIAL CULTURE: Jin Nong’s Inscribed
Economic Growth and the Decline of Slavery 250
Portrait of a Buddhist Monk 274
Cultural Developments 252
The Less Advantaged and the Disaffected 275
Literature 252
Northern Learning 253
Christianity and Western Learning 253
Chapter 17 Edo Japan (cid:7)1603(cid:6)1800(cid:11) 279
The Family and Women in the Confucian Age 254
Tokugawa Settlement (Seventeenth Century) 279
MAKING COMPARISONS: Women’s Situations 255
Government 280
CONNECTIONS: Europe Enters the Scene 257 Agricultural Transformations and the
Commercial Revolution 282
Urban Life and Culture 284
Chapter 16 The Creation of the Manchu
MATERIAL CULTURE: Night Soil 285
Empire (cid:7)1600(cid:6)1800(cid:11) 262
DOCUMENTS: Ihara Saikaku’s “Sensible Advice
The Manchus 263
on Domestic Economy” 286
Ming Loyalism 264 Intellectual Trends 288
The Qing at Its Height 265 BIOGRAPHY: Tadano Makuzu 289
Kangxi 266
Maturation and Decay (Eighteenth Century) 290
BIOGRAPHY: Jiang Chun, Salt Merchant 267
Popular Culture 290
Qianlong 268
MAKING COMPARISONS: Neo-Confucianism 292
The Banner System 269
Hard Times and Peasant Uprisings 293
DOCUMENTS: Fang Bao’s “Random Notes from
Credits C-1
Prison” 270
Index I-1
Contacts with Europe 272