Pre-imaginal stages of the blowfly Protocalliphora falcozi in nests of the tree sparrow (Passer montanus)

2019·8.6 MB·

by  Viera Jánošková

©EntomologicaFennica. 25August2010
Pre-imaginal stages of the blowfly Protocalliphora falcozi
in nests of the tree sparrow (Passermontanus)
VieraJanoskova,IvanOrszagh,JanJamriska&MartinKopani
Janoskova,V.,Orszagh,1.,Jamriska,J.&Kopani,M.2010:Pre-imaginalstages
of the blowfly Protocalliphorafalcozi in nests of the tree sparrow (Passer
montanus). —Entomol. Fennica21: 107—116.
ThispaperofferstheinitialdescriptionofthefirstinstarlarvaofProtocalliphora
falcoziSéguy, 1928(Diptera: Calliphoridae)andredescriptionofthesecondand
thirdinstarlarvaeandpuparium, aswellasdistinctionbetweenP.falcoziandits
relativeP. azureaFallen(Diptera: Calliphoridae). Thematerialwas sampledin
theNationalNatureReserve Sur (SW Slovakia) fromnests ofthetree sparrow
(Passer montanus), which has not previously been classified as a host of
P.falcozi. Knowledge ofdiagnosticallyrelevantcharacterics to determinebird
blowfly larvae andpupariawillundoubtedly contributeto the currentaccepted
phylogenyandclassificationofthegenusProtocalliphora.
V.Janoskova,I. Orszaglz&J.Jamriska,DepartmentofZoology,FacultyofNat—
ural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina B], 842 15 Bratislava,
Slovakia; E—mails.‘ [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected]
M. Kopani, Institute ofPathology, SchoolofMedicine, Sasinkova 4, Comenius
University, 81108Bratislava,Slovakia;E—mail.‘[email protected]
Received10July2008, acceptedI1January2010
1. Introduction including P. rognesi and T. braueriwhich have
Holarctic distribution (Sabrosky et al. 1989,
Birdblowflies(ProtocalliphoraHoughspp.)be- Whitworth2003a, b).
long to the family of Calliphoridae (subfamily Very little data has been published on the
Chrysomyinae) togetherwith some othergenera identification ofpre-imaginal stages ofthis ge-
(Chloroprocta Wulp, Chrysomya Robineau— nus.Whenthirdinstarsareavailable,theyshould
Desvoidy, Chrysopyrellia Séguy, Cocnliomyia be allowed to pupate for easier identification.
Townsend, Compsomyiops Townsend, Hemilu— However,emptypupariaareusuallytheonlyevi-
ciliaBrauer,ParaluciliaBrauer&Bergenstamn, denceoflarvaeinbirds’ nests.
Phormia Robinneau—Desvoidy, Protoplzormiata Various determination keys from the Palae-
Grunin, Protoplzormia Townsend and Trypo— arctic region have been published to identify
calliplzora Peus). Theirlarvaearebloodsucking Protocalliphora larvae, and these are predomi-
parasites on altricial nestlings. 15 species of nantlyforthirdinstarlarvae,whichpossessmore
Protocalliphora and 1 ofTrypocalliplzora have diagnostic characters than the first and second
been recorded from the Palaearct (Schumann instar larvae: Protocalliphora azurea (Engel
1986,Kurahashi 1993), 10fromEurope(Rognes 1920,Rohdendorf1957, Iwasa&Hori 1990),P.
2004), and29 species fromtheNearctic region, falcozi(Séguy 1941, Zumpt 1965, Lehrer 1972),
108 Janos/(ova etal. ° ENTOMOL. FENNICAVol. 21
P. maruyamensis (Iwasa & Hori 1990) and P. Slovakia on the SE fringe ofthe Male Karpaty
rognesi(Engel 1920). Sabroskyetal.(1989)pro- Mts. (48° 42’ N, 17° 16’ E). The conservatory
videdthekeyforidentificationofthirdinstarlar- areaisformedbyrarealderwetlandsinaflooded
vae of 16 species in the Nearctic region. Older terraindepressioncombinedwiththermophilous
referencesincludedescriptionsofthirdinstarsof oak woods. The collected specimens belong to
P.avium(Coutant1915,Dobroscky 1925)andP. firstinstarlarvae (11), secondinstarlarvae (17),
metallica (Hall 1948). thirdinstarlarvae(32)andpuparia(20),andwere
Second instar larvae were described for allobtaineddirectlyfromnestlings ornestmate-
Protocalliphora avium (Coutant 1915) fromthe rial duringthe 15t—3relbroods ofthetree sparrow.
Nearctic region and P. azurea (Draber—Monko Thematerialwas sampledintheperiods ofMay
2002),P.falcozi(Zumpt1965),P.maruyamensis 20—June 26, 2006 and May 2—June 27, 2007.
(Iwasa&Hori 1990),P. rognesi(Draber—Monko Some of the larvae were kept to develop to
2002)fromthePalaearcticregion.Theonlypaper pupariaandtoadults,andthisallowedspeciesde-
concerning description ofthe first instar larvae termination according to Draber-Monko (2004).
was published by Iwasa & Hori (1990) for P. The pre-imaginal stages were identified from
maruyamensis. nests where only specimens ofP.falcozz' adults
PupariaofProtocalliphoraazurea,P.falcozi, occurred. MixedinfestationbyP.falcozz'andP.
P. rognesiandTrypocalliphorabrauerl'werede- azurea appearedonlytwice during ourresearch,
scribed by Cais et al. (2001), and Whitworth and in these cases the pre-imaginal stages were
(2003a) published his key for the determination thus not identified. The puparia ofProtocalli—
ofpupariaof27speciesintheNearcticregion.P. phoraazureawereobtainedfromnests ofParas
falcozihasbeenrecordedonlyfromthePalaearct, majorintheBotanic Gardens inBratislava.
and mainly as adults (Gregor & Povolny 1959, Larvaewerekilledbysoakinginhotwater(to
Peus 1960, Lehrer 1972, Mihalyi 1979, Rognes avoiddeformation) andtheywere storedin76%
1997). P.falcozz'has been reported as aparasite alcohol. Larvae and puparia were mounted in
onParasmajor(Gregor&Povolny 1959,Lehrer Canadabalsam. AdigitalLeicaDFC195 camera
1972),Paruspalustris(Szpila1999,Wesolowski mountedon aLeicaDM 1000 stereomicroscope
2001),Parascaeruleus(Rognes 1997),Ficedula was used for microphotography. Samples for
albicollz's(Gregor&Povolny 1959,Lehrer1972) SEManalysisweredehydratedingradedalcohol,
and Phoenicurus phoenicurus (Gregor & subjected to the critical drying point of CO2
Povolny 1959, Lehrer 1972). The tree sparrow (CPD 030, BAL-TEC, BGPRUFZERT). Speci-
(Passermontanus) was declaredto be an exclu- mens were mounted on carbon stubs andcoated
sive host of Protocalliphora azurea (Rognes withalayerofgoldinanionsputteringapparatus
1991) (SCD 050, BALZERS, Lichtenstein). SEMpic-
Thispaperaimstodescribethefirstinstarand tures weretakenusing aJXA 840 A (JEOL, Ja-
to re-describe the second and third instar and pan) scanningmicroscope.
pupariumofP.falcozisinceallavailablerelevant ThestudymaterialisdepositedattheDepart-
publisheddatahasbeeninsufficientandtoogen- ment ofZoology, Faculty ofNatural Sciences,
erally diagnostic for the whole genus. Here, we ComeniusUniversity.
emphasize the characteristics to distinguish the
pre-imaginal stages ofP.falcozi andP. azurea,
since they belong to the most common species 3. Terminology
foundinnests ofcavemicolousnestersincentral
Europe. Withtheirtapering anteriorandtruncatedposte-
riorendsProtocalliphoralarvaegenerallydonot
much differ from other genera ofCalliphoridae.
2. Material and methods Their body consists of 12 segments, pseudo-
cephalon, 3 thoracic segments (T l—T III), 7 ab-
Sampling ofthe material was conducted in the dominal segments (Al—AVII) andthe analdivi-
National Nature Reserve Sur situated in SW sion,completelycoveredwithspines. TheTIan-
ENTOMOL. FENNICAVol. 21 ° Pre-imaginalProtocallzphomfalcozi 109
H1125w mesoI%n5)’:'-.""'SE"'TWm'.oe“s'a:Z;T'-''"I:‘I.I
Fig.2. SEMofanteriorendofbodyofthefirstinstarof
Protoca/Iiphorafalcozi,ventralview;a:antenna,as:
additionalsenseorgan,0:cirri,or:oral ridges, pf: pro-
thoracicfringe, mh: mouthhooks, mp: maxillarypal-
pus.
instars. The posterior spiracle region is divided
intoahyperspiracularregion(abovetheposterior
Fig. 1. FirstinstarofProtoca/Iiphorafalcozi.—a. spiracles), amesospiracularregion (betweenthe
Wholebody, lateralview.—b. Cephaloskeleton,ven- posterior spiracles) and a hypospiracular region
tralview;dc:dorsalcornua, is: intermediatesclerite, (undertheposteriorspiracles).
mh: mouthhooks, pb: parastomal bar,vc:ventral Apart from a well-sclerotized and darkened
cornua.—c. Posteriorspiracularregion;ao:anal cuticle, the puparium also differs from larvae,
opening,ap:anal papillae, p1:dorsal papillae, p3: havingaless distinctprothoracic fringewhichis
supralateral papillae, p4: infralateral papillae, p5:
inverted during pupation and also poorly distin-
subventral papillae, p6:ventral papillae.
guishable papillae. Externally the puparia have
varyinglydevelopedcuticularfolds (closetothe
teriorspinosebandisexceptional,sinceitismod- posteriorspiracles)andcuticularridges(dorsally
ified to a crown of setae (prothoracic fringe), andventrallyoneachsegment),andthesearenot
which most likely adheres the larva to the host visibleonlarvalinstars.Theterminologyusedfor
during blood-sucking. Each abdominal segment thedescriptionofpre-imaginalstageswasthatof
hasnormallythreedistinctventralspinalbands— Courtneyera1. (2000) andWhitworth(2003a).
ventralbandsboundedby8ventralpads(Fig. l).
Thepseudocephalonhas antennae, maxillary
palpus andmouthhooks. The cephaloskeleton is 4. Descriptions oflarvae
composedofbasalandintermediatescleritesand and puparium
mouthhooks. Intermediate sclerite ofeach instar
proceeds to the basal sclerite which consists of 4.1. Firstinstarlarva
dorsal andventral comua. Paired labial sclerites
aresituatedbetweenthemouthhooksandtheme- Thebodylengthis09—225m(n:4). Spinesof
dianbeamofthe intermediate sclerite. Alabrum each segment are onlyjust visible and lack dis-
andaccessory sclerite are absent. tinctdifference intheir shape and size. Thepro-
Theanaldivisionhas analpapillaeand7 dis- thoracic fringe is very short comparedto that in
tinct pairs ofpapillae (dorsal, subdorsal, supra- other instars (Fig. la), and the ventral pads are
lateral, supraventral, infralateral, subventral and clearly distinguishable on each abdominal seg-
ventralpapillae), butthese arenotdistinctonall ment. Three ventralbands are distinct andunin-
llO Jdn0§k0vdetal. ° ENTOMOL. FENNICAVol. 21
Table 1. Second instarlarvalcharactersofProtoca/IiphorafalcoziandF’. azurea.
Reference Length (mm) min—max Numberoflobes
mean 1r SD. (n) ofanteriorspiracles (n)
P. falcozi Presentstudy 1.6—5.6* 3.65 i 1.36 (13) 8 (10)
P. azurea Draber-Monko (1996) 6.0—6.5— 6—7 (occasionally8)
*Fullydevelopedsecondinstarlarvae,theonlydifferencewasinlength.
terrupted. Anteriorspiracles areabsent. 3a, 3b). Theparastomalbaris fusedWiththe in-
Each lobe ofthe pseudocephalon bears an- termediate sclerite (their border is marked by a
tenna, maxillary palpus (cluster of several dashedline, Fig. lb).
sensilla)andaccessorysensillum. Onthesurface
ofthe pseudocephalon there are numerous cirri
andoralridges, Whilethe labial lobe andventral
organareabsentorindiscernible (Fig. 2).
Cephaloskeleton is small, mouthhooks are
more strongly sclerotized than the other parts.
The intermediate sclerite is elongated (When
comparedtothesecondandthirdinstars),andthe
dorsalcomuaislongerthantheventralone(Fig.
fa.“-d‘
c
0.01mm
Fig.4. Second instarofProtoca/Iiphorafalcozi.—a.
Wholebody, lateralview.—b. Cephaloskeleton,ven-
tralview:dc:dorsalcornua, is: intermediatesclerite,
ls: labialsclerites, mh: mouthhooks, pb: parastomal
bar,vc:ventralcornua.—c. Posteriorspiracularre-
gion;ao:analopening,ap:anal papillae, p1:dorsal
papillae, p2:subdorsal papillae, p3:supralateral
Fig.3. CephaloskeletonoffirstinstarofProtoca/Ii- papillae, p4: infralateral papillae, p5:subventral pa-
phorafalcozi.—a. Lateralview.—b.Ventralview. pillae, p6:ventral papillae, p7:supraventral papillae.
ENTOMOL. FENNICAVol. 21 - Pre-imaginalProtocalliphorafalcozi l11
Fig. 5. SEMofanteriorendofbodyofthesecond
instarofProtocalliphorafalcozi.
They have anal papillae and only 5 pairs of
tiny papillae (dorsal, supralateral, infralateral,
subventralandventral)developedontheanaldi-
vision, With the supralateral, infralateral, sub-
ventral, ventral and anal papillae clearly distin-
guishable. Theanalpapillae areroundedandthe
anal opening is situated slightly anterior to the
anal papillae. The posterior spiracles are small
andbilobed(Withoutagapbetweentwoforming
slits) and they are poorly sclerotized. The peri-
treme is incomplete, With an absent spiracular
Fig.6. Cephaloskeletonofsecond instarofProtocalli—
scar(button).Spinesinthemesospiracularregion
are also absent(Fig. 1c). phorafalcozi.—a. Lateralview.—b.Ventralview.
sensillumindiscernibleorabsent.Numerouscirri
4.2. Secondinstarlarva and oral ridges occur on the surface of the
pseudocephalon. The labial lobe andventral or-
The body length is given in Table l. Spines of ganare absentorindiscernible (Fig. 5).
each segment andprothoracic fringe are distinct Thecephaloskeletonisstout,mouthhooksare
(Fig. 4a). On T II—A VII the central spines are more strongly sclerotized than the other parts.
slightly longer than the marginal ones. Ventral TheparastomalbarisnotfusedWithintermediate
pads are easily distinguishable on each abdomi- sclerite, and the dorsal cornua is longer than the
nalsegment,andtherearethreedistinctandunin- ventralone(Fig. 4b, 6a, 6b).
terrupted ventral bands. Anterior spiracles are Analpapillaeandall7pairsofpapillaearede-
present, number ofdeveloped lobes is given in veloped on the anal division, including distinct
Table 1. supralateral, infralateral, subventral and ventral
Each lobe ofthe pseudocephalon bears an- papillae. The subdorsal papilla is poorly devel-
tenna and maxillary palpus, with an accessory oped, and anal papillae are rounded, While the
ll2 Jdn0§k0vderal. a
Table2.Third instarlarvalcharactersofProtocalliphorafaicoziandP azurea
Reference Length (mm) min-“max Numberoflobes
mean i 8.0. (n) ofanteriorspiracles (n)
P. faicozi Thisstudy 11.3404" 7.98 i 1.91 (15) SW11 (15)
Zumpt(1965) 1243“- 5;; (occasionally 10)
P. azurea Draberw Monko (2004) 13~15~ 8
lwasa & Horl (1990) 1345“- 5-40
*Fullydevelopedsecondinstarlarvae,theonlydifferencewasinlength.
anal opening is situated slightly anterior to the
analpapillae.Posteriorspiracleshave2slitswith
adistinctgapbetweenthem. Theperitremeisin:-
complete but more sclerotized in comparison
withthe firstinstar. A spiracular scar(button) is
developed although it is not clearly distinguish-
able. and. spines are developed in the meson-
spiracularregion(Fig. 4c).
4.3. n mmlarva
The body length is given in Table 2. Spines of
each. segment andprothoracic fringe are distinct
(Fig. 7a). On T HmA VH central spines are
pnsaalidglsshetalgyrmeleoennatgs.iealyrnddthtishateninretghuaeirsemhtaharbregleeindoainslteoinnacecthsa.naVbdd.eoumnnit_irn—au-l \g\h1“2(‘Mo‘‘f“i-‘‘3l1'l‘s:_ll9ni.'g5Ii..‘11{rI901n“:,:Ix1H}‘{,l!15‘‘1,l'’‘If!u;dfii?uiHI’(fpgHlIfirIg‘fr"fr”fr';i'l.sfnIiI9l,?""9"‘a'n'‘9’?pf'W?'f7F.'’Hf5riI3«‘arMbc:fll'Vfi3Egfaf!fl'll'1ih‘iggl5f“,,d'frFf1i‘.3!!”f'-"hf!3'f«!1!-ai4’f{“1’fd:‘I’i1I.p;":-”/‘rf,Il,'d‘;.IIf;lf‘0}JIJ'r.
tempted ventral bands. Anterior spiracles are A. 'b r-I. /-p3
ptTserearemnbsEsleaefanllc2aut.;hn.mndluoinmmbdeabisxeocirleflaomtrhfyiebdlpeepavsoleeprluuoadspb.oescdweenipltoth.hbaOetlhsonenitshabecgecasiveuressrfnsaaocrirrney- .yHwfl:.w..‘ua1"u";’.nm.m.t1ie'y-wIr-.i.wIwfll“rfV.iv,w.»r;f;(ff’““rfiI“v,(jIJfalli'd;Id“;“wr,9irf,‘!-a'1,o“I,:lir’I“«y;tIi,o''r“v‘5’a:if"’;”?1.’’g4!"ff1r!"w'fa1,¢/!lVo0y,I,arr'Ir,4.;(.‘j'”f.’'iI#”IIl‘.lIfe9Nlfl’iy’.11vlfgglJ§,a’;'"NJ,:,fI’u”3';l'1fJ"f1a3"It3jgt("1#5f[J‘"j3#.Jn‘"li"“l411:3.{I3“‘fI9'.'”31i9',J’t1l“l'3r‘"’,a3}l’fl;1rf"f‘ii4'3ifsIfu'‘H"{i't«5J(‘{i1t91‘’“anP"3i;~B‘,c}“..Ia,t‘113f"“ia1f‘I11i‘;'v“1.‘“341lsh4l)'4r.a51.t““f“Amn“.“‘‘I}n‘\“i:*‘12t1mh$mtWrk”q“.h.“-u.§.“E‘.; ...M--’ew-'7”p4
ofthe pseudocephalon there are numerous cirri
and.oralridges.and.thelabiallobeand.ventral0r-
ganare also indiscemible orabsent(Fig. 8}. The
cephaloskeleton is thick. with the mouthhooks
moresclerotizedthanotherparts.Theparastomal
barisnotstedwiththeintermediatescleriteand
the dorsal comma is longer than the ventral one
(Fig. 7b. 9a. 9b). Fig. 7.Third instarofProtocaliiphorafalcozi-—-a.
Theanalpapillaeandall7pairsofpapillaeare Wholebody, lateralView.--—-b. Cephaloskeleton,venm
developedontheanaldivision.includingdistinct tralView;dc:dorsalcomma, is: intermediatesclerite,
ls: labialsclerltes, mh: mouthhooks,vc:ventral
supralateral. infralateral. subventral and ventral
comma.---c. Posteriorspiracularregion;a0:anal
papillae. The subdorsal papilla is poorly devel-
opening,ap:anal papillae, p1:dorsal papillae, p2:
oped.Whiletheanalpapillaeareroundedwiththe subdorsal papillae, p3:supralateral papillae, p4:
analopeningsituatedslightlyanteriortotheanal infralateral papillae, p5:subventral papillae, p6:ventral
papillae.Thereareposteriorspiracleswith3 slits. papillae, p7:supraventral papillae.
ENTOMOL. FENNICAVol. 21 - Pre-imaginalProtocalliphorafalcozi 113
Fig.8. SEMofanteriorendofthethirdinstarof
Protocalliphorafalcozi.
withadistinctgapbetweenthem. Theperitreme
iscompleteandaspiracularscar(button)isdevel-
opedbutseldomeasilydistinguishable.Thereare
alsomesospiracularspines (Fig. 7c).
4.4.Puparium
Thebodylengthis7.11—8.34mm(meaninSD.=
7.95i0.42, n=9),withall3ventralspinebands
easilydistinguishable.Therearecuticularfoldsin
the hypospiracular and mesospiracular region.
However, there are only small ones in the ' if {é
hyperspiracularregion. Additionally, thecuticu- .n - .. .
larridgesareasdistinctasthecuticularfolds.The Fig.9. CephaloskeletonofthirdinstarofProtocalli—
puparia found in nests were sometimes covered phor‘afalcozi.—a. Lateralview.—b.Ventralview.
bynestmaterial.
tocompletetheirdevelopmentsuccessfully(Ben-
net & Whitworth 1991). Additionally, enough
5. Discussion hostnestswithnestlings arerequired inorderto
collect sufficientmaterial oflarvae andpuparia.
Identification of pre-imaginal stages of bird Wehavenotyetacquiredanapproachtokeeplar-
blowflies accordingtotheirmorphologicalchar- vae artificially, dueto analternativehostusedto
acteristics appears indisputably more difficult nourish bird blowfiy larval instars (larvae pre-
than for adults. In some cases this seems almost sumably cannot complete their development on
impossible. presocial nestlings). Another problem occurs in
Lack of available data on determination of obtainingeggssincefemaleskeptunderartificial
Protocalliphora larvae demands arduous samp- conditionscannotlaytheireggsdespiteapparent
lingsincetheseobligatebirdparasitesareneces- mating(Bennet&Whitworth 1991). Suchinade-
sarilyconnectedtotheirhost, andthisisessential quate materialresults in insufficientopportunity
114 Jdn0§kovd etal. ° ENTOMOL. FENNICAVol. 21
to compare more species in their pre-imaginal ofnestlings and spend their period in hosts, so
stages.Therefore, someauthorsdescribedProto— thatthey do nothave segments completely cov-
calliphoralarvaeentirelyaccordingtocharacter- ered with spines, and this can play a defensive
istics distinctive ofadditional or even all genus role in a host’s body (also e.g. Auchmeromyia
species (e.g. Zumpt, 1965: descriptions of the Brauer andBergenstamm andthe third instar of
secondandthirdinstars ofP.falcozi). Cordylobia Gruenberg).
Sincelarvaeofthesameinstarcanhavevary- ThemainfeaturesofP.falcozilarvaeinclude
ing nutrition their characteristics can vary, and enlargedantennae,numerouscirriandoralridges
this makes identificationmore complicated(e.g. onthepseudocephalon.Enlargementofantennae
distance between spines, prothoracic fringe di- andmaxillarypalpiinthefirstinstarsofparasitic
ameterandthe distancebetweenposteriorspira- or predatory species from the genera Bellardia
cles). Also, during food deficiency, the body Robineau-Desvoidy, Onesia Robineau—Desvoi-
lengthofamore advancedinstarmaybe shorter dyandPollem'aRobineau—Desvoidywasalsoob-
thanthatofayoungerone. Moreover, lengthof- served(Szpila2003, 2004). Thisphenomenonis
tenvarieswithinthe same instardueto differing possiblyassociatedwithanecessityforbetterori-
food sources and conditions. Certainbody parts entation in nature. Females ofCalliphora Robi-
such as the cephaloskeleton andposterior spira- neau-Desvoidy, Phormia Robineau-Desvoidy
clesalsohaveasurprisingdegreeofvariabilityin and Lucilia Robineau—Desvoidy, which do not
theirsclerotizationinthe sameinstar. have enlarged antennae andmaxillary palpi, lay
In comparison with the Nearctic region, re- their eggs directly onto a suitable food source,
centresearchonbirdblowfliesinthePalaearctic whereas parasitoids do so when actively search-
area has not been intensive enough. Larvae of ing fortheirhostin soil (Szpilaetal. 2008). Fe-
Protocalliphora distincta, P. isochroa, P. Iii, P. males ofProtocalliphora spp. lay their eggs di-
peusi,P. nuortevaiandP.proxima, allPalaearc- rectly on nestlings or on nearby nest material.
ticspecies,havenotbeendescribed.Mostdataal- Even though they can lay on a suitable food
ready distinguishes only Trypocalliphora larvae source(nestlings),larvaeareintermittentfeeders,
from Protocalliphora and Protocalliphora leaving their hosts facultatively after sucking
rognesifromP. azurea andP.falcozi. enough blood, but they soon search for this
LarvaeofP. azureaandP.falcozz'ofteninter- sourceagain.
actwiththesamehostandtheirhostsbuildsimi- There is a lack ofdetailed information con-
larnestsorremaininnestsforapproximatelythe cerningtheanalpadofProtocalliphomlarvalin-
sameperiod, therefore identificationoftheirlar- stars. The analpad, whichhasbeendescribedin
valinstarsstillseemsdoubtful. Originalmorpho- the second instar ofP. rognesi (Draber—Monko
metric analysis supported by other references 2002)issimilartothatofP.falcozi.Theposition
showedshortersecondandthirdlarvalinstarsfor oftheanalopeningofthefirstinstarofP.falcozi
P.falcozithanforP. azurea.Thenumberofante- corresponds with that of Phormia regina
rior spiracle lobes may be the same inboth spe- (Meigen, 1826) and Lucilia illustris (Meigen,
cies, andhencethis does notrepresentareliable 1826) and this was described by Szpila et al.
characteristic foridentification(Tables 1 and2). (2008).
Differences in the shape ofcephaloskeletons in Therearemorphologicaldifferencesforiden-
these2speciesappearalsoinsignificant(Draber— tificationinpupariaandadultsbetweenP.falcozi
Monko2004). However, thereis somedegreeof andP. azurea (Cais et al. 2001, Draber—Monko
discrepancy in the intermediate sclerite region, 2004). In our analyses, some additional charac-
including theparastomalbar. Detailed synthesis teristicsusedindeterminationofNearcticspecies
ofcephaloskeletons requires additional material (Whitworth2003a)havealsobeentakenintoac-
foranalysis. count. The cuticle surface of fully developed
Segments ofProtocalliphora species, which pupariaofP.falcoziisdistinctlydifferentthanin
arecompletelycoveredwithspines, exhibitrela- P. azurea. Onthe surface they arewrapped in a
tively rare features for dipteran larvae. The Try— hair cocoon, and this is usually absent in P.
pocalliphoralarvaeburrowdirectlyintotheflesh azurea.
ENTOMOL. FENNICAVol. 21 ° Pre—imaginalProtocalliphorafalcozi 115
Weproposethatdataobtainedinouranalyses ticonbirdsinPoland.7AnnalesZoologici(Warsza-
will be useful in complex phylogenetic simula- wa)52: 3337337.
Draber-Monko, A. 2004: Calliphoridae. Plujki (lnsecta:
tions. IwasaandHori (1990) declaredthat some
Diptera).FaunaPolski.Tom23.7Muzeumilnstitut
characteristics,whichareabsentinotherChryso- ZoologiiPAN,Warszawa. 662pp.
myinae genera, presumably corresponded with Dobroscky,I.D. 1925:Externalparasitesofbirdsandthe
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