Practical Crime Scene Processing and Investigation, Third Edition PDF
Preview Practical Crime Scene Processing and Investigation, Third Edition
Practical Crime Scene Processing and Investigation CRC SERIES IN PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF CRIMINAL AND F ORENSIC I NVESTIGATIONS VERNON J. GEBERTH, BBA, MPS, FBINA Series Editor Practical Homicide Investigation: Tactics, Procedures, and Forensic Techniques, Fifth Edition Vernon J. Geberth Practical Homicide Investigation Checklist and Field Guide, Second Edition Vernon J. Geberth Practical Crime Scene Processing and Investigation, Third Edition Ross M. Gardner and Donna R. Krouskup Handbook of Forensic Toxicology for Medical Examiners, Second Edition D.K. Molina and Veronica Hargrove Munchausen by Proxy and Other Factitious Abuse: Practical and Forensic Investigative Techniques Kathryn Artingstall Practical Analysis and Reconstruction of Shooting Incidents, Second Edition Edward E. Hueske Gunshot Wounds: Practical Aspects of Firearms, Ballistics, and Forensic Techniques, Third Edition Vincent J. M. DiMaio Informants, Cooperating Witnesses, and Undercover Investigations: A Practical Guide to Law, Policy, and Procedure, Second Edition Dennis G. Fitzgerald Practical Military Ordnance Identification Tom Gersbeck Practical Cold Case Homicide Investigations Procedural Manual Richard H. Walton Autoerotic Deaths: Practical Forensic and Investigative Perspectives Anny Sauvageau and Vernon J. Geberth Practical Crime Scene Processing and Investigation, Second Edition Ross M. Gardner Practical Crime Scene Processing and Investigation Third Edition Ross M. Gardner and Donna R. Krouskup CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2019 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-04778-5 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation with- out intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Gardner, Ross M., author. | Krouskup, Donna, author. Title: Practical crime scene processing and investigation / Ross M. Gardner and Donna Krouskup. Description: Third Edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, [2019] | Revised edition of Practical crime scene processing and investigation, c2012. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018015616| ISBN 9781138047785 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781315170596 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Crime scene searches. | Criminal investigation. | Evidence, Criminal. Classification: LCC HV8073 .G32 2018 | DDC 363.25/2--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018015616 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Dedication To the men and women of the United States Army Criminal Investigation Command (USACIDC), past, present and future for their dedication to excellence. To my amazing husband, Chris, for loving and supporting me in all my endeavors. To my two beautiful children, Cole and Chloe, always follow your dreams and dream BIG! And a Special Dedication to Eugene R. Cromartie Major General (Ret), USA October 3, 1936 – Feb 13, 2017 As the Commander of the USACIDC, General Cromartie set an environment in which I was able to thrive and learn early in my career. During my tenure with USACIDC I served under numerous Commanding Generals, but General Cromartie stood out among them all. Any skills I achieved are very much attributable to the manner in which he led the USACIDC, creating the myriad of outstanding leaders and investigators who would ultimately forge my understanding of criminal investigations. I was and remain humbled that such an outstanding leader agreed to write the foreword for this book. Contents Foreword xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xix About the authors xxi About the contributing authors xxiii 1 Introduction 1 Police Goals and Objectives 2 Evidence Defined 5 The Interpretive Value of Evidence 6 Good Crime Scene Examinations and Scene Integrity Issues 10 Investigative Ethics 14 Summary 15 Chapter questions 16 Suggested reading 16 Notes 17 2 Understanding the Nature of Physical Evidence 19 Class and Individual Characteristics 19 Fingerprint Evidence 21 Serology and Biological Evidence 23 Trace Evidence 29 Hairs and fibers 30 Glass 31 Paints and polymers 33 Soils 34 Gunshot residues 34 Firearm and Ballistic Evidence 35 Tool-Mark Evidence 40 Impression Evidence 41 General Chemical Evidence 43 Document Evidence 44 Computer and Cell Phone Forensics 44 Forensic Pathology 46 Summary 47 Chapter questions 47 Suggested reading 48 Notes 48 3 Actions of the Initial Responding Officer 51 Specific Objectives of the Initial Response 51 Documenting initial information 52 Officer safety 52 Emergency care 53 Secure and control the crime scene 57 Release the scene to appropriate authorities 61 Summary 62 Chapter questions 62 vii viii Contents Suggested reading 62 Notes 62 4 Processing Methodology 63 Basic Activities of Scene Processing 64 Assessing 64 Observing 64 Documenting 64 Searching 65 Collecting 65 Processing/Analyzing 66 “Going Back” in Sequence 67 A Major Scene Processing Model 67 The Adapted USACIDC Processing Model 67 Step 1: Initial notification 67 Step 2: Coordination, assessment, and team call-out 68 Step 3: Conduct initial observations 68 Step 4: Deal with the deceased 68 Step 5: Initial photography of the scene 69 Step 6: Document overall observations 69 Step 7: Sketch the scene 70 Step 8: Conduct a first recheck 70 Step 9: Release the body 70 Step 10: Collect items of evidence 71 Step 11: Conduct a second recheck of the scene 72 Step 12: Conduct a third recheck of the scene 72 Step 13: Check beyond the scene 72 Step 14: Conduct an on-scene debriefing of the investigative team 73 Step 15: Release or secure the scene 73 Step 16: Process and package evidence 73 Step 17: Conduct a formal debriefing 73 Checklists versus methodology 73 Summary 73 Chapter questions 74 Suggested reading 74 Notes 74 5 Assessing the Scene 75 Debriefing the Responding Officers 75 Scene Scope and Boundary Assessment 77 Scene Integrity and Contamination Control 78 Managing Access 81 Defining Team Composition 83 Crime Scene Search Considerations 85 Search Patterns 89 Circle or spiral search 90 Strip and line search 90 Grid search 91 Zone search 91 Point-to-Point search 94 Personal Protective Measures and Hazard Identification 94 Biohazard risks 94 Structural hazards in fire and explosion scenes 96 Contents ix Chemical and inhalation hazards in fire and explosion scenes 96 Inhalation, chemical, or fire hazards from scene-processing techniques 97 Chemical and bio-terror hazards 97 PPE in a Trace Evidence Environment — One MindSet 98 Considerations for Mass Crime Scene and Mass-Casualty Situations 99 Pre-Event Considerations of Crime Scene Supervisors 99 Practical on-scene considerations for the mass scene 100 Managing the Media 101 Summary 102 Chapter questions 104 Suggested reading 104 Notes 104 6 Crime Scene Photography 107 What Makes Good Photographs 109 Recurring Problems in Crime Scene Photography 110 Identification problems 110 Orientation problems 110 Confusion problems 111 Incomplete documentation 113 Types and Purpose of Crime Scene Photographs 113 Overall photographs 113 Corner or side — you decide 113 Evidence establishing/relationship photographs 117 What’s in a name: Evidence-establishing versus mid-range photos 122 Evidence close-up/examination quality photographs 122 The road-mapping method of photographic documentation 123 A basic methodology to crime scene photography 138 Camera Control Issues 140 Video Photography 143 Summary 144 Chapter questions 144 Suggested reading 145 Notes 145 7 Crime Scene Sketching and Mapping 147 Essential Sketch Elements 147 Variations of View in Sketches 149 Methods for Mapping Crime Scenes 152 Manual mapping methods 152 Rectangular coordinates 155 Triangulation 156 Baseline coordinates 158 Polar coordinates 162 Triangulation or rectangular coordinates on a grid 162 Triangulation on a baseline 165 Technology in support of crime scene mapping 168 Total station mapping 168 3-D laser mapping 172 Summary 177 Chapter questions 178 Suggested reading 178 Notes 178
The list of books you might like
