Pragmatism: An Annotated Bibliography, 1898-1940 (Value Inquiry Book)

327 Pages·1998·27.94 MB·English

by  John R. Shook

PRAGMATISM
An Annotated Bibliography
1898-1 940
John R. Shook
with Contributions by
E. Paul Colella
Lesley Friedman
Frank X. Ryan
VIBS Ignas K. Skrupskelis
Volume 66
Robert Ginsberg
Executive Editor
Associate Editors
G. John M. Abbarno Joseph C. Kunkel
Mary-Rosc B a d Ruth M. Lucier
Virginia Black Alan Milchman
H. G. Callaway George David Miller
Rem B. Edwards Michael H. Mitias
Rob Fisher Samuel M. Natale
Dane R. Gordon Peter A. Redpath
J. Everet Green Alan Rosenberg
Heta H3yry Arleen Salles
Matti H3yly Alan Soble
Richard T. Hull Daniel Statman
Amsterdam - Atlanta, GA 1998
Contents
Foreword by Peter H. Hare vii
Acknowledgments ix .
Introduction xi
Research Methods xxi
Abbreviations xxix
Bibliography 1
Author Index 53 1
Subject Index 557
About the Author and Contributors 617
Zover design by Chris Kok based on a photograph, 01984 by Robert
Oinsberg, of statuary by Gustav Vigeland in the Frogner Park, Oslo,
Vonvay.
@ The paper on which this book is printed meets the requirements of "IS0
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ISBN: 90-420-0269-7
OEditions Rodopi B.V., Amsterdam - Atlanta, GA 1998
Printed in The Netherlands
Foreword
As we near the millennium, Western philosophy is fragmented to an unprece-
dented degree. Analytic philosophy no longer dominates the anglophone
world. Western Europe is no longer dominated by phenomenology or herme-
neutics. The philosophical profession has become so splintered that no philo-
sophical movement enjoys a dominant position. However, if any "ism" can be
said to be moving toward dominance, it is pragmatism. The reasons for this are
many, too many to explain here. Surely one reason is that economically,
politically, militarily, and culturally, the U.S. today is the most influential
nation in the world, and approximately half of the academic philosophers on
the planet teach in American colleges and universities. It should surprise no
one that the American philosophical tradition is treated with increasing respect.
But there are other reasons intrinsic to the special intellectual problems of
philosophy and related to immediately preceding philosophical tendencies.
Some of these reasons were explored in Richard Rorty's landmark book of
1979, Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature. In 1979, however, no one antici-
pated how many different sorts of philosophers would embrace pragmatism-
not to mention those philosophers unwilling to embrace pragmatism but com-
pelled to publish lengthy critiques of it. Moreover, the participants in this
debate have not been limited to members of the philosophical profession.
There is no discipline in the humanities and social sciences that has not
recently contributed numerous proponents and critics of pragmatism. 1 hazard
a conservative guess that, if a bibliography of pragmatism since. 1979 were
prepared, it would contain thousands of books and tens of thousands of
articles. This massive and still growing interest in pragmatism is one of the
reasons that an annotated bibliography (1898-1940) is needed. In his Intro-
duction below, John R. Shook mentions other compelling reasons. Let me add
to his litany.
Scholars working today in pragmatism often, indeed usually, are seriously
confused about how what they are doing is related to the work of "classical
pragmatists." It is commonplace, for example, for philosophers and non-philo-
sophers alike to suppose erroneously that Rorty's pragmatism is fundamentally
the same as the pragmatism of Dewey. Use of this bibliography should dis-
courage that misconception; it should also discourage the equally serious niis-
conception that every clever argument concerning pragmatism presented today
is original and not to be found in the early literature. Most important, this
volume will be a powerful aid in the development of the pragmatist tradition.
Philosophers with a clear understanding of how they stand in relation to classi-
cal pragmatism will be in a strong position to build on and contribute to that
tradition.
Acknowledgments
viii FORE WORD
111 corrcludi~~llgre se renlarks I rnust acknowledge the stupendous labor, as
tedious as it was intellectually demanding, of Shook, E. Paul Colella, Lesley
Friedman, Frank X. Ryan, and Ignas K. Skrupskelis. Academic philosophers
are notoriously unwilling to undertake major bibliographical projects; they The enormous magnitude of this project naturally required a correspondingly
condescendingly suppose that such work should be done by historians and large amount of dedicated assistance fiom many people. First and foremost,
librarians. Philosophy, for this reason, is in a sony bibliographical state com- my appreciation goes to Richard T. Hull, until recently Professor of Philoso-
pared to other disciplines in the humanities and social sciences. Even where phy at the State University of New York at Buffalo, and presently Executive
philosophical bibliographies exist, they are rarely as painstakingly and help- Director of the Texas Council for the Humanities in Austin, Texas. It was his
filly annotated as this one. Everyone with a serious interest in philosophy and initial suggestion to me, and his convincing endorsement of my book proposal
its history should be grateful to these five academic philosophers for their to Robert Ginsberg, the Executive Editor of the Value Inquiry Book Series
willingness to do an important job in the face of professional disdain. (VIBS), that launched this project. Along the way, Dick's encouragement, and
his advice in his capacity as VIBS Stylistic and Format Editor, supplied needed
course corrections. Robert Ginsberg deserves my gratitude for his recognition
of the value of such a bibliography and his abiding confidence in its success.
Peter H. Hare
His commitment of VIBS and Editions Rodopi to the publication of biblio-
State University of New York at Buffalo
graphies, and specifically, one concerning pragmatism, must be applauded.
The author of the Foreword, Peter H. Hare, is the most fitting and capable
person to situate this bibliography in the wider context of American philo-
sophy, for several reasons. His prominent stature and long experience in the
field, reflected by the 1996 Herbert Schneider Award honoring him for service
to American philosophy by the Society for the Advancement of American
Philosophy, provides him an excellent vantage point to survey its significant
features and trends. He also has an evident familiarity with bibliographical
research and its value, that was inculcated by an influential teacher, Joseph L.
Blau, whose bibliographies in Herbert Schneider's A History ofAmerican Phi-
losophy elevated this form of scholarship for American philosophy to an un-
precedented height. Peter's role as my mentor, having chaired my dissertation
committee and helped with subsequent publications, links my work with this
proud tradition of service. Also, he made several important recommendations
improving the breadth of this bibliography. I extend my warmest thanks to
Peter for all his assistance.
The contributors were obviously essential to this bibliography's existence
and value. Lesley Friedman's early agreement to join such a daunting effort,
and Ignas K. Skrupskelis's willingness to write his invaluable annotations for
James's works, were the signs of support confirming for me that this project
was indeed important and could be completed. E. Paul Collela and Frank X.
Ryan added their expertise to considerably enhance the bibliography's scope
and quality. My congratulations and admiration goes to the contributors for
their very hard work.
The research aspect to this bibliography is indebted to many people The
Lynchburg College Faculty Research and Development Committee awarded a
grant to assist Lesley Friedman's research. Jeffrey O'Connell, Scott Hotaling.
x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Introduction
and Free Spirit provided me with energetic research assistance. Meg Nyberg,
the Interlibrary Loan Officer of Coming Community College, was extremely
hardworking and most generous with her time. Pat Riesenman, Reference
Librarian at Indiana University, tracked down articles by Italian pragmatists. This bibliography contains 2,794 main entries, and more than 2,200 additional
The staff of the libraries of Comell University, State University of New York references, for publications by pragmatists and commentators on pragmatism,
at Buffalo, and State University College at Fredonia were also quite helpful. written from 18 98 to 1940. 2,10 1 of these works are annotated. The more sig-
The annotations for works about James by Ignas K. Skrupskelis are re- nificant works by the twelve major figures of pragmatism are included, along
printed, with some changes, with permission of G. K. Hall and Co., an imprint with those of dozens of minor pragmatic writers. This bibliography's inter-
of Simon and Schuster Macmillan, from William James: A Reference Guide by national scope focuses on writings in English, French, German, and Italian; a
Ignas K. Skrupskelis. Copyright 8 1977 by Ignas K. Skrupskelis. Extracts small number of works in other languages are also referenced. Almost every
I
from The Collected Works of John Dewey are quoted with the permission of significant philosopher of the period had something to say about pragmatism;
The Center for Dewey Studies, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. their comments are referenced here. This bibliography encompasses writings
Unless otherwise noted, the source of other quotations is the original publi- not only about pragmatism as an alliance of philosophical theories of meaning,
cation, or, if reprinted or translated, from the most recent publication. inquiry, belief, knowledge, logic, truth, ontology, value, and morality, but also
I prepared the camera-ready copy on a Gateway 2000 P4D-66 computer as an intellectual and cultural movement through art, literature, education, the
using Microsoft Word 6.0c, and printed it on a Hewlett Packard LaserJet 4P on social and natural sciences, religion, and politics.
loan from Richard T. Hull. Two colleagues, Paul McNaney and Glenn Harris,
generously supplied their proofreading time. 1. Why a Bibliography for Pragmatism?
The completion of this bibliography was accompanied by a curious mixture
of emotions; relief, to be sure, and pride, but also humility for its short- Aside from the historical fact that the last truly international and compre-
comings. Hundreds of partial references must remain in notebooks for now; hensive bibliography on pragmatism was published in France in 1922, the need
the potential for further research seems limitless. No one could be more aware today for an annotated bibliography on pragmatism has arisen due to four main
than I that this bibliography is really only able to provide a launching pad for factors. (1) While bibliographies for many of the pragmatists have been pub-
the reader's own investigations into the diverse modes of thought gestured at lished, these typically do not include the many books and articles which do not
by the label "pragmatism." My thanks in advance hence goes to readers for specifically address them by name. This results in the exclusion.of hundreds of
their suggestions for expansions or their corrections of errors. writings which instead discuss pragmatism as a philosophical trend or theory
Finally, my wife's support and patience made, as with all else, this work without narrowing attention to individual pragmatists. (2) These bibliographies
possible. To Karen and our new daughter, Adrienne, whose arrival created (with one exception) do not have an international scope. Pragmatism was not a
delays but much joy, this book is dedicated. philosophy limited to the United States. Original contributions to, and critical
reactions against, pragmatism were heard from countries in every continent of
the world. (3) Annotation has far greater value in this "information age," since
the vast (and rapidly growing) amount of available data tends to obscure the
significance of any single piece of information. (4) Interest in pragmatism has
been rising in America and Europe for two decades, and this trend shows no
signs of abating. A bibliography covering the first four decades of pragmatic
thought will assist the studies of those who are already interested, and, hope-
fully, it will generate new interest.
2. The Contributors' Responsibilities
E. Paul Collela [EPC] supplied publication information for the Italian pias-
matists and wrote 60 annotations for their works and works about them. I lc
also wrote the Italian pragmatism portion of the historical survey in sectim
INTRODUCTION xiii
xii INTRODUCTION
Third, the "significance" of the work is evaluated. A work must relate in
five. Lesley Friedman [LF] researched French works about pragmatism and
wrote 101 annotations for them and for Peirce's writings. Frank X. Ryan some way to the major figures of pragmatism, listed below.
' [FXR] wrote 125 annotations for most of John Dewey's post-1920 works and
Charles Sanders Peirce
many works about Dewey. Ignas K. Skrupskelis [IKS] wrote 62 annotations
William James
for James's works, to accompany 419 annotations for works about James first
John Dewey
published in his William James: A Reference Guide (Boston: G. K. Hall, 1977).
George Herbert Mead
The contributors also found additional references and advised me on the selection
Giovanni Vailati
of works for inclusion. However, I [JRS] am solely responsible for fmal selection
Ferdinand Canning Scott Schiller
decisions, errors or incomplete information, and the editing of all material.
Addison Webster Moore
John ~ l o~fo odin
3. Selection Criteria
Mario Calderoni
Giovanni Papini
Bibliographers occasionally claim that they did not have to make any difficult
Guiseppe Prezzolini
selection choices, since they included anything of even questionable value or
Clarence Irving Lewis
glancing reference. Pragmatism, like any significant school of philosophical
thought, permeated deeply into intellectual life and was debated widely. At the
Many more thinkers professed pragmatic themes during a part or the whole of
height of its prominence, professional journals in America, England, France,
their career, including Jane Addams, Antonio Aliotta, Giovanni Amendola, H.
Germany, and Italy found a more than ample supply of authors eager to de-
Heath Bawden, Boyd H. Bode, Harry T. Costello, Irwin Edman, Charlotte P.
fend, refute, borrow from, or dismiss pragmatism. In the areas of metaphysics,
theology, philosophy of mind, epistemology, and ethics, a new book would be Gilman, Sidney Hook, Horace M. Kallen, Howard V. Knox, Charles W.
Morris, Max C. Otto, Donald A. Piatt, Joseph Ratner, John E. Russell, Hu Shi,
quite unusual if it had nothing to say about pragmatism. Serials for a more
Alfred Sidgwick, Henry W. Wright, and William K. Wright. Only their work
popular audience also contributed to the proliferation of writings on pragma-
bearing directly upon pragmatism is referenced here.
tism and its application to all aspects of culture, from education and economics
to affairs of church and state. Since any attempt at comprehensiveness would Books, journal articles, essays in a collection or anthology, book reviews,
and encyclopedia articles are included if they give an extended treatment of
therefore be daunting, this bibliography uses three selection criteria.
any of the above members, or of pragmatism in general. An extended treat-
First, the period covered is from 1898 to 1940, inclusive. The 1898 date is
ment is a significantly critical, comparative, or supportive exposition of at least
the traditional year of the beginning of the "movement" or "school" of prag-
matism. While Peirce, James, and Dewey themselves were espousing prag- one paragraph in length. Book reviews offering significant comments on a
matist doctrines prior to that date, their work and the critical responses to them book's treatment of pragmatism receive annotation. The large number of re-
in the pre- 1898 period are already fully covered by the existing bibliographies views of the pragmatists' books preclude annotation for all, so a representative
for each philosopher. The 1940 date permits the publication of this biblio- sample is selected for annotation. Dissertations and very significant master's or
graphy as a single volume. Furthermore, the Philosopher's Index starts with honors theses are treated as books.
1940, providing the researcher with an excellent resource. Considerable effort has been made to find and annotate significant works
Second, this bibliography does not attempt to include all the publications of on pragmatism published in French, German, and Italian. Works in other
the pragmatists themselves. The foremost pragmatists already have their own languages have been included if found, and annotated where possible. While
primary bibliographies. The numerous book reviews by Peirce, Dewey, Mead, this bibliography aims to record as entries only works published from 1898 to
and Schiller, James's extra-philosophical writings, Mead's essays on educa- 1940, two exceptions are made: collections of letters, if written during this
tion, and Dewey's commentaries on educational, social, and political topics of period, and lectures or public addresses delivered during this period, but pub-
his day, are the basic areas that received pruning. However, the most signi- lished after 1940.
ficant works in these areas are included. For C. I. Lewis, A. W. Moore, and 4. Annotation Style
John E. Boodin, this bibliography is the most complete guide to their publi-
cations. This bibliography is also the most extensive English-language guide to The "art" of writing annotation has no single genre and displays no fixed style.
the works of the Italian pragmatists as a group. Those who have tried their hand at it quickly discover its limitations. For
xiv INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION
example, have you ever wondered who writes those one-sentence blurbs on a Berkeley in August 1898, where he addressed the Philosophical Union of the
television show for the newspaper listings? I especially pity the person who University of California. His paper, titled "Philosophical Conceptions and
tackles movies. For "The Wizard of Of the TV listings once read, "A girl's Practical Results," announced his chosen direction "to start upon the trail of
adventures with a scarecrow, a lion, and a tin man." There is no way to catch truth": the principle of "pragmatism," as enunciated by Charles S. Peirce.
all of the essence, the magic, with brevity. Besides, if a movie could be so cap- James described how Peirce used the term in philosophical conversation in
tured, no one should want to see it anyway. Matters are made worse where a Cambridge, Massachusetts back in the early l87Os, and he mentioned Peirce's
bibliography is concerned, since many articles or books discuss pragmatism 1878 publication of an essay, "How To Make Our Ideas Clear." In that essay is
only in the course of pursuing other issues and other conclusions. The anno- found, not the term "pragmatism," but Peirce's method to maximize a con-
tation, by distilling out the comments on pragmatism, will necessarily distort cept's clarity: "Consider what effects, which mi-g ht conceivably have practical
or often completely obscure the author's original intentions. Those Munchkins i bearings, we conceive the object of our conception to have. Then, our concep-
are lovable, aren't they? The blurb might instead read, "A peaceful village of I tion of these effects is the whole of our conception of the object" [CP5 .4021.
short people witness the extraordinary visit of a nice stranger." The moral of II James's philosophical efforts were hardly founded on only and exactly this
this story is that the readers should view the annotation as an invitation to read principle. His psychological and metaphysical inquiries (resulting in "radical
the work for themselves, and not as a substitute. empiricism") and religious and moral interests (represented by the "will-to-
!
Assessments, comparisons, or other types of commentary to help the reader believe" doctrine) complemented his unique version of pragmatism. By the
are placed in a concluding "Notes" section at the end of an entry. This section time of his death in 1910, James had aroused a public interest in philosophy in
may also direct the reader to a related item in the bibliography, or to relevant general, and pragmatism in particular. He had also influenced a generation of
post- 1940 literature. philosophers, who repaid their debt to James by developing selected aspects of
his philosophy into principles for their own independent thought. The explora-
5. Historical Studies of Pragmatism tion of other aspects of Peirce's multi-faceted philosophy, sparked by James's
enthusiasm, accelerated through the 19 10s and 1920s. His place alongside
Inquiry into pragmatism's history should begin with H. S. Thayer's panoramic
James in the pantheon of American philosophers was firmly established after
treatise, Meaning and Action: A Critical History of Pragmatism, 2nd ed. his Collected Papers were edited in the 1930s.
(India,napolis: Hackett, 1981). Max Fisch, "American Pragmatism Before and Among the many philosophers indebted to Peirce and James, several can
After 1898," reprinted in Peirce, Semeiotic, and Pragmatism (Bloomington: arguably be called "pragmatic." Josiah Royce profited from the' study of both
Indiana University Press, 1986), pp. 283-304, should also be consulted. Herbert Peirce and James. He incorporated several pragmatic tenets into his system of
W. Schneider, A History ofAmerican Philosophy (New York: Columbia Univer- absolute idealism, which has often been termed "pragmatic idealism" or
sity Press, 1946), and Elizabeth Flower and Murray Murphey, A History ofphi- "absolute pragmatism." John E. Boodin studied under James and Royce. His
losophy in America (New York: G. P. Pumam's Sons, 1977) situate pragmatism treatises on epistemology and metaphysics develop a realistic pragmatism in
in American thought and give helpful references. Other important surveys in-
the context of an evolutionary theism. Harvard also nurtured Horace M.
clude S. Morris Eames, Pragmatic Naturalism (Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois Kallen, who advocated pragmatism for decades, and C. I. Lewis, whose "con-
University Press, 1977); Charles Morris, The Pragmatic Movement in American ceptual pragmatism" synthesized many pragmatic strands. And while George
Philosophy (New York: George Braziller, 1970); Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Santayana may not have enjoyed the label, many scholars comprehend his
Pragmatism and Feminism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996); thought in a pragmatic context.
Philip Wiener, Evolution and the Founders ofPragmatism (Cambridge, Mass.: Authors focusing on the Cambridge pragmatists are A. J. Ayer, The Orrgins
Harvard University Press, 1949). More specialized studies of the history of
of Pragmatism (San Francisco: Freeman, Cooper, and Co., 1968); Bruce Kuk-
pragmatism are given below, selected for their comprehensiveness, diversity of lick, The Rise ofAmerican Philosophy-Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1860-1930
viewpoint, and ability to guide the reader to other studies. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977).
Books concerning Peirce include Douglas Anderson, Creativity and tlw
A. Cambridge Philosophy C. S. Peirce (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1987); Joseph Brent.
Charles Sanders Peirce: A Life (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana
The quasi-official story of pragmatism's inception as a philosophical move-
University Press, 1993); Vincent Colapietro, Peirce's Approach to the S~ij
ment is well-told by Max Fisch. It finds Harvard professor William James in (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989); James Feibleman, ,lr~
xvi INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION xvii
Introduction to the Philosophy of Charles S. Peirce (Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. research and theorizing of Dewey and four of his philosophy colleagues, G. H.
Press, 1969); Carl Hausman, Charles S. Peirce's Evolutionary Philosophy Mead, James Tufts, James Angell, and A. W. Moore. Challenging the domi-
(Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Christopher Hook- nant "structuralist" psychologies, they formulated the doctrines of "functional-
way, Peirce (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985); Murray Murphey, ism," in which mental entities are interpreted in terms of phases of purposive
The Development of Peirce's Philosophy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Uni- organic action in an environment. Dewey and Mead explored the philosophical
versity Press, 1961); Sandra Rosenthal, Charles Peirce's Pragmatic Pluralism consequences of this viewpoint: Chicago functionalism evolved into Dewey's
(Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994); Peter Skagestad, The naturalistic instrumentalism and Mead's social behaviorism. Moore's polemi-
Road of Inquiry: Charles Peirce's Pragmatic Realism (New York: Columbia cal defenses earned him the nickname, the "bulldog of pragmatism." Other
University Press, 1981 ). members of the Chicago branch of pragmatism include Jane Addams in educa-
For James, these studies can be consulted. Gay W. Allen, William James: A tion and social theory, E. S. Ames in religion, H. Heath Bawden in psycho-
Biography (London: Rupert Hart-Davies, 1967); Graham Bird, William James logy, Boyd H. Bode in education, and William Wright and Sidney Hook in
(London and New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1986); Gerald Myers, philosophy. The 1930s saw Charles Morris's announcement of his "neo-prag-
William James: His Life and Thought (New Haven: Yale University Press, matism," which promised a collaboration of pragmatism with logical empiri-
1986); Ruth Anna Putnam, ed., The Cambridge Companion to William James cism.
(Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Charlene Haddock General works describing philosophy at the University of Chicago are
Seigf ried, William James 's Radical Reconstruction of Philosophy (Albany: Andrew Feffer, The Chicago Pragmatists and American Progressivism (Ithaca,
State University of New York Press, 1990); Ellen Kappy Suckiel, Heaven's N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1993); Darnell Rucker, The Chicago Pragmatists
Champion: William James's Philosophy of Religion (Notre Dame, Ind.: Uni- (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1969).
versity of Notre Dame Press, 1996; John Wild, The Radical Empiricism of Studies of Dewey include Raymond D. Boisvert, Dewey S Metaphysics (New
William James (Garden City, N.Y .: Doubleday and Co., 1969). York: Fordham University Press, 1988); James Campbell, Understanding John
Other Cambridge philosophers are discussed by John Clendenning, The Dewey: Nature and Cooperative Intelligence (LaSalle, 111.: Open Court, 1995);
Life and Thought of Josiah Royce (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, George Dykhuizen, The Life and Mind of John Dewey, ed. Jo AM Boydston
1985); Bruce Kuklick, Josiah Royce: An Intellectual Biography (Indianapolis: (Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press, 1973); Ulrich Engler, Kritik
Bobbs-Merrill, 1972); Milton R. Konvitz, ed., The Legacy of Horace M der Erfahring: Die Bedeutung der asthetischen Erfahrung in der Philosophie
Kallen (Cranbury, N.J.: Associated University Presses, 1987); Henry Levin- John Deweys (Wurzburg: Konigshausen und Neuman, 1992); Christopher B.
son, Santayana, Pragmatism, and the Spiritual Life (Chapel Hill: University of Kulp, The End of Epistemology: Dewey and His Current Allies on the Spectator
North Carolina Press, 1992); John McCormick, George Santayana: A Biogra- Theory of Knowledge (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1992); Steven Rocke-
phy (New York: Knopf, 1986); Mary Mahowald, An Idealistic Pragmatism: feller, John Dewey: Religious Faith and Democratic Humanism (New York:
The Development of the Pragmatic Element in the Philosophy of Josiah Royce Columbia University Press, 1991); Alan Ryan, John Dewey and the High Tide of
(The Hague: Nijhoff, 1972); Charles H. Nelson, John ElofBoodin: Philosopher- American Liberalism (New York and London: W. W. Norton and Co., 1995); R.
Poet @JewY ork: Philosophical Library, 1987); Sandra Rosenthal, The Prag- W. Sleeper, The Necessity of Pragmatism: John Dewey's Conception of Philo-
matic A Priori: A Study in the Epistemology of C. I. Lewis (St. Louis: Warren sophy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986); J. E. Tiles, Dewey (New York:
H. Green, 1976); Paul A. Schilpp, ed., The Philosophy of C. I. Lewis (LaSalle, Routledge, 1988); Jennifer Welchman, Dewey's Ethical Thought (Ithaca, N.Y.:
111.: Open Court, 1968); T. L. S. Sprigge, Santayana: An Examination of His Cornell University Press, 1995); Robert B. Westbrook, John Dewey and Ameri-
Philosophy (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1974). can Democracy (Ithica, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 199 1).
Concerning other Chicago pragmatists and their influence, see Edward Scrib-
B. Chicago ner Ames, Beyond Theology: The Autobiography of Edward Scribner Ames, ed.
Van Meter Ames (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959); Gary Cook,
The development of John Dewey's "instrumentalist" or "experimentalist"
George Herbert Meud: 7he Muking ofcr Social Pragmatist (Chicago: University
version of pragmatism occurred largely during his ten years at the University
of Illinois Press, 1993); Emily Cooper Johnson, ed., Jane Addams, A Centenuiol
of Chicago (1894-1904). Dewey was stimulated by James's novel approach to
Reader (New York: Macmillan, 1960); J. David Lewis and Richard Stnitli,
psychological inquiry and later dedicated his first major work in pragmatism
American Sociolo~a~nd Pragmatism: Mead, Chicago Sociology, and Sytnbolrc
in 1903 to James. This development was also nourished by the psychological
Interactionism (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1980).
xviii INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION xix
C. Great Britain Crucial to the study of Italian pragmatism is the review Leonardo,
i
launched, co-edited, and sometimes entirely written by Papini and Prezzolini
F. C. S. Schiller recognized a kindred spirit in James, linking his similar from 1903 to 1907. Many of the seminal essays by these thinkers, as well as
rebellion against rationalism with the "will-to-believe" principle. Preferring the important contributions by Amendola, Calderoni, and Vailati, first appeared in
tenn "humanism" to pragmatism, Schiller centered his philosophy on the its pages. Schiller and James both published in it, and James spared little praise
fundamental reality of the personal self. Throughout the fwst two decades of I for the review in his correspondence. The more political essays of these
this century, European philosophers perceived Schiller and James as the thinkers are to be found elsewhere, most notably in the review I1 Regno. Both
leaders of the pragmatic movement. At his post as Fellow of Corpus Christi Papini and Prezzolini wrote autobiographical statements which, together with
College, Oxford, Schiller assigned himself the task of dogging the British their correspondence and diaries, provide an excellent picture of these two
idealists' every published word, probing for evidence of their failures and of extraordinary cultural figures, who for a brief time called themselves prag-
pragmatism's superiority. Ready assistance was found in Alfred Sidgwick, matists.
Howard Knox, and Henry Sturt; together they provided "Bradley and Co." Some studies of Italian pragmatism are Giovanni Gullace, "The Pragmatist
with a more than ample barrage of polemical attacks. Schiller's constructive Movement in Italy," Journal of the History of Ideas 23 (1962): 91 -105; H. S.
efforts awaited his later years, focused on the effort to systematically elaborate Thayer, Meaning andAction: A Critical History of Pragmatism, 2nd ed. (Indiana-
the principles of voluntaristic logic. In the 1920s the brief career of F. P. polis: Hackett, 1981), pp. 324-346; Antonio Santucci, II pragmatism0 in Italia
I
Ramsey was marked by his occasional expression of agreement with several (Bologna: Societh editrice il Molino, 1963); C. P. Zanoni, "Development of
pragmatic themes. Logical Pragmatism in Italy," Journal of the History of Ideas 40.4 (Oct-Dec
Further research into Schiller and Ramsey can profitably start with Reuben j 1979): 603-6 19.
Abel, The Pragmatic Humanism of F. C. S. Schiller (New York: King's Crown
Press, 1955); Nils-Eric Sahlin, The Philosophy of F. P. Ramsey (Cambridge, E. France
England: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Kenneth Winetrout, "F. C. S.
Schiller (1 864- 1937): Some centennial ~houghts,"P ersonalist 45.3 (JUI1~9 64): Three interrelated schools of thought already making waves in French philo-
301-315. sophy warmly greeted James's writings: the "school of action" inspired by
Maurice Blondel, the scientific constructionism of Henri Poincad and Pierre
Duhem, and the neocritical school inspired by mile Boutroux and Henri
Bergson. The first, an important component of Catholic Modernism, came to a
When William James traveled to Rome in the spring of 1905, he spent an quick end with the condemnation of Modernism in 1907 by Pope Pius X. The
afternoon with a small band of enthusiastic pragmatists who made quite an im- second argued that scientific theories must be judged only with regard to their
pression on their famous American mentor. For his part, James memorialized ability to account for experimental evidence and to solve practical difficulties.
that afternoon and lionized its leader, Giovanni Papini, in a publication of his The third was exemplified by ~douardL e Roy, who termed his philosophy
own on returning to the United States, "G.P apini and the Pragmatist Movement "pragmatisme." These schools never completely abandoned the notion of an
in Italy." The key figures in the Italian movement besides Papini are Giuseppe absolute truth and reality, and they never fully agreed with James's or Schiller's
Prezzolini, Papini's close friend and intellectual collaborator, and the two tenet that truth should be identified with the practical. French interest in prag-
"Peircean" members of the circle, Giovanni Vailati and his student and matism quickly faded after James's death. One exception is Georges Sorel, who
colleague, Mario Calderoni. The movement was quite short-lived, however. gave qualified approval to James's pragmatism and used pragmatic tenets to
Papini and Prezzolini had shed their pragmatism by 1907, moving on to the support his political syndicalism.
next stage of their complex intellectual itineraries. Vailati and Calderoni The relations of pragmatism with French thought is described by Walter
produced only a modest literary output, and both were dead by the outbreak of Horton, The Philosophy ofthe AbbP Bautain (New York: New York University
the Great War. Giovanni Amendola, who would later suffer tragically and I'ress, 1926); Richard flumphrey, "f'ragmatism and a Pluralist World," chap. 5
fatally at the hands of the fascists, is an interesting minor figure in the move- of Georges Sorel: Prophet wifhout Ifonor (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard LJni-
ment. A significant later thinker who identified himself with pragmatism is versity Press, 195 I), pp. 1 17- 142; H. S. Thayer, Aleaning and Action. A Cri~icul
Antonio Aliotta. History ofPragmatism, 2nd ed. (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1981), pp. 3 14-323.
xx INTRODUCTION Research Methods
1
F. Germany
Unlike France or Great Britain, Germany had no ongoing native movement
struggling against rationalism, and accordingly it treated pragmatism with mini- Research for this bibliography took four primary forms: the searching of biblio-
mal respect at best. The reaction against absolutism had erupted four decades graphies, indexes, and electronic database catalogs, and the direct examination
before and was already spent: neo-Kantianism presently reigned. Content to of journals and books. The works listed in the historical section of the intro-
dismiss pragmatism as an undigested remnant of Fichte or Nietzsche, or as a duction were consulted. Especially helpfid were the Textual Commentary of the
crass utilitarian spin-off, most mainstream academics trumpeted the obvious volumes of Dewey's Collected Works, and the explanations of the text appended
inferiority of American thought. Wilhelm Jerusalem and GUnther Jacoby prior to to each volume of The Works of William James. Nearly all of the publication
the First World War, and Arnold Gehlen and Eduard Baurngarten prior to the information in the bibliography was verified by the direct inspection of each
Second World War, figure as the significant sympathetic interpreters of prag- item.
matism.
The best study of the German reaction to pragmatism is Hans Joas, 1. Philosophy Works Consulted
"American Pragmatism and German Thought: A History of Misunderstandings,"
translated by Jeremy Gaines, in Pragmatism and Social Theory (Chicago: Blau, Joseph L. Men and Movements of American Philosophy. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:
University of Chicago Press, 1992), pp. 94- 12 1. Prentice-Hall, 1952.
I 6. Reference format Campbell, James. Selected Writings of James Hayden TUB.C arbondale, 111.: Southern
Illinois University Press, 1992.
I
The reference style for serial articles and reviews is as follows:
Compton, Charles H. William James, Philosopher and Man: Quotations and References
in 652 Books. New York: The Scarecrow Press, 1957.
I
[Journal Title] [volume].[number] ([day] [month] [year]): [pages]
I Dewey, John. "The Pragmatic Movement of Contemporary Thought: A Syllabus." John
example: J Phil 13.6 (3 March 1916): 214-221 Dewey: The Middle Works, 1899-1924, vol. 4 (Carbondale, 111.: Southern Illinois Univer-
sity Press, 1976), pp. 25 1-263.
The "number" of a volume's issue is calculated by assigning "1" to the first issue of
that volume, "2" to the second, and so forth. Most British and American journals and Edwards, Paul, ed. The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. New York: Macmillan, 1967.
magazines have long used this convention. Some serials instead number their issues
Evans, Valmai Bunvood. "The Pragmatism of Giovanni Vailati." Internalional Journal of
from the very first issue, for example, vol. 4, no. 16, even though each volume only
Ethics 40.3 (April 1930): 41 6-424.
has four issues. Such issues are re-numbered according to the above formula. Other
serials do not offer numbers; in these cases a number is assigned to an issue, using this
Metz, Rudolf. "Pragmatism." In A Hundred Years of British Philosophy, ed. J. H. Muir-
formula. head (London: George Allen and Unwin; New York: Macmillan, 1938), pp. 446-529.
The present-day convention that assigns each volume number to one full year's
worth of issues did not generally prevail decades ago. Where a serial assigns a volume Morgenbesser, Sidney. Dewey and His Critics: Essays From the Journal of Philosophy.
number a different way (usually by having two or three volumes a year), the serial's New York: The Journal of Philosophy Inc., 1977.
convention is followed. Sometimes a serial only assigns issue numbers; in those cases
the volume number represents the decision of the particular research library used Passmore, John. "Pragmatism and Its European Analogues." In his A Hundred Years of
Philosophy, 2nd ed. (New York: Basic Books, 1966). pp. 95-121
which bound that journal for its shelves. Accordingly, volume numbers might vary at
other libraries.
Perry, Ralph Barton. The Thought and Characrer of William James. Boston: Little, Brown
and Co., 1935.
Riley, I. Woodbridge. "Continental Critics of Pragmatism." Journal of Philosophy 8
(1 9 1 1): 225-232, 289-294.