Practical Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectroscopy (Analytical Techniques in the Sciences (AnTs) *)

210 Pages·2005·2.02 MB·English

by  John R. Dean

PRACTICAL
INDUCTIVELY
COUPLED PLASMA
SPECTROSCOPY
Analytical Techniques in the Sciences (AnTS)
SeriesEditor: David J. Ando, Consultant, Dartford, Kent, UK
A series of open learning/distance learning books which covers all of the major
analyticaltechniquesandtheirapplicationinthemostimportantareasofphysical,
life and materials sciences.
TitlesAvailable in the Series
Analytical Instrumentation: Performance Characteristics and Quality
Graham Currell, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
Fundamentals of Electroanalytical Chemistry
Paul M.S. Monk, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
Introduction to Environmental Analysis
Roger N. Reeve, University of Sunderland, UK
Polymer Analysis
Barbara H. Stuart, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
Chemical Sensors and Biosensors
Brian R. Eggins, University of Ulster at Jordanstown, Northern Ireland, UK
Methods for Environmental Trace Analysis
John R. Dean, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry: An Introduction
Robert E. Ardrey, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
Analysis of Controlled Substances
Michael D. Cole, Anglia Polytechnic University, Cambridge, UK
Infrared Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Applications
Barbara H. Stuart, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
Practical Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectroscopy
John R. Dean, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
Forthcoming Titles
Techniques of Modern Organic Mass Spectroscopy
Robert E. Ardrey, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
Analytical Profiling and Comparison of Drugs of Abuse
Michael D. Cole, Anglia Polytechnic University, Cambridge, UK
Quality Assurance in Analytical Chemistry
Elizabeth Prichard and Vicki Barwick, Laboratory of the Government Chemist,
Teddington, UK
PRACTICAL
INDUCTIVELY
COUPLED PLASMA
SPECTROSCOPY
John R. Dean
Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
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Dean,JohnR.
Practicalinductivelycoupledplasmaspectroscopy/JohnR.Dean.
p.cm.–(Analyticaltechniquesinthesciences)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN0-470-09348-X(cloth:alk.paper)–ISBN0-470-09349-8(pbk.:
alk.paper)
1. Inductivelycoupledplasmaspectrometry. I.Title.II.Series.
QD96.I47D432005
543’.65–dc22
2005004183
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ISBN-13978-0-470-09348-1(Cloth) 978-0-470-09349-8(Paper)
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To Lynne, Sam and Naomi for all their patience

Contents
Series Preface xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xvii
Acronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols xix
About the Author xiii
1 Methodology for Trace Elemental Analysis 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Analytical Terms and their Definitions 3
1.3 Units 8
1.4 Calibration Strategies 8
1.5 Presentation of Data: Tables 10
1.6 Presentation of Data: Graphs 11
1.7 Calculations: Dilution Factors 13
1.8 Quality Assurance and the Use of Certified Reference Materials 13
2 Sample Preparation for Inductively Coupled Plasma
Spectroscopy 17
2.1 Introduction 18
2.2 Aqueous Samples 18
2.2.1 Liquid–Liquid Extraction 18
2.2.2 Ion-Exchange 20
2.2.3 Co-Precipitation 22
2.3 Solid Samples 22
2.3.1 Decomposition Techniques 22
viii Practical InductivelyCoupled Plasma Spectroscopy
2.3.2 Microwave Digestion 24
2.3.3 Dry Ashing 28
2.3.4 Fusion 29
2.4 Extraction Procedures 29
2.4.1 Single Extraction Procedures 31
2.4.2 Sequential Extraction Procedures 33
2.4.3 Enzymatic Digestion Procedures 36
References 38
3 Sample Introduction Procedures for Inductively Coupled
Plasmas 39
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Nebulizers 40
3.3 Spray Chambers and Desolvation Systems 44
3.4 Discrete Sample Introduction 47
3.5 Continuous Sample Introduction 52
3.6 Hydride and Cold Vapour Techniques 54
References 56
4 The Inductively Coupled Plasma and Other Sources 57
4.1 Introduction 57
4.2 Inductively Coupled Plasma 58
4.3 Direct-Current Plasma 61
4.4 Microwave-Induced Plasma 62
4.5 Glow Discharge 63
References 64
5 Inductively Coupled Plasma–Atomic Emission Spectroscopy 65
5.1 Fundamentals of Spectroscopy 66
5.1.1 Origins of Atomic Spectra 67
5.1.2 Spectral Line Intensity 69
5.1.3 Spectral Line Broadening 70
5.2 Plasma Spectroscopy 72
5.3 Spectrometers 75
5.3.1 Sequential 77
5.3.2 Simultaneous 77
5.4 Detectors 82
5.4.1 Photomultiplier Tube 82
5.4.2 Charge-Transfer Devices 84
5.5 Interferences 85
References 87