Practical Petroleum Geochemistry For Exploration And Production PDF
Preview Practical Petroleum Geochemistry For Exploration And Production
PRACTICAL PETROLEUM GEOCHEMISTRY FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION This page intentionally left blank PRACTICAL PETROLEUM GEOCHEMISTRY FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION SECONDEDITION HARRYDEMBICKI,JR. Geological Technology Group, Anadarko,UnitedStates Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates Copyright©2022ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic ormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem, withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,further informationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuch astheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite: www.elsevier.com/permissions. Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythe Publisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperience broadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedical treatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluating andusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuch informationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,including partiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assume anyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability, negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideas containedinthematerialherein. ISBN:978-0-323-95924-7 ForinformationonallElsevierpublicationsvisitourwebsite athttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:CandiceG.Janco AcquisitionsEditor:AmyM.Shapiro EditorialProjectManager:MariaElaineD.Desamero ProductionProjectManager:StalinViswanathan CoverDesigner:LimbertMatthew TypesetbyTNQTechnologies CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1 Introduction 1 Abriefhistoryofpetroleumgeochemistry 1 Definitions 4 Organicchemistryreview 7 Stableisotopereview 17 References 19 2. The formation ofpetroleum accumulations 21 Introduction 21 Incorporatingorganicmatterintosediments 22 Kerogenformation 27 Sourcerockdeposition 31 Maturationandhydrocarbongeneration 37 Petroleummigration 50 Originofnonhydrocarbongases 55 Coalsasoil-pronesourcerocks 59 Summary 61 References 63 3. Source rock evaluation 69 Definitionsandfundamentalconcepts 69 Samplecollection 70 TotalOrganicCarbon 73 Rock-Evalpyrolysis 74 Solventextraction,S-A-R-Aanalysis,andextractdata 87 Gaschromatography 90 Headspacegasanalysis 97 Pyrolysis-gaschromatography 100 Kerogenisolation 105 Elementalanalysis 106 Vitrinitereflectance 108 Alternativereflectancemethod 120 v vi Contents Visualkerogentyping 122 Thermalalterationindex 124 Kerogenfluorescence 126 Conodontalterationindex 129 Wirelineloginterpretations 130 Usingoutcropsamples 137 Strategiesinsourcerockevaluation 137 References 141 4. Interpreting crude oilandnatural gas data 147 Introduction 147 Bulkpropertiesofcrudeoilandnaturalgas 147 Phasebehavior 150 Crudeoilandnaturalgasalteration 152 Oil-to-oilandoil-to-sourcerockcorrelations 162 Crudeoilinversion 177 Strategiesandobstaclesinoilcorrelationandoilinversionstudies 189 Naturalgasdata 192 Thesourceofnaturalgas:biogenicversusthermogenic 193 Thematurityofthermogenicnaturalgas 198 Gas-to-gasandgas-to-sourcerockcorrelations 200 Strategiesandobstaclesininterpretinggasdata 205 References 206 5. Reservoir geochemistry 215 Introduction 215 Payzonedetection 215 High-molecular-weightwaxes 225 Asphaltenes 226 Reservoircontinuity 229 Productionallocation 234 Productionproblemsandperiodicsampling 236 Monitoringenhancedoilrecovery 237 Reservoirsouring 238 Strategiesinreservoirgeochemistry 240 References 241 6. Surfacegeochemistry 245 Introduction 245 Microseepage 246 Contents vii Directindicatorsofhydrocarbonmicroseepage 247 Indirectindicatorsofhydrocarbonmicro-seepage 250 Microseepagesurveydesignandinterpretation 252 Onshoremacroseepage 258 Offshoremacroseepage 259 Locatingpotentialseafloorseepsites 260 Samplingpotentialseafloorseepsites 270 Analyzingseafloorsedimentsforthermogenichydrocarbons 272 Seasurfaceslicks 277 References 281 7. Unconventional resources 289 Introduction 289 Coalbedmethane 290 Shalegas 296 Shaleoil 304 Hybridsystems 307 Hydrates 310 References 315 8. Basin modeling 321 Introduction 321 Burialhistory 322 Thermalhistory 328 Modelingmaturation,hydrocarbongeneration,andexpulsion 335 Modelingmigration 342 Predictingpreservation 345 Modelvalidation 350 Sensitivityanalysis 351 Volumetricestimations 355 Theroleofbasinmodelinginunconventionalplays 357 References 358 9. Petroleum system concepts andtools 363 Introduction 363 Elementsandprocesses 364 Temporalaspects 366 Spatialaspects 370 Playsandprospects 372 viii Contents Aworkingpetroleumsystem 373 Risking 375 References 378 10. Environmentalapplications 381 Introduction 381 Thescopeofenvironmentalproblems 382 Thefateofenvironmentalcontamination 383 Toolsforenvironmentalstudies 386 References 398 Index 405 CHAPTER 1 Introduction Introduction In the realm of petroleum exploration and production, the geosciences have long been referred to as G & G, geology, and geophysics. However, petroleum geochemistry has long been a major contributor to finding oil and gas and deserves to be recognized as thethird“G”alongwithgeologyandgeophysics.Itistheintentofthisvolumetodemon- stratetheimportanceofpetroleumgeochemistrybyexplaininghowitcanbeappliedtoa varietyofexplorationandproductionproblems,inbothconventionalandunconventional plays, and the role of petroleum geochemistry in basin modeling and petroleum system analysis. By the end, it is hoped that the reader will think about petroleum geosciences as G, G, & G. But before delving into the theoretical underpinnings and applications of petroleum geochemistryinsubsequentchapters,Chapter1willbeginwithabriefhistoryofthesci- encetoprovideaperspectiveonhowitcametobewhatitistoday.Thiswillbefollowed by some fundamental definitions so the discussion can begin with some common lan- guage. The chapter will then conclude with a review of some important aspects of organic chemistry and relevant concepts in stable isotopes. Beforestarting,afewsentencesareneededtomanageexpectations.Thisisnotapetro- leumgeochemistrybookintendedforpetroleumgeochemists.Itisalsonotanexhaustive reviewofalltheconceptsandtechniquesofthesubjectscoveredorallthesubtlenuisances ofdatainterpretations.Norisita“cookbook”with“recipes”thatgeologistsandgeophys- icistscanusetodotheirowninterpretations.Althoughmanyreaderswillbecapableofdo- ingsomesimpleinterpretationsforthemselves,theopportunitytomakeseriouserrorswill stillexist.Itisinsteadareferencebookforthenonspecialistgeoscientisttogainabetterun- derstanding of the value and potential applications of petroleum geochemistry to their exploration and production projects.After reading this book, geologists and geophysicists willbebetterequippedtoreadandunderstandgeochemistryreports,askprobingquestions oftheirgeochemists,andapplythefindingsfromthegeochemistryreportstotheirexplo- ration and/or production projects. With that in mind, let us begin. A brief history of petroleum geochemistry Petroleum geochemistry is a relatively young science, tracing its roots back to the 1934 discovery of chlorophyll-like structures in crude oil by Albert Treibs (Treibs, 1934). PracticalPetroleumGeochemistryforExplorationandProduction,SecondEdition ©2022ElsevierInc. 1 ISBN978-0-323-95924-7,https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-95924-7.00008-9 Allrightsreserved.
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