Pragmatic Existential Counseling and Psychotherapy: Intimacy, Intuition, and the Search for Meaning PDF
Preview Pragmatic Existential Counseling and Psychotherapy: Intimacy, Intuition, and the Search for Meaning
Pragmatic Existential Counseling and Psychotherapy 2 To Viktor Frankl who lit a new path for my life And to Susan Bernadett-Shapiro who has walked with me down that winding road 3 Pragmatic Existential Counseling and Psychotherapy Intimacy, Intuition, and the Search for Meaning Jerrold Lee Shapiro Santa Clara University 4 FOR INFORMATION: SAGE Publications, Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: [email protected] SAGE Publications Ltd. 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd. B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044 India SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd. 3 Church Street #10-04 Samsung Hub Singapore 049483 Copyright © 2016 by SAGE Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Shapiro, Jerrold Lee. Pragmatic existential counseling and psychotherapy: intimacy, intuition and the search for meaning/Jerrold Lee Shapiro, Santa Clara University. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4833-6899-3 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. Counseling. 2. Existential psychology. 3. Psychotherapy. I. Title. BF636.6.S53 2016 158.3—dc23 2015024099 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Acquisitions Editor: Kassie Graves Editorial Assistant: Carrie Montoya Production Editor: Bennie Clark Allen Copy Editor: Michelle Ponce 5 Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. Proofreader: Annie Lubinsky Indexer: Karen Wiley Cover Designer: Glenn Vogel Marketing Manager: Shari Countryman eLearning Editor: Lucy Berbeo 6 Brief Contents 1. Preface 2. Acknowledgments 3. About the Author 4. 1. Context: The Author’s Life as an Existential Experiment 5. 2. How Philosophy Becomes Therapy 6. 3. Essential Concepts and Themes in Theory and Therapy 7. 4. Existential Counseling and Psychotherapy: Strategies, Qualities, and Methods 8. 5. The Centrality of Resistance in Counseling and Therapy 9. 6. Using All the Data: How Do Therapists Know What They Know? 10. 7. The Four Epigenetic Phases of Psychotherapy 11. 8. Show Me the Evidence! What Is the Proof That Existential Therapy Works? 12. 9. Beyond the I-Thou Dyad: Group, Couple, and Family Therapy 13. 10. Gender and Culture in Existential Therapy 14. 11. Life Transitions and Existential Psychotherapy 15. 12. An Existential Case Study 16. References 17. Index 7 Contents Preface Acknowledgments About the Author 1. Context: The Author’s Life as an Existential Experiment The Personal: How I Became an Existential Therapist Early “Existential” Moments A New Context Postgrad Existential Experiences: Renewed Contact With Dr. Frankl Finding Meaning in a Chance Meeting in Guam Another Strange Site for Insight True Existential Moments The More Things Change... The Professional Context The Reach of Existential Approaches to Counseling and Psychotherapy Subjective Realities The Salience of Context An Existential Orientation Our Journey 2. How Philosophy Becomes Therapy Existential Philosophy Dual Trends Philosophy Becomes Therapy Divergent Existential Therapies European Schools British Existential Therapy Logotherapy (Meaning-Oriented Therapies) European and American Existentialism American Existential Psychotherapy The Pragmatic Existential Orientation of This Book 3. Essential Concepts and Themes in Theory and Therapy Roots Related Influences A Brief Introduction to a Pragmatic Existential Therapy Subjective Reality and Seeking Meaning Who Is the Patient: Disease or Person With Dis-ease? It’s the Relationship! Real Versus Transference Relationship 8 Inductive and Deductive Hanging the Unmentionables on the Clothesline Process Is Content in Context Freedom and Security Existential Anxiety; Neurotic Anxiety Therapy in Real Time: The Here and Now Attribution of Meaning Parallel Process: Déjà Vu All Over Again The Goals of Existential Counseling or Psychotherapy? 4. Existential Counseling and Psychotherapy: Strategies, Qualities, and Methods Anxiety: The Engine of Change Ahistorical Focus Memory as Creative Turning Report Into Reality Asocial Interventions Working From Within The Benefits of a Positive Psychology Positive Psychology Retrospective Maximizing Therapeutic Effects Hope Consequences: Is It Working Out the Way You Hoped? Therapist Self-Disclosure Trust in the Therapist’s Ability Existential Methods 5. The Centrality of Resistance in Counseling and Therapy Resistance in this Existential Framework A Brief History of Resistance and Healing Rituals, Ordeals, and Witnessing Maximizing Placebo in Psychotherapy and Counseling Resistance Across Theories Psychodynamic Theories and the Adaptive Nature of Resistance Cognitive and Behavior Therapies and Resistance Resistance Between and Resistance Within A Pragmatic Model of Dealing With Resistance in (Existential) Counseling and Therapy Systematizing Intuition Resistance Styles The Cognitive External Style Joining Cognitive External Resistance The Affective External Style Joining Affective External Resistance 9 The Cognitive Internal Style Joining Cognitive Internal Resistance The Affective Internal Style Joining Affective Internal Resistance The Cognitive Away Style Joining Cognitive Away Resistance The Affective Away Style Joining Affective Away Resistance Joining Must Be Authentic It Seems Counterintuitive. Why Does This Work? Clara and the Wedding Invitation The Case of Thomas Think France in the Early 1940s: Join the Resistance! 6. Using All the Data: How Do Therapists Know What They Know? The Nature of Human Communication Verbal and Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal Messages Sent From Therapists to Clients Metacommunication Why Consequences? Communication and the State of the Receiver Confirmation Bias The Therapy Context and Communication The Psychotherapy Context Therapists’ Processing Systems: The Use of Self Content and Process: Revisited Linear Sources (Empirical/Observable Data) Nonlinear (Intuitive) Sources of Data The Inner Life of Therapists The Brain and Communication Feelings (Kinesthetic Imagery) Visual Imagery Auditory Imagery Symbols Representational Systems Metaphors and Stories Free Association The Value and Dangers of Self-Data Know Thyself The Aware Therapist 7. The Four Epigenetic Phases of Psychotherapy 10
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