Practice Makes Perfect: Spanish Verb Tenses PDF
Preview Practice Makes Perfect: Spanish Verb Tenses
Dorothy Richmond Spanish Verb Tenses PREMIUM FOURTH EDITION FM.indd 1 17-01-2019 10:19:17 Copyright © 2019 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permis- sion of the publisher. ISBN: 978-1-26-045246-4 MHID: 1-26-045246-8 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-1-26-045245-7, MHID: 1-26-045245-X. eBook conversion by codeMantra Version 1.0 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designa- tions appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. 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To Lily Richmond, who completes our family FM.indd 3 17-01-2019 10:19:17 FM.indd 4 17-01-2019 10:19:17 This page intentionally left blank v Contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction xi I THE PRESENT TENSE 1 1 Conjugation of regular verbs 3 The basics of verbs 3 Conjugating verbs 4 Regular -ar verbs 5 Negative sentences 7 Regular -er verbs 9 Regular -ir verbs 11 Asking questions 14 2 Ser and estar 19 Using ser 20 Using estar 25 3 Hay 31 4 Tener 35 Possession 35 Age 37 Idiomatic expressions with tener 37 Obligation 39 5 The personal a 43 6 Common irregular verbs 47 Phrases with two verbs—querer, poder, deber 49 Describing the weather—hacer, estar 50 Playing games—jugar 51 Expressing future action—ir + a + infinitive 52 FM.indd 5 17-01-2019 10:19:17 vi Contents 7 Saber and conocer 57 Saber 57 Conocer 60 8 Stem-changing verbs 65 o > ue 65 e > ie 67 e > i 69 9 Irregular verb groups 73 Infinitives ending with -cer preceded by a vowel 73 Infinitives ending with -ucir 75 Infinitives ending with -cer or -cir preceded by a consonant 77 Infinitives ending with -ger or -gir 78 Infinitives ending with -aer 80 Infinitives ending with -uir not preceded by g 81 Infinitives ending with -guir 83 10 Reflexive verbs 87 11 Gustar and similarly formed verbs 93 12 The present progressive 99 Formation of the present progressive 99 Object pronouns with the present progressive 104 II THE PAST TENSES, THE FUTURE TENSE, THE CONDITIONAL TENSE, AND THE PRESENT AND PAST PERFECT TENSES 107 13 The preterite tense 109 Regular verbs in the preterite 110 Irregular verbs in the preterite 117 Verbs that change meaning in the preterite 132 14 The imperfect tense 135 Regular verbs in the imperfect 136 Irregular verbs in the imperfect 136 When to use the imperfect 137 15 The future tense 159 Regular verbs in the future 159 Irregular verbs in the future 164 FM.indd 6 17-01-2019 10:19:17 Contents vii 16 The conditional tense 171 Regular verbs in the conditional 171 Irregular verbs in the conditional 174 17 The present perfect tense 179 Formation of the present perfect 179 18 The past perfect tense 187 Formation of the past perfect 187 III THE IMPERATIVE, THE SUBJUNCTIVE, THE FUTURE AND CONDITIONAL PERFECT TENSES, AND THE PASSIVE VOICE 195 19 The imperative 197 tú commands 197 usted commands 202 ustedes commands 204 vosotros commands 205 nosotros commands 207 Notable characteristics of commands 207 20 The present subjunctive 211 Formation of the present subjunctive 212 Uses of the present subjunctive 214 21 The imperfect subjunctive 233 Formation of the imperfect subjunctive 233 Uses of the imperfect subjunctive 234 22 The future perfect tense 245 Formation of the future perfect 245 Uses of the future perfect 245 23 The conditional perfect tense 251 Formation of the conditional perfect 251 Uses of the conditional perfect 252 24 The present perfect subjunctive 257 Formation of the present perfect subjunctive 257 Uses of the present perfect subjunctive 258 FM.indd 7 17-01-2019 10:19:17 viii Contents 25 The pluperfect subjunctive 263 Formation of the pluperfect subjunctive 263 Uses of the pluperfect subjunctive 264 26 The passive voice 271 Incomplete passive voice 271 Complete passive voice 277 appendix a Verb conjugation charts 281 appendix b Verbs that take a preposition 285 Answer key 291 Spanish-English glossary 311 English-Spanish glossary 325 FM.indd 8 17-01-2019 10:19:17 ix Acknowledgments As this book goes into its fourth edition, nearly twenty-five years after its initial publi- cation, the first person to acknowledge – then, now, and always – is Gilmore T. Schjel- dahl, a former private student. His intelligence and endless curiosity, matched only by his kind heart, inspired me to write a book on Spanish verbs that covers not just the what and how, but also the why and when of verb usage. I will always be grateful to Mr. Schjeldahl for all he taught me. In the same spirit, I thank all the students who chose and worked through the previous three editions of this book. Their curiosity, intelligence, and number were great enough to generate another edition. This is a great honor. I was fortunate to work once again with Christopher Brown, publisher, who over- saw the production of this book at McGraw-Hill Education. For over twenty years I have considered Christopher a great editor and friend. Finally, and always, I thank my daughters, Daisy and Lily, who have grown to become good and honorable women. The joy and pride they have brought to me is beyond measure. FM.indd 9 17-01-2019 10:19:17 FM.indd 10 17-01-2019 10:19:17 This page intentionally left blank xi Introduction More than any other aspect of learning a foreign language, verbs challenge the learner. Practice Makes Perfect: Spanish Verb Tenses is a systematic, logical approach to the study of Spanish verbs, including their tenses, moods, and special uses. This information is provided in workbook format, with clear explanations of each use of a verb. Each sec- tion contains a variety of exercises that relate directly to the material just covered and that also include previously covered material for constant review. This second edition of Practice Makes Perfect: Spanish Verb Tenses retains the structure and format of the first edition. The changes are mainly in its content: There are many new paragraphs for translation, and cultural references have been brought into the 21st century. Practice Makes Perfect: Spanish Verb Tenses takes you far beyond the rote memo- rization so commonly associated with studying verbs and tenses, and enables you to fully grasp the important as well as the subtle role that verbs play in every sentence we utter, write, read, or think. The verb is the engine of the sentence. Without a verb, the sentence technically and figuratively goes nowhere. Thus, a careful, systematic study of verbs in any lan- guage is crucial to communication in any form. Yet this careful study of the verbs need not be the drudge work so commonly as- sociated with verbs, namely, memorizing a zillion conjugations. If you think of working with verbs as creating a scaffold for the language, which is really what verbs provide, the task at hand can seem far more meaningful and less daunting. You may have seen several Spanish verb books already, and you may be wondering what, if anything, another verb book on the market could add. What sets Practice Makes Perfect: Spanish Verb Tenses apart from other Spanish verb books is its scope and its intent to teach the full picture with regard to verbs. Many books devoted to Spanish verbs provide you with conjugations and little else. Sometimes exercises are provided, but the emphasis is nearly always on the me- chanical aspect of conjugating the verb, rendering these books more verb dictionaries than actual teaching or reviewing texts. While correctly conjugating a verb is an ex- tremely important aspect of speaking and writing well, it is still pure mechanics unless you understand the implications of the use of one verb form over another and why you choose a particular use. Practice Makes Perfect: Spanish Verb Tenses offers you not only hundreds of verbs with their particular conjugations, but also lets you know both when and why a particu- lar verb should be used: You are given social, philosophical, and linguistic reasons and applications for the use of verbs. The Spanish word for tense, in the grammatical sense, is tiempo, which is also the Spanish word for “time.” The philosophical and psychological aspects of time, so cen- FM.indd 11 17-01-2019 10:19:18 xii Introduction tral to working with the tenses, unfortunately are often overlooked. To take something so rich as language—the vehicle of thought—and pare it down to its technical particu- lars is to take something that is beautiful and diminish it. My experience with students of Spanish has taught me that the difficulty of the task before them is rarely what determines either the level of interest or the de gree of success. What I have learned is that a step-by-step, logical approach—one that includes clear explanations and reasons for learning Spanish well—intrigues the learner. Interest and secure understanding—not ease and surface performance—are the genuine guar- antors of success. There are three main parts to this book: ◆ Part I: The present tense The 12 chapters in Part I thoroughly cover verb usage in the present tense: basic conjugation of regular verbs, formation of questions, detailed information on the challenging verbs ser and estar (the verbs “to be”), use of the personal a, reflexive verbs, a host of irregular verbs along with their uses and nu- ances, and the present progressive mood. ◆ Part II: The past, future, conditional, and perfect tenses Part II covers the six most basic indicative tenses (after the present): preterite, imperfect, future, condi- tional, present perfect, and past perfect. Their conjugations and various applications are discussed, and ample exercises are included. ◆ Part III: The imperative, the subjunctive, and the passive voice This final section of the text begins with the imperative (command form), which establishes a founda- tion for the next chapter, the present subjunctive. These are followed by the imper- fect subjunctive, future perfect, conditional perfect, present perfect subjunctive, plu- perfect subjunctive, and, finally, the passive voice, which covers all tenses in this special use. In the exercises in this text, you should assume that the English “you” is both sin- gular and informal—translated by the Spanish tú—unless it carries the notation “[pl.]” or “[formal].” English “you all” is translated by the informal plural form vosotros un- less it carries the notation “[formal].” Exercise items with ambiguity of gender carry the notation “[m.]” or “[f.]” as clarification. Following the text are two appendixes: verb conjugation charts for all the tenses except the present, and a helpful list of verbs that require a preposition before a follow- ing word for specific usages. A complete answer key for all of the exercises follows the appendixes. Also included are contextual glossaries, both Spanish-English and English- Spanish. Practice Makes Perfect: Spanish Verb Tenses will be helpful to motivated high school and college students, as well as to adults who are either starting fresh or returning to study Spanish. It is an excellent companion to any Spanish language basic text and is a superb review workbook. Practice Makes Perfect: Spanish Verb Tenses is also a sound reference source for both teachers and students of Spanish. It is my sincere hope that this book will help those studying Spanish—at any level—to achieve their goals of speaking, writing, and reading this beautiful language with greater competence, confidence, and enjoyment. Dorothy Richmond FM.indd 12 17-01-2019 10:19:18 1 THE PRESENT TENSE tense Present time Refers to both the specific now (at this moment) and the general now (these days, this time period) key phrases “Now,” “today,” “these days”—any word group that expresses the spe cific or general now structure Simple tense: verb base + verb ending The present tense is used to report what is happening and what is true now. The present tense can be pin-point specific or it can cover vast amounts of time. Whether the action expressed is true only at this very moment or includes a truth that sweeps over eons, the key is that—at its core—it is true now. Consider four kinds of “present” below. The specific present—“right now” It is 10:32:44 p.m. At this very moment I see a shooting star. I now pronounce you husband and wife. The broader, yet enclosed present I work out at the gym four times a week. Every Friday, Mitch brings doughnuts to the office. We go to Mexico three or four times a year. The progressive present I am eating a bagel. You are studying. He is reading a book. The general, ongoing present Nearly all countries have some form of organized government. The president of the United States lives in Washington, D.C. The pope is the head of the Catholic Church. ·I· ch01.indd 1 17-01-2019 11:24:42 ch01.indd 2 17-01-2019 11:24:42 This page intentionally left blank
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