Table Of Content

A Practical Guide to Sperm Analysis A Practical Guide to Sperm Analysis Basic Andrology and Reproductive Medicine Edited by Nicolás Garrido, MSc, PhD Director, IVI Foundation Valencia, Spain Rocio Rivera, MSc, PhD Director, Andrology Laboratory and Sperm Bank Instituto Universitario IVI Valencia, Spain CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper Version Date: 20/02/2017 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-4151-4 (Hardback) Tis book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. While all reasonable eforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, neither the author[s] nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. 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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface .....................................................................................................................................................vii Contributors .............................................................................................................................................. ix 1 The Usefulness of Sperm Viability Testing in Reproductive Technology: The Hypo- Osmotic Swelling Test, Laser, and Motility Stimulants ............................................................... 1 Denny Sakkas 2 History and Physical Examination: Male Infertility .................................................................... 9 Jared L. Moss, Mary Kate Keeter, and Robert E. Brannigan 3 The Role of Hormonal Profles to Forecast Male Fertility Chances ......................................... 19 Martin Kathrins and Craig Niederberger 4 The Application of Genetic Tests in an Assisted Reproduction Unit: Karyotype ................... 27 Ralf Henkel and Burtram C. Fielding 5 Genetic Testing of Y-Chromosome Microdeletion ...................................................................... 37 Jason C. Chandrapal and James M. Hotaling 6 The Application of Genetic Tests in an Assisted Reproduction Unit: Sperm FISH ................ 53 Lorena Rodrigo and Carmen Rubio 7 The Application of Genetic Tests in an Assisted Reproduction Unit: Cystic Fibrosis Carrier Screening ............................................................................................................................61 Esther Andrés, Rocío Rivera, and Nicolás Garrido 8 The Application of Genetic Tests in an Assisted Reproduction Unit: mRNA Microarrays ... 71 Sandra Garcia 9 The Application of Genetic Tests in an Assisted Reproduction Unit: DNA Fragmentation .. 95 Rachael J. Hutton, Martin P. Lawlor, Lynsey K. Poots, and Sheena E.M. Lewis 10 The Application of Genetic Tests in an Assisted Reproduction Unit: DNA Methylation Defects ............................................................................................................................................115 Cristina Camprubí and Joan Blanco 11 The Use of Sperm Ultra-Morphology Assessment in Assisted Reproduction ........................ 125 Nathalie Rives, Aurélie Rives, Rim Saïdi, Anne Perdrix, and Christine Rondanino 12 The Usefulness of Antisperm Antibodies Testing ......................................................................145 Mónica Hebe Vazquez-Levin, Clara Isabel Marín-Briggiler, Carolina Veaute, Rosa Molina, and Gustavo Luis Verón 13 The Measurement of Oxidative Stress in Semen and Use in Assisted Reproduction .............169 Ashok Agarwal, Joseph Vitale, and Anthony Kashou v vi Contents 14 The Importance of Sperm Surface Markers in Reproductive Success: Sperm Hyaluronan Binding ......................................................................................................................183 Leyla Sati and Gabor Huszar 15 Importance of Sperm Surface Markers in Reproductive Success: Surface Charge ............. 193 Luke Simon and Douglas T. Carrell 16 The Relevance in Reproductive Success of Sperm Head Polarization (Birefringence) ..........211 Andrea Garolla, Alberto Bottacin, Ilaria Cosci, Massimo Menegazzo, and Carlo Foresta 17 The Applicability of Raman Spectroscopy in Sperm Diagnosis and Selection for Assisted Reproduction ................................................................................................................. 223 Rocío Rivera and Nicolás Garrido 18 The Use of Sperm Proteomics in the Assisted Reproduction Laboratory .............................. 233 Meritxell Jodar, Ferran Barrachina, and Rafael Oliva 19 Evaluation of Surgically Retrieved Spermatozoa and Its Usefulness in Assisted Reproduction ................................................................................................................................ 245 Biljana Popovic-Todorovic, Greta Verheyen, Francisco Osorio, and Herman Tournaye Index ...................................................................................................................................................... 261 Preface Assisted reproductive technology is a rapidly evolving feld where new information about diagnostic and therapeutic options is constantly arising, making all specialists need assistance in the correct interpretation of each aspect in order to provide the best care for their patients, gametes, or embryos. In this sense, the male factor has been historically neglected in a specialty led mainly by gynecologists and focused on the female. The male’s contribution may account for a signifcant infuence on reproductive success, starting from the almost 50% of the embryo’s composition (if one considers that maternal mitochondrial DNA is conserved). But from the therapeutic viewpoint, this contribution may be even higher, considering that the sperm to be employed in the assisted reproduction treatment can be selected among millions, and this selection may decide reproductive success or failure, when all oocytes available are employed. Sperm quality measurement has been classically done under the parameters established by the World Health Organization manuals. This non-evidence based approach, instead of clarifying things, led to confusion among patients, practitioners, and lab specialists, due to the lack of predictive power in natural conceptions, and also the lack of linking with assisted reproduction results. Since intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was introduced, there has been a signifcant decrease in the interest to study sperm physiology and function, assuming that all the work needed from the male side was already done mechanically from the IVF center’s operators. Now, decades later, we know that ICSI may overcome fertilization problems but not ulterior physiological events, where sperm physiology still plays a role until the embryo takes the responsibility. Also, the genetic issues related to poor sperm quality have joined the clinical scenario, once ICSI children were evaluated, opening a different area of concern from using these techniques. More recently, the availability of molecular biology techniques able to analyze hundreds or even thou- sands of molecules has opened a new approach to male fertility and sperm fertility evaluation. Now that there is enough evidence to be sure that sperm function is multifactorial, many different molecular markers have been suggested as being involved in sperm-correct physiology. Even more importantly, different cellular biology techniques, either those coming from other biomedical specialties or those specifcally developed for sperm, that permit the isolation of single spermatozoa, while keeping their integrity and viability on the basis of molecular traits, are being tested in order to be implemented in assisted-reproduction laboratories to enhance a couple’s reproductive chances. This leads us to the historical doubt about treating the male or the sample. As more and more information is available, the interpretation becomes more diffcult, hence the need for specialists to describe the biological basis, techniques, interpretation of the results, and the reproductive counseling afterward, in order to assist our patients. This will expand the link between science and clinical practice, permitting the translation of scientifc knowledge into practice. We are very thankful to all contributors of this book, world opinion leaders on their topics and cor- responding areas, for their speedy and fuent contribution, as well as for the quality of their work, which will probably (and hopefully) make this book a reference in the feld. vii Contributors Ashok Agarwal Douglas T. Carrell American Center for Reproductive Medicine Andrology and IVF Laboratory Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Department of Surgery (Urology) Cleveland Clinic Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Cleveland, Ohio Department of Human Genetics University of Utah Esther Andrés Salt Lake City, Utah Andrology Laboratory and Sperm Bank Instituto Universitario IVI Valencia Jason C. Chandrapal Valencia, Spain Division of Urology Duke University Medical Center Ferran Barrachina Durham, North Carolina Molecular Biology of Reproduction and Development Research Group Ilaria Cosci Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Department of Medicine Sunyer (IDIBAPS) University of Padova University of Barcelona Padova, Italy Barcelona, Spain Burtram C. Fielding Joan Blanco Department of Medical Biosciences Genetics of Male Fertility Group, Unitat de University of the Western Cape Biologia Cel·lular (Facultat de Biociències) Bellville, South Africa Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain Carlo Foresta Department of Medicine Alberto Bottacin University of Padova Department of Medicine Padova, Italy University of Padova Padova, Italy Andrea Garolla Department of Medicine Robert E. Brannigan University of Padova Department of Urology Padova, Italy Northwestern University Evanston, Illinois Sandra Garcia PGD Molecular Cytogenetics Cristina Camprubí IGENOMIX GenIntegral Paterna, Spain Barcelona, Spain and Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular (Facultat de Nicolás Garrido Biociències) Andrology Laboratory and Sperm Bank Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Instituto Universitario IVI Valencia Bellaterra, Spain Valencia, Spain ix