Practical Handbook of Photovoltaics: Fundamentals and Applications PDF
Preview Practical Handbook of Photovoltaics: Fundamentals and Applications
PRACTICAL H A N D B O O K OF Phot iarkvart & 1 ELSEVIER Handbook of Photovoltaics: Section Finder Page reference Preface V Guide to Usage of the Handbook by Professional Groups vi List of Contributors X Introduction 1 I Solar radiation The role of solar radiation climatology in the design of photovoltaic systems 5 I1 Solar cells Introduction a1 Principles of solar cell operation 71 a2 Semiconductor materials and modelling 95 a3 Ideal efficiencies 123 Crystalline silicon solar cells bl Silicop: manufacture and properties 137 b2 Low cost industrial manufacture of crystalline silicon solar cells 155 b3 Thin silicon solar cells 185 b4 Characterisation and diagnosis of silicon wafers and devices 227 b5 High-efficiency silicon solar cell concepts 253 Thin film technologies cl Amorphous silicon solar cells 281 c2 Microcrystalline silicon solar cells 317 c3 Cadmium telluride thin-film PV modules 333 c4 Cu(In.Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cells 367 Space and concentrator cells dl GaAs and high-efficiency space cells 417 d2 High-efficiency concentrator silicon solar cells 435 Organic and dye sensitised cells el Photoelectrochemical solar cells 459 e2 Organic and plastic solar cells 483 111 Photovoltaic systems Introduction a1 Energy production by a PV array 517 a2 Energy balance in stand-alone PV systems 531 a3 Review of system design and sizing tools 543 Balance-of-system components bl System electronics 565 bL Batteries in P\’ systems 587 Grid-connected systems cl Grid-connection of PV generators: technical and regulatory issues 6 3 5 C2 Installation guidelines: construction 655 c3 Installation guidelines: electrical 667 Space and concentrator systems dl Concentrator systems 6x1 d2 Operation of solar cells in a space environmenl 705 Case studies el Architectural integration 72 5 e2 Performance. reliability and user experience 749 e3 Solar-powered products 771 IV Testing, monitoring and calibration 1 Standards, calibration. and testing ofPV modules and solar cells 793 2 PV system monitoring 817 3 Calibration. testing and monitoring ofspace solar cells 825 V Economics, environment and business strategy 1 Overview of potential hazards x57 2 Energy pay-back time and C02 emissions of PV systems 869 3 World photovoltaic markets 887 4 National and regional support programmes 91 3 Appendices Appendix A Constants, physical quantities and conversion factors 92 5 Appendix B List of principal symbols 927 Appendix C Abbreviations and acronyms 935 Appendix D Bibliography 941 Appendix E Inlernational and US standards with relevance to photovoltaics 947 Appendix F Useful web sites, journals and newsheets 955 Editorial index 961 Handbook of Photovoltaics: Section Finder Practical Handbook of Photovoltaics: Fundamentals and Applications Practical Handbook of Photovoltaics: Fundamentals and Applications Edited by: Tom Markvart and Luis Castafier ELSEVIER UK Elsevier Science Ltd. The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 IGB, UK USA Elsevier Science Inc. 3 60 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 1OOXO-1710,U SA JAPAN Elsevier Japan, Tsunashima Building Annex, 3-20-1 2 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113 , Japan Copyright 02 003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Practical handbook of photovoltaics: fundamentals and applications 1. Photovoltaic power systems 2. Photovoltaic power generation 3. Photovoltaic cells I. Markvart, Tomas 11. Castafier, Luis 62 1.3’1244 ISBN 1856173909 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-PublicationD ata Practical handbook of photovoltaics: fundamentals and applications / edited by Tom Markvart and Luis Castafier. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-85 6 17-39 0-9 1. Photovoltaic cells. 2. Photovoltaic power generation. I. Markvart, Tom. 11. Luis Castaiier. TK8322.P73 2003 621.381 5’424~12 2003040758 No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Published by Elsevier Advanced Technology, The Boulevard. Langford Lane, Kidlington OxfordOX5 lGB, UK Tel.: +44(0) 1865 843000 Fax: +44(0) 1865 843971 Typeset by Variorum Publishing Ltd, Lancaster and Rugby Printed and bound in Great Britain by BiddIes Ltd. Guildford and King’s Lynn Preface Photovoltaics is about to celebrate 50 years of its modern era. During this time, the industry has grown from small satellite power supplies to utility-scale systems that are now routinely installed in many countries of the world. Solar cells capable of producing power in excess of 500 MW were manufactured in 2002, providing electricity to a variety of applications ranging from small consumer products, power systems for isolated dwellings and remote industrial equipment to building-integrated solar arrays and megawatt-size power stations. This PracticaI Handbook of Photovoltaics addresses the need for a book that summarises the current status of know-how in this field. It represents a detailed source of information across the breadth of solar photovoltaics and is contributed to by top-level specialists from all over the world. Over 1,000 references, bibliographies and web sites guide the reader to further details, be it specific information for industrial production and research or a broad overview for policy makers. Thirty-seven chapters in the handbook cover topics from fundamentals of solar cell operation to industrial production processes, from molecular photovoltaics to system modelling, from a detailed overview of solar radiation to guidelines for installers and power engineers, and from architectural integration of solar cells to energy payback, C02 emissions and photovoltaic markets. Appendices include extensive bibliography and lists of standards, journals and other sources of information which can be found in a printed or electronic form. The main credit for this handbook must go to the 47 contributors who have produced a unique compilation of the contemporary knowledge in photovoltaic science and technology. Our thanks go to our families for their patience and support without which this book would have never seen the light of day. Luis Castafier Tom Markvart Barcelona Southampton Guide to Usage of the Handbook by Professional Groups II. Solar cells 111. Systems - 2 0 12 4-C4 a, 0 c 0" Dd a, u m P v) I3ld 1 ;Ile I- Solar cell productior -~ ~ ~ - Solar cell R8C System desigr Grid connectior System installers - Sales 8 marketing PV equipment manufacturers Policy and business strateg] Project managers Environmentalists I Svstem analvsis and evaluation Solar energy resource ~~ ~ -t PV consumer Droducts I Venture capitalists and investors vi
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