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OXFORD TEXTBOOKS IN LINGUISTICS Pragmatics Secondedition OXFORD TEXTBOOKS IN LINGUISTICS PUBLISHED Pragmatics DiachronicSyntax Secondedition byIanRoberts byYanHuang CognitiveGrammar CompositionalSemantics AnIntroduction AnIntroductiontotheSyntax/ byJohnR.Taylor SemanticsInterface LinguisticCategorization byPaulineJacobson Thirdedition TheGrammarofWords byJohnR.Taylor AnIntroductiontoLinguisticMorphology Thirdedition INPREPARATION byGeertBooij TheLexicon APracticalIntroductiontoPhonetics AnIntroduction Secondedition byElisabettaJežek byJ.C.Catford FunctionalDiscourseAnalysis MeaninginUse byEvelienKeizer AnIntroductiontoSemanticsand SemanticsandPragmatics Pragmatics MeaninginLanguageandDiscourse Thirdedition Secondedition byAlanCruse byKasiaM.Jaszczolt NaturalLanguageSyntax Translation byPeterW.Culicover TheoryandPractice PrinciplesandParameters byKirstenMalmkjaer AnIntroductiontoSyntacticTheory SpeechActsandSentenceTypesinEnglish byPeterW.Culicover byPeterSiemund ASemanticApproachtoEnglishGrammar LinguisticTypology byR.M.W.Dixon Theory,Method,Data SemanticAnalysis byJaeJungSong APracticalIntroduction byCliffGoddard TheHistoryofLanguages AnIntroduction byToreJanson Pragmatics Second edition Yan Huang 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries #YanHuang2007,2014 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2007 SecondEditionpublishedin2014 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014936066 ISBN 978–0–19–957776–7 Printedandboundby CPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. Dedication Inlovingmemoryofandwithprofoundgratitudetomymother, HexiaFeng(1921–2010),andmyfather, YongzengHuang(1922–2013) Contents Prefacetothesecondedition xiv Acknowledgementstothesecondedition xvi Prefacetothefirstedition xix Acknowledgementstothefirstedition xxi Symbolsandabbreviations xxiii 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Whatispragmatics? 1 1.1.1. Adefinition 1 1.1.2. Abriefhistoryofpragmatics 2 1.1.3. Twomainschoolsofthoughtinpragmatics: Anglo-AmericanversusEuropeanContinental 4 1.2. Whypragmatics? 7 1.2.1. Linguisticunderdeterminacy 7 1.2.2. Simplificationofsemanticsandsyntax 9 1.3. Somebasicnotionsinsemanticsandpragmatics 13 1.3.1. Sentence,utterance,andproposition 13 1.3.2. Context 16 1.3.3. Truthvalue,truthcondition,andentailment 17 1.4. Organizationofthebook 21 Keyconcepts 22 Exercisesandessaytopics 22 Furtherreadings 23 PartI Centraltopicsinpragmatics 25 2. Implicature 27 2.1. ClassicalGriceantheoryofconversationalimplicature 28 2.1.1. Grice’snotionofnon-naturalmeaningor meaning 28 nn 2.1.2. Grice’sco-operativeprincipleandthe maximsofconversation 29 2.1.3. Relationshipbetweenaspeakerandthemaxims 30 viii CONTENTS 2.1.4. Conversationalimplicature versus O conversationalimplicature 31 F 2.1.5. Generalizedversusparticularized conversationalimplicature 38 2.1.6. Propertiesofconversationalimplicature 39 2.2. Twoneo-Griceanpragmatictheoriesofconversational implicature 43 2.2.1. TheHorniansystem 44 2.2.2. TheLevinsoniansystem 49 2.3. Somecurrentdebatesaboutconversationalimplicature 66 2.4. Embedded(conversational)implicature 68 2.4.1. Whatisanembeddedimplicature? 68 2.4.2. Themainproblem 69 2.4.3. Analyses 70 2.5. Conventionalimplicature 73 2.5.1. Whatisconventionalimplicature? 73 2.5.2. Propertiesofconventionalimplicature 75 2.6. Summary 78 Keyconcepts 78 Exercisesandessayquestions 79 Furtherreadings 83 3. Presupposition 84 3.1. Phenomenaofpresupposition 85 3.1.1. Whatispresupposition? 85 3.1.2. Somerepresentativeexamplesof presupposition 86 3.2. Propertiesofpresupposition 89 3.2.1. Constancyundernegation 89 3.2.2. Defeasibility 90 3.2.3. Theprojectionproblem 95 3.3. Analyses 97 3.3.1. Threemainissues 98 3.3.2. Thefiltering-satisfactionanalysis 100 3.3.3. Thecancellationanalysis 104 3.3.4. Theaccommodationanalysis 108 3.4. Summary 113 Keyconcepts 114 Exercisesandessayquestions 114 Furtherreadings 117 CONTENTS ix 4. Speechacts 118 4.1. Performativesversusconstatives 119 4.1.1. Theperformative-constativedichotomy 119 4.1.2. Theperformativehypothesis 123 4.2. Austin’sfelicityconditionsonperformatives 124 4.3. Locutionary,illocutionary,andperlocutionaryacts 126 4.4. Searle’sfelicityconditionsonspeechacts 130 4.5. Searle’stypologyofspeechacts 132 4.6. Indirectspeechacts 135 4.6.1. Whatisanindirectspeechact? 135 4.6.2. Howisanindirectspeechactanalysed? 138 4.6.3. Whyisanindirectspeechactused?Some remarksonpolitenessandimpoliteness 142 4.7. Speechactsandculture 152 4.7.1. Cross-culturalvariation 152 4.7.2. Interlanguagevariation 161 4.8. Summary 163 Keyconcepts 164 Exercisesandessaytopics 165 Furtherreadings 168 5. Deixis 169 5.1. Preliminaries 171 5.1.1. Deicticversusnon-deicticexpression 171 5.1.2. Gesturalversussymbolicuseofadeictic expression 172 5.1.3. Deicticcentreanddeicticprojection 173 5.2. Basiccategoriesofdeixis 174 5.2.1. Persondeixis 174 5.2.2. Timedeixis 182 5.2.3. Spacedeixis 187 5.3. Othercategoriesofdeixis 208 5.3.1. Socialdeixis 208 5.3.2. Discoursedeixis 216 5.3.3. Emotionaldeixis 219 5.4. Summary 220 Keyconcepts 220 Exercisesandessayquestions 221 Furtherreadings 223
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