Practical tunnel construction

434 Pages·10.881 MB·English

by  Gary B. Hemphill.

PRACTICAL TUNNEL
CONSTRUCTION

PRACTICAL TUNNEL
CONSTRUCTION
Gary B. Hemphill PhD, PE
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Hemphill,GaryB.
Practicaltunnelconstruction/GaryB.Hemphill.
pagescm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-64197-2(cloth);ISBN978-1-118-33000-5(ebk);ISBN9780-1-118-33276-4
(ebk);ISBN978-1-118-33444-7(ebk);ISBN978-1-118-35017-1(ebk);
ISBN978-1-118-35021-8(ebk);ISBN978-1-118-35027-0(ebk)
1.Tunneling.I.Title.
TA805.H452013
624.1(cid:2)93—dc23
2012023642
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10987654321
To my father, Clayton Hemphill, 1913–2001, and all of the other
tunnellers who have passed before and those to follow.

CONTENTS
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
1 Introduction 1
2 Geotechnical Considerations—Rock 5
Site Investigation 5
Borings 6
Obtaining Samples and Testing of Rock 7
Geophysics 8
Types of Rock 10
Igneous Rocks 10
Sedimentary Rocks 11
Metamorphic Rocks 14
Discontinuities 15
Folds 16
Fractures 18
Faults 18
Joints 18
Shear Zones 19
Hardness 20
Tunnel Orientation 23
Tunneling Under the Water Table 25
Rock Mass Classification 27
References 63
3 Soft Ground (Soil) 65
Engineering Properties 67
Squeezing Ground 72
Swelling Ground 72
References 80
4 Soft Ground Tunneling 81
Unitary Excavation 81
Full-Arch Mining 83
Shields 88
vii
viii CONTENTS
Slurry Machines 91
Earth Pressure Balance Machine 97
References 104
5 Tunneling In Rock 105
Factors Considered When Selecting Tunneling Method 106
Tunneling in Rock by Drilling and Blasting 106
Drilling 107
Explosives 112
Blasting 124
Tunnel Driving by Blasting 138
Hydraulic Impact Hammer 156
References 157
6 Roadheaders 159
Operating Principle 159
Mucking 161
Machine Parameters 164
Cutting Bits 164
Operational Parameters 166
Roadheader Cutting Capacity 166
Performance Prediction 167
Advantages of Roadheader 168
Roadheader Shortcomings 168
References 169
7 Tunnel-Boring Machines 171
History of Tunnel-Boring Machine 171
Channel Tunnel 172
Beaumont/English Machine 172
Operating Principle 176
Cutting Tools 179
Kerf Principle 181
Disc Cutter Spacing 181
Backup Equipment 182
References 185
8 Ground Control 187
Support System Objectives 187
Types of Rock Support 188
Active Support 188
Passive Support 197
References 208