Practice Makes Perfect: Complete Spanish Grammar, Premium Third Edition

420 Pages·2016·8.37 MB·English

by  Gilda Nissenberg

Complete
Spanish Grammar
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Complete
Spanish Grammar
PREMIUM THIRD EDITION
Gilda Nissenberg, PhD
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Contents
Introduction xiii
1 The present tense of regular verbs, irregular verbs,
and verbs with spelling changes 1
Regular verbs in the present tense 2
When is the present tense used in Spanish? 4
Irregular verbs in the present tense 8
Verbs with spelling changes in the present tense 12
Dar, haber, hacer, and tener in expressions with a special
meaning 14
2 The present tense of verbs with stem changes 19
Verbs ending in -ar and -er 19
Verbs ending in -ir 23
Verbs ending in -uir 25
3 Ser and estar 28
Similarities and differences between ser and estar 28
When is ser used in Spanish? 29
When is estar used in Spanish? 31
Adjectives that change their meaning when used with either
ser or estar 33
Expressions with estar 34
4 The preterit tense 36
Regular verbs in the preterit 36
When is the preterit used in Spanish? 37
Verbs with spelling changes in the preterit 40
Stem-changing verbs in the preterit 43
Irregular verbs in the preterit 45
Verbs with a special meaning in the preterit 48
v
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5 The imperfect tense 51
Regular verbs in the imperfect 51
Irregular verbs in the imperfect 53
When is the imperfect used in Spanish? 53
The imperfect and the preterit in the same sentence 58
6 More about the preterit and the imperfect 61
Summary and contrast of the preterit and the imperfect 61
Verbs with a special meaning: ponerse, volverse, and hacerse 67
7 The future and the conditional 69
The future tense 69
When is the future tense used in Spanish? 72
Other ways of expressing the future in Spanish 75
The conditional mood 76
When is the conditional used in Spanish? 79
Other uses of the conditional 80
8 Reflexive verbs and reflexive constructions 83
Reflexive verbs and pronouns 84
More reflexive verbs 85
Reflexive constructions with stem-changing and irregular verbs 86
The use of reflexive verbs in Spanish 87
Verbs that change meaning when used as reflexive verbs 88
The commands in reflexive constructions 90
The infinitive and present participle in reflexive constructions 91
Reflexive constructions in reciprocal actions 93
How to express to become in Spanish 94
The reflexive construction in other tenses 96
9 The progressive tenses 98
The forms of the present participle in regular, irregular, and stem-changing
verbs 98
Placement of reflexive pronouns and other object pronouns with the present
participle 101
When is the present progressive used in Spanish? 102
The progressive forms in other tenses 103
Verbs of motion in progressive tenses 104
Present participle: Spanish compared to English 105
vi Contents
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10 Compound tenses: the present perfect and the past
perfect 107
The present perfect 107
Past participles ending in -ído and irregular past participles 109
When is the present perfect tense used in Spanish? 112
The past perfect or pluperfect 113
When is the past perfect used in Spanish? 115
Other compound tense forms: the preterit perfect 116
When is the preterit perfect tense used in Spanish? 116
Haber + a participle: the Spanish equivalent of the perfect infinitive 117
When is the infinitive of haber + a participle used in Spanish? 117
11 Compound tenses: the future perfect and the conditional
perfect 119
The future perfect 119
When is the future perfect used in Spanish? 121
The conditional perfect 123
When is the conditional perfect used in Spanish? 125
12 The passive voice and passive constructions 129
The passive voice in Spanish 129
When is the passive voice used in Spanish? 131
The passive construction with the pronoun se 133
When is the passive construction with se used in Spanish? 133
Impersonal constructions used to substitute for passive constructions 135
13 The subjunctive mood: the present and the present perfect
subjunctive tenses in noun clauses 137
The subjunctive mood: the present subjunctive 137
The present subjunctive 138
Verbs with spelling changes in the present subjunctive 140
Verbs with stem changes in the present subjunctive 141
Irregular verbs in the present indicative and in the present subjunctive 144
Irregular verbs in the present subjunctive 145
When is the present subjunctive used in Spanish? 146
Other uses of the present subjunctive 149
The present perfect subjunctive 152
When is the present perfect subjunctive used in Spanish? 152
Contents vii
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14 More uses of the subjunctive: adverb and relative clauses 155
The subjunctive in adverb clauses 155
When is the subjunctive used in dependent adverb clauses in Spanish? 155
Expressions that may or may not require the subjunctive 158
When is the subjunctive not used in dependent adverb clauses in Spanish? 161
More uses of the subjunctive: the subjunctive in adjective clauses 162
When is the subjunctive used in adjective clauses? 163
Other uses of the subjunctive 166
15 The subjunctive mood past tenses: the imperfect and the
pluperfect subjunctive 170
The imperfect subjunctive 170
When is the imperfect subjunctive used in Spanish? 173
Other uses of the imperfect subjunctive 175
The pluperfect subjunctive 176
When is the pluperfect subjunctive used in Spanish? 177
Other uses of the pluperfect subjunctive 178
The imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive in contrary-to-fact conditional
clauses 179
16 The commands 183
Formal or polite commands 184
When are formal commands used in Spanish? 187
Informal (tú) affirmative command forms 189
Tú negative command forms 191
Plural familiar (vosotros) affirmative command forms 192
Vosotros negative command forms 193
When are informal (tú) commands used in Spanish? 194
Commands and the position of reflexive and object pronouns 194
Other ways of expressing a command (nosotros) 196
17 Nouns and articles 199
Gender of nouns in Spanish: endings of nouns 199
Masculine nouns and their endings in Spanish 199
Feminine nouns and their endings in Spanish 201
Other endings to consider for the gender of nouns 202
Other nouns and their gender 204
Plural of nouns 208
Definite articles 210
When are definite articles used in Spanish? 211
viii Contents
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