Practical English Grammar and Composition

975 Pages·2·10.749 MB·English

by  Gupta, SC

10000 Sentences, 7000 Solved Questions
7000 Words Knowledge, 550 Solved Exercises
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Merits of the
BOOK
¶h Book à˶oH$ Cg N>mÌ Ho$ {bE ‘hÎdnyU© h¡ Omo {H$gr ^r Competitive Examination ‘| Appear hmo ahm h¡& Bg Book ‘| Z
Ho$db Grammar Part H$mo ~hþV {dñV¥V ê$n go àñVwV {H$¶m J¶m h¡, ~pëH$ Grammar Ho$ ha Topic go gå~pÝYV Test Yourself
Exercises ^r Xr JB© h¢& Competitive Examinations ‘| AmZo dmbo Grammar go gå~pÝYV àíZm| H$m g‘mYmZ ~hþV hr gab
VarHo$ go ~Vm¶m J¶m h¡ Ed§ {d{^ÝZ Competitive Examinations ‘| Am¶o àíZm| H$mo Solve {H$¶m J¶m h¡&
Bg Book bJ^J 550 Solved Exercises Xr JB© h¢ {OZ‘| bJ^J 7,000 àíZm| H$mo Solve {H$¶m J¶m h¡& BgHo$ A{V[a³V
Grammar Ho$ ha rules H$mo g‘PmVo hþE bJ^J 10,000 dm³¶m| H$mo ^r {X¶m J¶m h¡& ¶h Book Grammar Ho$ ha Topic H$mo
Comprehensively, Cover H$aVr h¡& Bg Book ‘| Xr JB© Test Yourself Exercises H$mo Solve H$aZo go N>mÌm| ‘| àíZm| H$mo hb
H$aZo H$m Ñ‹T> {dídmg OmJ«V hmoVm h¡&
Specific Exercises for Competitive Examinations
Competitive Examination ‘| ~¡R>Zo dmbo N>mÌm| hoVw Bg Book ‘| Spotting Errors, Cloze Test, Phrase Substitution,
Ordering of Sentences, Double Blanks Ed§ Correct the Sentence go gå~pÝYV Exercises Xr JB© h¡& BZ Exercises ‘|
{d{^ÝZ Competitive Examinations ‘| Am¶o àíZm| H$mo ^r Solve {H$¶m J¶m h¡& Spotting Errors ‘| Answers H$mo
Justification Ho$ gmW ~Vm¶m J¶m h¡&
Word Power Section
Bg Book H$m Word Power H$m Section ~hþV ‘hÎdnyU© Ed§ Comprehensive h¡& Bg‘| Word Power go gå~pÝYV ha àH$ma
Ho$ àíZm| H$mo hb {H$¶m J¶m h¡& Bg Book ‘| bJ^J 7,000 eãXm| H$s OmZH$mar {H$gr Z {H$gr ê$n ‘| Xr JB© h¡& Competitive
Examinations ‘| AmZo dmbo A{YH$m§e Words AmnH$mo Bg Book {‘b|Jo&
Composition Section
Bg Book Ho$ Composition Section ‘| Comprehensions, Precis Writing, Letter Writing, Report Writing Ed§
Paragraph Writing H$mo em{‘b {H$¶m J¶m h¡& Book ‘| Z Ho$db ha àH$ma H$s Solved Exercises hr Xr JB© h¢& ~pëH$ {ZåZ
{~ÝXþAm| na N>mÌm| Ho$ {bE ‘mJ©Xe©Z ^r {X¶m J¶m h¡&
(1) How to attempt the comprehensions?
(2) How to write a good precis?
(3) How to write good letters?
(4) How to write a good report?
(5) How to write a paragraph?
Bg Book H$m CX²Xoí¶$N>mÌm| H$mo ha àH$ma Ho$ Competitive Examination hoVw V¡¶ma H$aZm Ed§ CÝh| ha àH$ma Ho$ àíZm| go n[a{MV
H$amZm h¡& Book ‘| Xr JB© {d{^ÝZ Exercises H$mo ñd¶§ Solve H$aZo go N>mÌm| ‘| Bg Vah Ho$ àíZm| H$mo Solve H$aZo H$m AmË‘{dídmg
OmJ«V hmoVm h¡& h‘| {dídmg h¡ Competitive Examination H$s V¡¶mar H$aZo hoVw ¶h Book AmnH$s {ZpíMV hr ‘XXJma hmoJr&
with good wishes...
SC Gupta
129-South West Block
Near Eid Gah Alwar (Rajasthan)
Ph: 0144-2700438
Contents
1. Some Basic Terms of English 1
2. Know the English Fundamentals 11
3. Articles 20
4. Translation and Tense 43
5. Sequence of Tense 109
6. Noun 111
7. Pronoun 133
8. Determiners/Adjectives 157
9. Adverbs 180
10. The Verbs 198
11. Syntax : Subject-Verb Agreement 230
12. Non-Finites 257
13. Participle 269
14. Gerund 279
15. Reported Speech (Direct-Indirect Narrations) 286
16. Active Voice Passive Voice 315
17. Preposition 340
18. Conjunctions 373
19. The Interjection (!) 398
20. Transformation of Sentences 399
21. Conditional Sentences 421
22. Unenglish & Superfluous Expressions 428
23. Question Framing 438
24. Question Tag 453
25. Use of Capital Letters and Punctuation 459
26. Formation of Words 469
27. Spelling Rules 477
28. Sentence Structure and Analysis 485
29. Synthesis of Sentences 495
30. Phrasal Verbs 507
31. Idioms and Phrases 520
32. A Few Proverbs 562
33. Spotting the Errors 566
34. Cloze Test/Cloze Passage 594
35. Phrase Substitution or Sentence Improvement 610
36. Ordering of Sentences 626
37. Double Blanks in a Sentence 642
38. Miscellaneous Exercises (Correct the Sentences) 656
39. Word Power 667
40. Synonyms 669
41. Antonyms 675
42. Hindi Words 677
43. Antonyms/Synonyms 696
44. Homonyms 717
45. Contronyms 755
46. Heteronyms 757
47. Palindromes 761
48. Pangrams 762
49. Unusual Word Forms 763
50. Homographs 765
51. Paronyms 771
52. One Word Substitutions 775
53. Foreign Words 788
54. Group Terms 795
55. Related Pairs of Words 797
56. Choosing Appropriate Words 807
57. Specific Use of Words (Similar Meaning) 821
58. Words Never Used in Good Sense 825
59. Words Used as Different Parts of Speech 827
60. Some Peculiar Expressions 833
61. Animals, Males, Females, Youngs and Group Terms 835
62. Collective Names of Animals 836
63. Young Ones of Amimals 838
64. Words Used in the Constitution 839
65. Paragraph Writing 850
66. Letter Writing 869
67. Precis Writing 905
68. Report Writing 921
69. Comprehension 936
C0HAP1TER
SOME BASIC
TERMS OF ENGLISH
Fme Book ceW ØeÙegkeäle efJeefYevve Terms keâer peevekeâejer mebef#ehle ™he ceW Fme DeOÙeeÙe ceW oer pee jner nw~
(1) Alphabet:Deb«espeer Yee<ee kesâ Alphabet ceW26lettersnesles nQ efpevnW CapitallettersSJeb SmalllettersceW efvecve oes Øekeâej
mes efueKee peelee nw~SmalllettersSJeb Capitalletterskeâe GÛÛeejCe meceeve jnlee nw, uesefkeâve Deeke=âefleefYevve nesleer nw~ Capital
letters keâe ØeÙeesie keâye efkeâÙee peeSiee, Ùen peevevee Megæ Deb«espeer efueKeves nsleg DeeJeMÙekeâ nw, Fmekeâer mechetCe& peevekeâejer mecyeefvOele
DeOÙeeÙe ceW oer ieF& nw~
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Capital Letters
a b c d e f g hij k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Small Letters
(2) Word(Meyo):LetterskeâesDeehemeceWefceueekeâjefueKevesmesGvekeâekeâesF&DeLe&efvekeâueleenwleesGmesWord (Meyo)keânepeelee
nw~ Skeâ Word yeveeves kesâ efueS keâce mes keâce Skeâ mJej SJeb Skeâ JÙebpeve keâe nesvee DeeJeMÙekeâ nw~ mJej ve nesves hej mJej keâer OJeefve
Jeeuee JÙebpeve nesvee DeeJeMÙekeâ nw~ uesefkeâve Skeâ ner letters Jeeues Meyo pewmes : A, I, O FlÙeeefo Fmekesâ DeheJeeo nQ~
(A=Skeâ, I =ceQ,O =Dees)
(3) Sentence(JeekeäÙe) :oes Ùee DeefOekeâWordskeâes heeme-heemeefueKevesmes yevevesJeeuesMeyo mecetn keâe keâesF& DeLe& efvekeâueleenw, lees
Fme Meyo mecetn keâes JeekeäÙe Sentence keâne peelee nw~
Sentence kesâ cegKÙe ¤he mes oes Yeeie nesles nQ :
(i) Subject SJeb (ii) Predicate
(i) Subject:keâeÙe& keâes keâjves Jeeuee Subject(keâlee&) keânueelee nQ~
(ii) Predicate:Subjectpees keâeÙe& keâjlee nw, Gmes Predicatekeânles nQ~
Sentence ceÏKÙeleÙee Ûeej Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ :
(a)SimpleSentence ceW Skeâ ner FiniteVerbneslee nw~
(b)Compound Sentence ceW oes Ùee DeefOekeâ Principal Clauses nesles nQ, pees Skeâ-otmejs mes Co-ordinating
ConjunctionÉeje pegÌ[s nesles nQ~
(c)ComplexSentenceceWkeâcemeskeâceSkeâPrincipalClauseleLeeSkeâÙeeDeefOekeâSub-ordinateClausenesleenw~
(d)MixedSentenceSsmes SentencesnQ pees Simple,CompoundÙee ComplexSentencemes Deueie nQ, Mixed
Sentencekeânueeles nQ~
2
English Grammar & Composition
(4) Clause:MeyoeW keâe Ssmee mecetn pees Skeâ Sentencekeâe ner Skeâ Yeeie nw efpemeceW Skeâ FiniteverbSJeb Skeâ Subjectneslee nw,
Clause keânueelee nw~
Clause is such a group of words that forms part of a sentence, and contains a subject and a finite verb.
Clauseleerve Øekeâej keâer nesleer nQ :
(i) Principal Clause :Ssmes Clausenesleer nw, pees mJeÙeb ceW mJelev$e nesleer nw SJeb efpemekeâe mJeÙeb keâe hetCe& DeLe& efvekeâuelee nw~
(ii) Co-ordinate Clause : Ùen Clause Yeer Skeâ mJelev$e Clause nw, efpemekeâe mJeÙeb keâe DeLe& efvekeâuelee nw~ Ùen Simple
Sentencekeâer lejn nesleer nw pees DevÙeclausemesCoordinatingConjunctionpewmes and,but,for,oretc.mes mebÙegkeäle
nesleer nw~
(iii) Sub-ordinate Clause :Ùen ClauseSkeâ mJelev$e Clause veneR nw efpemekeâe mJeÙeb keâe hetCe& DeLe& veneR efvekeâuelee nw~ Ùen
Deheves hetCe& DeLe& kesâ efueS DevÙeClause hej efveYe&j nesleer nw~ Ùen ClauseDevÙeClausemesSub-ordinatingConjunction
pewmes : as, why, because, since, before, unless, though, although, lest, as soon as, provided, etc. mes
mebÙegkeälenesleernw~Sub-ordinateClausekeâe,FmeClauseÉejeefkeâÙespeevesJeeueskeâeÙe&kesâDevegmeejleerveYeeieeWceWJeieeakeâjCeefkeâÙee
peelee nw :
(i) Noun Clause (ii) Adjective Clause (iii) Adverb Clause
(5) Phrase:MeyoeWkeâeSkeâSsmeemecetnefpemekeâekegâÚDeLe&leesefvekeâueleenw,uesefkeâvehetCe&DeLe&veneRefvekeâuelee,Phrasekeânueeleenw~
‘A group of words which make sense, but not complete sense, is called a Phrase’pewmes :
Red Tapism, Ins and outs , Hand in gloves etc.
(6) Parts of Speech : JeekeäÙe(Sentence) ceW ØeÙegkeäle efJeefYevve Øekeâej kesâ MeyoeW keâes Dee" YeeieeW ceW efJeYeeefpele efkeâÙee ieÙee nw
(i) Noun (ii) Pronoun (iii) Adjective (iv) Adverb
(v) Preposition (vi) Verb (vii) Conjunction (viii) Interjection.
(7) Affirmative Sentence : Ssmes JeekeäÙe peesnegative veneR nQ, AffirmativeSentence keânueeles nQ~
(8) Assertive Sentence :Ssmes JeekeäÙe efpeveceW kegâÚ keâLeve efkeâÙee ieÙee nes, Assertive sentencekeânueeles nQ~
I was not present there. I have taken a decision.
(9) ImperativeSentence:Ssmes JeekeäÙe efpeveceW DeeosMe(order)efveoxMe (direction,command),ØeeLe&vee (request),megPeeJe
(suggestion), meueen(advice) keâe YeeJe efveefnle jnlee nw~ pewmes :
(a) Shut the door. (b) Consult a good physician.
(10)Optative Sentence : Ssmes JeekeäÙe efpevemes Good wishes ØeeLe&vee, DeefYeJeeove Ùee FÛÚe JÙekeäle keâer peeleer nw, Optative
Sentence keânueeles nQ~ pewmes :
(a) God bless you! (b) Long live the queen!
(11)ExclamatorySentence:SsmesJeekeäÙepeesDeheâmeesme,Ie=Cee,og:Ke,DeeMÛeÙe&,Øemevvelee,MeeyeeMeerosveskeâeYeeJeJÙekeälekeâjlesnQ,
Exclamatory Sentencekeânueeles nQ~ pewmes :
(a) Hurrah! we have won the match. (b) Oh! she died so young.
(12)Colloquial : Fmekeâe DeLe& neslee nw,conversational , informalpees yeeleÛeerle ceW ØeÙeesie neslee nw~
(13)Complement:Fmekeâe DeLe& neslee nw, hetjkeâ~ComplementJeekeäÙe keâe Jen Yeeie nw pees JeekeäÙe ceWSubjectÙee Objectkeâes
mhe<š keâjlee nw~ peesSubjectkeâer hetefle& keâjlee nw, Ùee Subjectkeâes mhe<š keâjlee nw, Gmes SubjectiveComplementleLee pees
Objectkeâer hetefle& keâjlee nw, Ùee Object keâes mhe<š keâjlee nw, GmesObjective Complementkeânles nQ~ pewmes:
(i) Gopesh became ateacher. (ii) Nisha is agirl.
JeekeäÙe (i) teacherSJeb(ii)ceWgirl, subjectkeâes mhe<š keâjles nQ~ ÙesSubjective ComplementsnQ~
(iii) We elected Ram ourmonitor. (iv) Her father named herSheela.
JeekeäÙe (iii) monitor,SJeb(iv)ceWSheela, Objective ComplementsnQ~
3
Some Basic Terms of English
(14)Cognate Object : peye JeekeäÙe cesW verb kesâ meaning keâer similarity ceW object keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw lees Ssmee object,
Cognate Objectkeânueelee nw~ pewmes :
(i) He fought a fierce fight. (ii) Rahim sang a sad song.
Ghejeskeäle JeekeäÙeeW ceW song, fight, ›eâceMe: verb; sang SJeb fought kesâ cognate objects nQ~
(15)Syllable:Word(Meyo)keâe Jen Yeeie pees Skeâ yeej ceW yeesuee peelee nwSyllablekeânueelee nw~ SkeâWord(Meyo)Skeâ Ùee
DeefOekeâSyllablekeâe nes mekeâlee nw~
Asyllableis a part of a word that contains a single vowel sound and that is pronounced as a unit.
So,For example‘book’ has one syllable, and‘reading’ has two syllables.
(i) One Syllable:Word Run, sit, come, go, my, he etc.
(ii) Two Syllable:Words Mon-day, four- teen, fa - ther, sun -day etc.
(iii) Words with more than two syllable:Won-der-ful, beau-ti-ful , de-mo-cra-cy, im-po-ssi-ble.
(16)Vowels:Deb«espeer Yee<ee ceWA,E,I,O,Ukeâes Vowels(mJej)ceevee ieÙee nw~ Fvekesâ Deefleefjkeäle keâF& JÙebpeve(consonants)Yeer
mJej keâer OJeefve nsleg ØeÙegkeäle nesles nQ~
(17)Consonants:A,E,I,O,Ukesâ DeefleefjkeäleMes<e meYeerAlphabetsJÙebpeve(Consonants)keânueeles nQ~ DebiesÇpeerYee<eeceWs 21
JÙebpeve SJeb 5 mJej nesles nQ~
(18)Prefix:cetue Meyo kesâ meeLe henues pegÌ[s kegâÚ De#ej; pewmes Im,in,un,en,dis,emFlÙeeefo, Prefixkeânueeles nQ~ PrefixÉeje
veS Meyo keâe efvecee&Ce efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pewmes : Impossible, impure, incompetent, enroute, encourage, dislike,
embark, empower, defame.
(19)Suffix:cetue Meyo kesâ yeeo ueies ngS De#ej pewmes age,ed,ist,ing,em,ish,en,shipFlÙeeefo Suffixkeânueeles nQ~ Suffix
Éeje Yeer veS Meyo keâe efvecee&Ce efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pewmes leakage, breakage, gifted, talented, rightist, socialist,
friendship, hardship etc.
(20)Premodifier:JenMeyopeesnounmeshenuesDeeleenwSJebGmekesâDeLe&ceWJe=efækeâjleen,w Premodifierkeânueeleenw~pewmes:
(i) He misbehaved with aninvitedfriend. (ii) They sold thecursedhouse.
Ghejeskeäle JeekeäÙeeW ceW Invited SJeb Cursed, PremodifiernQ~
(21)Slang:Slangconsistsofwords,expressionsandmeaningsthatareinformalandareusedbythepeople
whoknoweachotherverywellandquitefamiliarwithone-another.(Generallyabusivelanguage)hetCe&
heefjefÛele JÙeefkeäleÙeeW Éeje ØeÙegkeäle DeveewheÛeeefjkeâ efJeMes<e Meyo, expressions,meeceevÙe ¤he mes ieeueer pewmes Meyo FlÙeeefo~
(22)Tense: Tenseisthatformofaverbwhichshowsnotonlythetimeofanaction,butalsothestateofan
action or event.
(23)SequenceofTense(keâeue›eâce):JesefveÙecepeesÙenefveOee&efjlekeâjlesnQefkeâefkeâmeerJeekeäÙeceWSubordinateClauseefkeâef›eâÙee
(Verb) keâe Tense keäÙee nesiee DeLee&led Ùeefo Principal Clause ceW verb keâe Tense Present, Past Ùee Future nw
Subordinate Clause ceW keâewve-mee Tense ØeÙegkeäle nesvee ÛeeefnS efpememes JeekeäÙe mebjÛevee mener nes~ Fmekeâe efveOee&jCe efpeve
efmeæevleeW, efveÙeceeW kesâ Devleie&le efkeâÙee peelee nw GvnW Sequence of Tense kesâ Devleie&le meefcceefuele efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~
(24)Noun : efkeâmeer JÙeefkeäle, Jemleg, mLeeve, iegCe, keâeÙe& Ùee DeJemLee kesâ veece keâes Noun (meb%ee) keâne peelee nw~
A noun is a word used as name of a person, place or thing.
‘Thing’ Meyo yengle efJemle=le nw, FmeceW meYeer ÛeerpeeW keâe meceeJesMe nes peelee nw~