Practical mycology for industrial biotechnologists PDF
Preview Practical mycology for industrial biotechnologists
TataMcGraw-HillProfessional TrystwithScienceSeries PRACTICAL MYCOLOGY FOR INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGISTS TataMcGraw-HillProfessional Tryst withScienceSeries PRACTICAL MYCOLOGY FOR INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGISTS M C Srinivasan FormerlywithBiochemicalScienceDivision,National ChemicalLaboratory,Pune Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited NEW DELHI McGraw-HillOffices NewDelhi NewYork StLouis SanFrancisco Auckland Bogotá Caracas Lisbon London Madrid MexicoCity Milan Montreal SanJuan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto ©2004,TataMcGraw-HillPublishingCompanyLimited Nopartofthispublicationcanbereproducedinanyformorbyanymeans withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublishers ThiseditioncanbeexportedfromIndiaonlybythepublishers,Tata McGraw-HillPublishingCompanyLimited ISBN Preface Fungi, the non-chlorophyllous, heterotrophic eukaryotes of the microbial world have been the subject of interest for aca- demicstudies,aswellas,practicalapplications.Earliermyco- logical research focused on the destructive aspects of fungi as noxious plant and animal pathogens, and the studies on their life-cycleswereprimarilyorientedforcombatingdiseasesand controlling infections. The discovery of penicillin, as well as, the application of saprophytic fungi like aspergilli in the manufacture of industrially useful products like alpha amy- lase and citric acid has provided considerable impetus to the studyofsaprophyticfungalgeneraandotherspeciesoccurring widespread in nature which contribute significantly to recy- clingoforganicmatter,throughbreakdownofcomplexorganic substrates of plant and animal origin. Further, bioactive fun- gal metabolites and industrially useful enzymes of fungal ori- gin have firmly established their utility in the rapidly advancing area of fermentation technology. Currently search for novel fungal taxa and their application for discovering newer metabolites of value have gained considerable momen- tum. This in turn has brought into focus the need for a better understanding of the ecology and distribution of the fungi in the natural environment, their in vitro culture and effective long term conservation in germplasm banks and, above all, a better insight into fungal taxonomy and classification. Mor- phogenesis of fungi under fermentation conditions and the regulationofenvironmentalparameterstooptimizeyieldand productivity of metabolites has also acquired considerable importance.Mutationforyieldimprovementthroughclassical techniques as well as molecular biology and genetic engineer- ing approaches have been successfully carried out and heter- ologous gene expression to produce mammalian proteins like chymosin in fungal systems is a reality. viii Preface Myinitiativetowritethisbookoriginatedfromtherealisa- tion that fungi are becoming more and more important in applied microbiology and biotechnology. And there have been very little effort is to comprehensively compile information related to the biology of fungi and their biotechnological aspects.Suchabookwouldbeveryusefultostudentsofindus- trial biotechnology as well as research and development per- sonnel involved in developing processes for fungal based bio-products.Inthebook,focusisspeciallylaidontheaspects ofecology,distributionandbiodiversityoffungitogetherwith selective techniques for isolation and cultivation of fungi in artificial culture and their long-term conservation to enable biotechnological explorations. In undertaking to present the details from such a wide rangeoftopicsrelatedtofungi,Iamcertainthattherewillbe several shortcomings and deficiencies readily apparent to those with high level expertise in specific areas. It is perhaps besttorecognizetheusefuldatathatthiscompilationislikely to offer to the practical myclogists and biotechnologists and thereby catalyse their interest and enthusiasm to undertake investigations on diverse fungal systems leading to newer innovations and discovery of novel bioactive molecules. MCSrinivasan Acknowledgements This book was catalysed and supported by a grant from the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India under its Utilization of Scientific Expertise of Retired Scientists (USERS) Scheme, which I wish to gratefully acknowledge. I also wish to express my sincere gratitude to the Director, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune for extending library facilities, as well as, access to the laboratory infrastructure. MCSrinivasan Contents Preface vii Acknowledgements ix CHAPTER 1 TheMycologicalKingdom 1 EcologyandDistribution,Biodiversity, ClassificationandTaxonomyofFungi 1 HistoryofMycology 1 EcologyandDistribution 2 LitterandWoodDecomposingFungi 8 Biodiversity 11 ClassificationandTaxonomy 15 CHAPTER 2 SelectiveIsolationofFungi 26 BiotechnologicalApplications 26 CollectionofSamples 28 CultureMediaforIsolation 29 AquaticZoosporicFungi 29 AquaticHyphomycetes 32 IsolationofFungifromSoil 33 UseofSelectiveMediaFormulations 37 IsolationfromLitterandPlantResidues 40 IsolationofDungInhabitingFungi 43 Seed-borneFungi 43 OsmophilicFungi 44 ThermophilicFungi 45 xii Contents CHAPTER 3 CultureCollections 47 GermplasmResourcePoolsforBiotechnology ResearchandDevelopment 47 PreservationTechniques 50 RoleofCultureCollectionsinanEraofBiotechnology 58 CHAPTER 4 Physiology 63 VegetativeGrowthandReproduction 63 Introduction 63 TheFungalSpore 64 TheVegetativeDevelopment 65 AsexualReproduction 74 SexualReproduction 78 HormonalControlofSexualReproduction 80 FruitBodyFormationinPureCulturesof Basidiomycetes 83 CHAPTER 5 StrainImprovement 85 MetaboliteOverproductionandSecretionof HeterologousProteins 85 StrainImprovement 87 GeneticTransformation 90 EnzymeTechnology 92 HeterologousProteinSecretionbyFungi 95 CHAPTER 6 MorphogenesisofMouldGrowthin SubmergedCulture 97 TypesofMycelialGrowth 100 Conclusion 106 CHAPTER 7 SolidStateFermentation 107 SolidSubstrateFermentationwith PureCultures 108 MycologicalAspectsofGrowthinSSF 110 MetaboliteProductionunderSSF 114 Conclusion 116 Contents xiii CHAPTER 8 SecondaryMetabolitesofFungalOrigin: AnOverview 117 DiscussionandConclusions 131 CHAPTER 9 FungalResourcesforIndustrialEnzyme Technology 133 FactorsRegulatingExtracellular EnzymeProduction 135 CHAPTER 10 FungalBiologyandBiotechnology 149 PresentStatusandFuturePerspectives 149 APPENDIX 1 GeneralMycological/Microbiological Terms 161 EcologyandBiodiversity 169 ClassificationandTaxonomy 172 Sporulation/SporeForms 175 Metabolites 182 APPENDIX 2 MycologicalCultureMedia 186 SyntheticMedia 187 SemiSyntheticandNaturalMedia 188 APPENDIX 3 MycologicalNotesonFungiRelevantto Biotechnology 194 ACREMONIUMlink 194 ACTINOMUCORSchoet 195 ALTERNARIANees 196 ASPERGILLUSLink 197 BEAUVERIAVuill. 199 CHAETOMIUMKunze 199 CONIDIOBOLUSBrefeld 200 CUNNINGHAMELLAMatr 202 CURVULARIABoedijn 202 EMERICELLOPSISJ.F.H.Beyma 203 FUSARIUMLink 204 GEOTRICHUMLink 205 GLIOCLADIUMCorda 206
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