PRACTICAL UROLOGICAL ULTRASOUND.

477 Pages·2020·45.365 MB·English

Practical Urological
Ultrasound
Pat F. Fulgham
Bruce R. Gilbert
Editors
Third Edition
123
Practical Urological Ultrasound
Pat F. Fulgham • Bruce R. Gilbert
Editors
Practical Urological
Ultrasound
Third Edition
Editors
Pat F. Fulgham Bruce R. Gilbert
Department of Urology Zucker School of Medicine of Hofstra/
Texas Health Presbyterian Northwell
Hospital of Dallas The Arthur Smith Institute for Urology
Dallas, TX New Hyde Park, NY
USA USA
ISBN 978-3-030-52308-4 ISBN 978-3-030-52309-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52309-1
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
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To: The AUA National Urologic Ultrasound Faculty
(NUUF) (2007–2015)
This pioneering committee of practicing urologists, organized
under the auspices of the Office of Education of the American
Urological Association, firmly established urologic ultrasound
as an identifiable skill within the scope of the practice of
urology. Owing to the efforts of the NUUF members, a
generation of urologists has been educated and trained to
perform safe, high-quality ultrasound examinations of their
patients. The work of many of the founding members is
included in this volume.
Preface
The first edition of Practical Urological Ultrasound was an outgrowth of a
campaign to teach practicing urologists the basic techniques for performing
and documenting ultrasound examinations on urologic patients. An emphasis
on an organ-based approach was intended to mimic what was encountered in
daily practice and to extend the principles learned to intraoperative
applications.
The more pervasive use of MRI of the prostate for risk stratification and
for MRI-guided prostate biopsy would seem to render a fundamental under-
standing of ultrasound less important. To the contrary, the skillful use of
ultrasound is critical, not only to the co-registration of images for MRI-TRUS
fusion biopsy of the prostate, but for the independent detection of the 30% of
significant prostate cancers not visible on MRI. Real-time ultrasound imag-
ing of urologic organs continues to be a mainstay of office practice and an
important intraoperative aid for complex renal surgery and many prostatic
procedures. Focal therapy of urological cancers will depend heavily on ultra-
sound guidance.
In fact, well-performed multi-parametric ultrasound (gray scale, Doppler,
contrast-enhanced, elastography, and computer-enhanced) may prove to be
safer, more cost-effective, and more widely available than other commonly
performed axial imaging techniques. My mentor, Paul C. Peters, MD, often
urged us to be responsible for “every” aspect of the care of our urologic
patients. Now, with urologist-performed ultrasound, that goal is one step
closer to a reality.
Central to urologist-performed imaging and imaging-based procedures is
a thorough understanding of the physics underlying ultrasound imaging. We
hope that this new edition will continue to enlighten urologists and encourage
them to personally perform these examinations on behalf of their patients.
Dallas, TX, USA Pat F. Fulgham
New Hyde Park, NY, USA Bruce R. Gilbert
vii
Acknowledgments
This book would not have been possible without the dedication and expertise
of our contributing authors, many of whom are leading the way in research
and developing new applications in urologic ultrasound.
Dr. Claus Roehrborn brought the practice of office-based ultrasound with
him from Germany in 1983. Dr. Martin I. Resnick enlisted Claus to help edu-
cate a generation of urologists. They developed the early AUA Office of
Education courses on urologic ultrasound which became the basis for much
of the material in this book.
Special thanks to Dr. Bruce Gilbert whose knowledge and patience were
the perfect modulating qualities for helping bind the complex pieces together
into a cohesive “whole.” His passion for teaching is infectious.
Angela Clark, RHIA provided invaluable assistance in manuscript prepa-
ration, image acquisition and labeling, graphics production, and research.
Her talented project management, including dogged pursuit of the “finished
product,” has been the glue holding the project together.
Finally, thanks to my wife, Kitzi, and my children, Matt and Holly, whose
forbearance permitted me the many distracted hours of writing and editing
necessary to complete what proved to be a multi-year journey. It was a “task”
in one sense but also a joy to see urologists take ownership of ultrasound as
an invaluable tool in the management of their patients.
Dallas, TX, USA Pat F. Fulgham
The subject of this book has been a passion of mine for the past 15 years and,
like many roads in life, it would not have been possible without the support
and tutelage of mentors, colleagues, and friends. We dedicated the prior edi-
tion of this book to Dr. E. Darracott Vaughan my mentor and inspiration for
his tireless pursuit of knowledge and his love of teaching. His continual
encouragement and believing in me when I was a Post-Graduate Research
Fellow in Physiology made my medical career a reality.
This book was the vision of my co-editor, colleague, and friend Dr. Pat
Fulgham. Through his leadership over these past years, he has helped elevate
the art of urologic ultrasound to a subspecialty within urology. He is a gifted
surgeon, articulate spokesman, and tireless academician who accepts nothing
less than perfection from himself, which is contagious among all that have
had the great fortune to work with him.
ix
x Acknowledgments
To the authors of this book, as always, I am indebted. They continue to
give tirelessly of their precious time away from family and their busy clinical
practices to share their experience. Their teachings, as expressed in this text,
form the basis of Urologic Ultrasound.
My wife and best friend Betsy has been the most supportive and loving
partner through the late nights and endless weekends involved in the many
iterations of this project. She is and has always been my source of
inspiration.
New Hyde Park, NY, USA Bruce R. Gilbert
Contents
1 History of Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Vinaya P. Bhatia and Bruce R. Gilbert
2 Physical Principles of Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Pat F. Fulgham
3 Bioeffects and Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Pat F. Fulgham
4 Maximizing Image Quality: User- Dependent Variables . . . . . . . 39
Pat F. Fulgham
5 Renal Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Daniel B. Rukstalis and Pat F. Fulgham
6 Scrotal Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Etai Goldenberg, Tavya G. R. Benjamin, and Bruce R. Gilbert
7 Penile Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Andrew Ng, Gideon Richards, and Bruce R. Gilbert
8 Transabdominal Pelvic Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Pat F. Fulgham
9 Pelvic Floor Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Lewis Chan, Vincent Tse, and Tom Jarvis
10 Transrectal Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Katherine E. Smentkowski, Akhil K. Das,
and Edouard J. Trabulsi
11 Ultrasound for Prostate Biopsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Christopher R. Porter and Jason K. Frankel
12 Pediatric Urologic Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Lane S. Palmer and Jeffrey S. Palmer
13 Applications of Urologic Ultrasound During Pregnancy . . . . . . 237
Majid Eshghi and Jonathan Wagmaister
14 Application of Urologic Ultrasound in Pelvic
and Transplant Kidneys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Majid Eshghi and Sameh Naim
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xii Contents
15 Intraoperative Urologic Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Fernando J. Kim and Rodrigo Donalisio da Silva
16 Male Reproductive Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Michael Lao, Shannon Smith, and Bruce R. Gilbert
17 Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Urology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Wayland J. Wu, Darian Andreas, and Bruce R. Gilbert
18 Urologic Ultrasound Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Bruce R. Gilbert
19 Quality Assessment and Initiatives for Urologic
Ultrasound Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Thomas Williams, Daniel Nethala, and Bruce R. Gilbert
20 Urology Ultrasound Practice Accreditation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Zachary Kozel, Nikhil Gupta, and Bruce R. Gilbert
21 Sonographers in a Urologic Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Ajay Bhatnagar and Bruce R. Gilbert
22 Technological Advancements in Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Dongwoon Hyun
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467