Pre-Clinical and Clinical Methods in Brain Trauma Research

386 Pages·2018·11.695 MB·English

by  Amit K. Srivastava, Charles S. Cox

Neuromethods 139
Amit K. Srivastava
Charles S. Cox, Jr. Editors
Pre-Clinical and
Clinical Methods
in Brain Trauma
Research
N
EUROMETHODS
SeriesEditor
Wolfgang Walz
University ofSaskatchewan,
Saskatoon, Canada
Forfurther volumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/7657
Pre-Clinical and Clinical Methods
in Brain Trauma Research
Edited by
Amit K. Srivastava and Charles S. Cox, Jr.
Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Sciences
Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
Editors
AmitK.Srivastava CharlesS.Cox,Jr.
DepartmentofPediatricSurgery DepartmentofPediatricSurgery
McGovernMedicalSchool McGovernMedicalSchool
TheUniversityofTexas TheUniversityofTexas
HealthSciencesCenteratHouston HealthSciencesCenteratHouston
Houston,TX,USA Houston,TX,USA
ISSN0893-2336 ISSN1940-6045 (electronic)
Neuromethods
ISBN978-1-4939-8563-0 ISBN978-1-4939-8564-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8564-7
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Preface to the Series
Experimental life sciences have two basic foundations: concepts and tools. The Neuro-
methodsseriesfocusesonthetoolsandtechniquesuniquetotheinvestigationofthenervous
system and excitable cells. It will not, however, shortchange the concept side of things as
carehasbeentakentointegratethesetoolswithinthecontextoftheconceptsandquestions
underinvestigation.Inthisway,theseriesisuniqueinthatitnotonlycollectsprotocolsbut
also includes theoretical background information and critiques which led to the methods
andtheirdevelopment.Thusitgivesthereaderabetter understandingoftheoriginofthe
techniquesandtheirpotentialfuturedevelopment.TheNeuromethodspublishingprogram
strikes a balance between recent and exciting developments like those concerning new
animal models of disease, imaging, in vivo methods, and more established techniques,
including, for example, immunocytochemistry and electrophysiological technologies. New
traineesinneurosciencesstillneedasoundfootingintheseoldermethodsinordertoapply
acriticalapproachtotheir results.
Under the guidance of its founders, Alan Boulton and Glen Baker, the Neuromethods
serieshasbeenasuccesssinceitsfirstvolumepublishedthroughHumanaPressin1985.The
seriescontinuestoflourishthroughmanychangesovertheyears.Itisnowpublishedunder
theumbrellaofSpringerProtocols.Whilemethodsinvolvingbrainresearchhavechangeda
lot since theseriesstarted, thepublishingenvironmentand technologyhavechanged even
more radically. Neuromethods has the distinct layout and style of the Springer Protocols
program,designedspecificallyfor readabilityandeaseofreferenceinalaboratorysetting.
Thecarefulapplicationofmethodsispotentiallythemostimportantstepintheprocess
of scientific inquiry. In the past, new methodologies led the way in developing new dis-
ciplines in the biological and medical sciences. For example, Physiology emerged out of
Anatomyinthenineteenthcenturybyharnessingnewmethodsbasedonthenewlydiscov-
eredphenomenonofelectricity.Nowadays,therelationshipsbetweendisciplinesandmeth-
ods are more complex. Methods are now widely shared between disciplines and research
areas. New developments in electronic publishing make it possible for scientists that
encounter new methods to quickly find sources of information electronically. The design
of individual volumes and chapters in this series takes this new access technology into
account. Springer Protocols makes it possible to download single protocols separately. In
addition, Springer makes its print-on-demand technology available globally. A print copy
canthereforebeacquiredquicklyandforacompetitivepriceanywhereintheworld.
Saskatoon,Canada WolfgangWalz
v
Preface
Braintraumaisasilentlyexpandingepidemicandamajorsocioeconomicandpublichealth
problem.Eachyear,alargenumberofpeoplesustainsomeformofbraininjury,whichoften
becomesa causeofdeath. Thesurvivors ofbraintrauma experience long-term debilitating
changes in their physical, cognitive, and psychosocial status. According to the American
AcademyofNeurology,40%offormerNationalFootballLeague(NFL)playerssufferfrom
braintrauma,andtheUSDepartmentofDefensetermstraumaticbraininjury(TBI)asthe
“signature injury” among Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans. These new findings have
fueled an increase in public interest in TBI. However, despite being a major cause of
mortalityandmorbidity,thereislimitedsuccessinthedevelopmentofeffectivetreatments
for TBI. The pathophysiology is complex and involves both primary and secondary injury
mechanisms. In clinical practice, aside from surgical intervention in a few selected cases,
managementofthediseaseisprimarilysupportivetopreventprogressivesecondaryinjuryto
thebrain.ManagementofmildTBIandrepeatedsubconcussivebraintraumaisparticularly
difficult because of the lack of diagnostic guidelines and delayed-onset neurodegenerative
nature of this condition. The burden of mortality and residual disability demands a more
analytical approach to understand the complexity of TBI and factors that affect outcomes.
Thepastfewyearshaveseensomeextraordinaryinventionsandtechnologicaladvancement
in the TBI field. In recognition of growing advancement in the area of brain trauma
research,thereisaneedtoprovidecomprehensiveinformationonthetoolsandtechniques
usedinpreclinicalandclinicalsettings.Thisbookhasmadeanattempttointegratechapters
fromexpertsacrossthefieldtoaddresscurrentperspectivesandknowledgegapsinthefield
ofTBI.ThetopicsrangefromdevelopmentofinvitroandanimalTBImodelstodiagnostic
imaging and disease monitoring in patients, as well as designing of preclinical and clinical
trials.Thebookiseditedtoachievealevelofwritingthatisacademicallyrigoroustoaddress
the needs of TBI researchers. We hope that this translational book will provide both basic
scientists and clinical researchers with a comprehensive reference on the fundamental
techniquesandtheirpotentialapplicationinthefieldofTBI.
Houston,TX,USA AmitK.Srivastava
CharlesS.Cox,Jr.
vii
Contents
PrefacetotheSeries ........................................................... v
Preface ..................................................................... vii
Contributors................................................................. xi
1 TraumaticBrainInjury .................................................. 1
AmitK.SrivastavaandCharlesS.Cox,Jr.
2 Three-DimensionalInVitroBrainTissueModels........................... 15
MinD.Tang-Schomer
3 ModelingTraumaticBrainInjuryInVitro ................................. 37
DanielE.Bonder,CarolynE.Keating,NamasChandra,D.KacyCullen,
andBryanJ.Pfister
4 DrosophilaModeltoStudyChronicTraumaticEncephalopathy .............. 71
RojahneAzwoirandLiamChen
5 ControlledCorticalImpactforModelingTraumaticBrainInjuryinAnimals... 81
NicoleOsierandC.EdwardDixon
6 FluidPercussionModelofTraumaticBrainInjury.......................... 97
RachelK.Rowe,DanielGriffiths,andJonathanLifshitz
7 DevelopmentofaRodentModelofClosedHeadInjury:
TheMarylandModel.................................................... 111
ErikHayman,KasparKaledjian,VladimirGerzanich,andJ.MarcSimard
8 RodentModelofPrimaryBlast-InducedTraumaticBrainInjury:
GuidelinestoBlastMethodology ......................................... 123
VenkatasivasaiSujithSajja,PeethambaramArun,StephenA.VanAlbert,
andJosephB.Long
9 CognitiveandMotorFunctionAssessmentsinRodentModels
ofTraumaticBrainInjury................................................ 139
DanielleScottandKathrynE.Saatman
10 Pre-ProceduralConsiderationsandPost-ProceduralCare
forAnimalModelswithExperimentalTraumaticBrainInjury................ 155
MaryA.Robinson,SamerM.Jaber,StaceyL.Piotrowski,
andThomasH.Gomez
11 LaserCaptureMicrodissectionofSingleCells,CellPopulations,
andBrainRegionsAffectedbyTraumaticBrainInjury ...................... 173
HarrisA.Weisz,DeborahR.Boone,StacyL.Sell,andHelenL.Hellmich
12 RatMicrogliaIsolationandCharacterizationUsingMultiparametric
PanelforFlowCytometricAnalysis ....................................... 191
NaamaE.ToledanoFurman,KarthikS.Prabhakara,SupinderBedi,
CharlesS.Cox,Jr.,andScottD.Olson
ix
x Contents
13 ThePrinciplesofExperimentalDesignandtheDetermination
ofSampleSizeWhenUsingAnimalModelsofTraumaticBrainInjury ........ 201
MichaelF.W.Festing
14 AdvancedInformaticsMethodsinAcuteBrainInjuryResearch............... 227
JudeP.J.Savarraj,MaryF.McGuire,RyanKitagawa,
andHuimahnAlexChoi
15 RapidDetectionandMonitoringofBrainInjuryUsing
Sensory-EvokedResponses............................................... 243
JonathanA.N.FisherandCristinG.Welle
16 AdvancedNeuroimagingMethodsinTraumaticBrainInjury ................ 257
JeniferJuranek
17 DynamicContrast-EnhancedMRIfor theAnalysisofBlood-Brain
BarrierLeakageinTraumaticBrainInjury ................................. 271
QiangShenandTimothyQ.Duong
18 AssessmentsforQuantifyingNeuromotorFunctioning
AfterRepetitiveBlastExposure........................................... 283
ChristopherK.Rhea,NikitaA.Kuznetsov,W.Geoffrey Wright,
F.JayHaran,ScottE.Ross,andJoshL.Duckworth
19 TranslingualNeurostimulation(TLNS):PerspectiveonaNovel
ApproachtoNeurorehabilitationafterBrainInjury ......................... 307
YuriDanilovandDafnaPaltin
20 TheRapidTemplatingProcessforLargeCranialDefects .................... 329
JeremyKwarcinski,PhilipBoughton,AndrewRuys,andJamesvanGelder
21 Computer-AssistedApproachestoIdentifyFunctionalGene
NetworksInvolvedinTraumaticBrainInjury .............................. 349
AnthonySanLucas,JohnRedell,PramodDash,andYinLiu
22 ClinicalTrialsforTraumaticBrainInjury:DesignsandChallenges............ 361
JuanLuandMirindaGormley
Index ...................................................................... 379
Contributors
PEETHAMBARAMARUN (cid:1) Blast-InducedNeurotraumaBranch,CenterforMilitaryPsychiatry
andNeuroscience,WalterReedArmyInstituteofResearch,SilverSpring,MD,USA
ROJAHNEAZWOIR (cid:1) DepartmentofNeuroscience,JohnsHopkinsUniversitySchoolof
Medicine,Baltimore,MD,USA
SUPINDERBEDI (cid:1) DepartmentofPediatricSurgery,McGovernMedicalSchool,TheUniversity
ofTexasHealthSciencesCenteratHouston,Houston,TX,USA
DANIELE.BONDER (cid:1) DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering,Center forInjury
Biomechanics,MaterialsandMedicine,NewJerseyInstituteofTechnology,Newark,
NJ,USA
DEBORAH R.BOONE (cid:1) DepartmentofAnesthesiology,UniversityofTexasMedicalBranch,
Galveston,TX,USA
PHILIP BOUGHTON (cid:1) SchoolofAerospace,MechanicalandMechatronicEngineering,Faculty
ofEngineeringandInformationTechnologies,UniversityofSydney,Sydney,
NSW,Australia
NAMASCHANDRA (cid:1) DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering,CenterforInjuryBiomechanics,
MaterialsandMedicine,NewJerseyInstituteofTechnology,Newark,NJ,USA
LIAMCHEN (cid:1) DepartmentofPathology,JohnsHopkinsUniversitySchoolofMedicine,
Baltimore,MD,USA
HUIMAHNALEXCHOI (cid:1) DepartmentofNeurosurgery,McGovernSchoolofMedicine,The
UniversityofTexasHealthScienceCenteratHouston,Houston,TX,USA
CHARLESS.COX,JR. (cid:1) DepartmentofPediatricSurgery,McGovernMedicalSchool,
TheUniversityofTexasHealthScienceCenteratHouston,Houston,TX,USA
D.KACYCULLEN (cid:1) DepartmentofNeurosurgery,Center forBrainInjuryandRepair,
UniversityofPennsylvania,Philadelphia,PA,USA;Center forNeurotrauma,
NeurodegenerationandRestoration,CorporalMichaelJ.CrescenzVAMedicalCenter,
Philadelphia,PA,USA
YURIDANILOV (cid:1) DepartmentofKinesiology,UniversityofWisconsin,Madison,WI,USA
PRAMODDASH (cid:1) DepartmentofNeurobiologyandAnatomy,TheUniversityofTexasHealth
ScienceCenteratHouston,Houston,TX,USA;UniversityofTexasGraduateSchool
ofBiomedicalScience,Houston,TX,USA
C.EDWARD DIXON (cid:1) DepartmentofNeurologicalSurgery,UniversityofPittsburgh,
Pittsburgh,PA,USA;SafarCenter forResuscitationResearch,UniversityofPittsburgh,
Pittsburgh,PA,USA;V.A.PittsburghHealthcareSystem,Pittsburgh,PA,USA
JOSH L.DUCKWORTH (cid:1) UniformedServicesUniversityoftheHealthSciences,Bethesda,
MD,USA
TIMOTHYQ.DUONG (cid:1) DepartmentofRadiology,StonyBrookSchoolofMedicine,StonyBrook,
NY,USA
MICHAELF.W.FESTING (cid:1) MedicalResearchToxicologyUnit,UniversityofLeicester,Leicester,
UK
JONATHANA.N.FISHER (cid:1) DepartmentofPhysiology,NewYorkMedicalCollege,Valhalla,
NY,USA
xi
xii Contributors
VLADIMIRGERZANICH (cid:1) DepartmentofNeurosurgery,UniversityofMarylandSchoolof
Medicine,Baltimore,MD,USA
THOMASH.GOMEZ (cid:1) Center forLaboratoryAnimalMedicineandCare,TheUniversityof
TexasHealthScienceCenteratHouston,Houston,TX,USA
MIRINDAGORMLEY (cid:1) DivisionofEpidemiology,DepartmentofFamilyMedicineand
PopulationHealth,VirginiaCommonwealthUniversity,Richmond,VA,USA
DANIELGRIFFITHS (cid:1) BarrowNeurologicalInstituteatPhoenixChildren’sHospital,Phoenix,
AZ,USA;DepartmentofChildHealth,UniversityofArizonaCollegeofMedicine—
Phoenix,Phoenix,AZ,USA
F.JAYHARAN (cid:1) UniformedServicesUniversityoftheHealthSciences,Bethesda,MD,USA;
UniversityofNorthCarolinaatGreensboro,Greensboro,NC,USA
ERIK HAYMAN (cid:1) DepartmentofNeurosurgery,UniversityofMarylandSchoolofMedicine,
Baltimore,MD,USA
HELENL.HELLMICH (cid:1) DepartmentofAnesthesiology,UniversityofTexasMedicalBranch,
Galveston,TX,USA
SAMERM.JABER (cid:1) DepartmentofAnimalMedicine,UniversityofMassachusettsMedical
School,Worcester,MA,USA;DepartmentofPathology,UniversityofMassachusettsMedical
School,Worcester,MA,USA
JENIFER JURANEK (cid:1) DepartmentofPediatrics,McGovernMedicalSchool,TheUniversityof
TexasHealthScienceCenteratHouston,Houston,TX,USA
KASPARKALEDJIAN (cid:1) DepartmentofNeurosurgery,UniversityofMarylandSchoolof
Medicine,Baltimore,MD,USA
CAROLYNE.KEATING (cid:1) DepartmentofNeurosurgery,Center forBrainInjuryandRepair,
UniversityofPennsylvania,Philadelphia,PA,USA;Center forNeurotrauma,
NeurodegenerationandRestoration,CorporalMichaelJ.CrescenzVAMedicalCenter,
Philadelphia,PA,USA
RYANKITAGAWA (cid:1) DepartmentofNeurosurgery,McGovernSchoolofMedicine,TheUniversity
ofTexasHealthScienceCenteratHouston,Houston,TX,USA
NIKITAA.KUZNETSOV (cid:1) LouisianaStateUniversity,BatonRouge,LA,USA
JEREMYKWARCINSKI (cid:1) SchoolofAerospace,MechanicalandMechatronicEngineering,Faculty
ofEngineeringandInformationTechnologies,UniversityofSydney,Sydney,
NSW,Australia
JONATHANLIFSHITZ (cid:1) BarrowNeurologicalInstituteatPhoenixChildren’sHospital,
Phoenix,AZ,USA;DepartmentofChildHealth,UniversityofArizonaCollegeof
Medicine—Phoenix,Phoenix,AZ,USA;PhoenixVeteranAffairsHealthcareSystem,
Phoenix,AZ,USA
YINLIU (cid:1) DepartmentofNeurobiologyandAnatomy,TheUniversityofTexasHealthScience
CenteratHouston,Houston,TX,USA;UniversityofTexasGraduateSchoolofBiomedical
Science,Houston,TX,USA
JOSEPH B.LONG (cid:1) Blast-InducedNeurotraumaBranch,Center forMilitaryPsychiatryand
Neuroscience,WalterReedArmyInstituteofResearch,SilverSpring,MD,USA
JUANLU (cid:1) DivisionofEpidemiology,DepartmentofFamilyMedicineandPopulation
Health,VirginiaCommonwealthUniversity,Richmond,VA,USA
MARYF.MCGUIRE (cid:1) DepartmentofNeurosurgery,McGovernSchoolofMedicine,The
UniversityofTexasHealthScienceCenteratHouston,Houston,TX,USA
SCOTTD.OLSON (cid:1) DepartmentofPediatricSurgery,McGovernMedicalSchool,The
UniversityofTexasHealthSciencesCenteratHouston,Houston,TX,USA