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SAPIENTIUM GIVEN TO THE *^ THE COLLEGE OF LIBRARY OF LIBERAL ARTS BY THE FRIENDS OF THE LIBRARY STIMULI. THtGmo^ \A;^ss V\e,\en. tA. Sie.vetv.s, CLVX A^05 rvA/i»^^u -xn \^A1 PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY BY LYMAN NEWELL, C. Ph.D. (johns hopkins) PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY, BOSTON UJaVERSITV, BOSTON, MASS. AUTHOR OF "EXPERIMENTAL CHEXHSTRY,"' "DESCRIPTIVE CHEMISTRY" "GENERALCHEMISTRY,""INORGANICCHEMISTRYFOR COLLEGES," "LABORATORY MANUAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY" D. C. HEATH & CO., PUBLLSHERS BOSTON Xt.W YORK CHICAGO Q COPYRIGHT, 1922 BY LYMAN C. NEWELL 2G ^ ( 33 PREFACE A TEXTBOOK intended for the first year of chemistry should nu-it certain requirements. Both pupil and teacher must be considin-d. The pupil needs a book which is written plainly, illustrated fully, and applied practically; which stimulates interest in chemistrv, and which can be studied profitably. The teacher needs a b;)ok in which the text is carefully selected, judiciously apportioned, and properlv arranged whichprovidesteachingmaterial, and which can be taught ; successfully. The author believes his Practical Chemistry meets these requirements. The text includes the facts and principles suitable for beirinncrs. No important topic has been omitted. The selection is varied. i)er- mitting the use of the book in different kinds of classes. The topics suggested by the College Entrance Examination Board and the Board of Regents (New York) have bee—n incorporated. The style and arrangement are clear short sentences, brief para- graphs, explanatory examples, lettered subdivisions, numbered sec- tions, instructive topical headings. Unusual care has been taken to write clearly such topics as symbols, formulas, equations, atomic weights, molecular weights, and valence. Theexercises, whichareplacedattheendofthechapters,havel)ecn prepared to meet the real needs of pupils. The author believes that a class should be drilled on fundamentals as well as provided with opportunities to answer test questions. Hence, numerous exercises have been provided for review, home study, practical e.xpcrience. and themes. Teachers are urged to examine these exercises and as- sign those best adapted to the needs of the class. The list of books incorporatedintheAppendix, § 5, willbeserviceableinconnectionwith home study and other assignments. The problems emphasize fundamental principles and processes; many require original thinking. The liberal selection will meet the requirements of different kinds of classes. Ane—xamination of the book willshow that it isa Practical Chem- istry practical in several ways. The more vital applications of chemistry are described in connection with the appropriate facts or principles. IMoreover, the major applications of chemistry are so fully described and illustrated that a pupil can obtain from the book itself an accurate and adequate account of modern chemical indus- PREFACE iv tries. Teachers are referred to such topics as purification of water (69), nitric acid (196), sulphur (250), sulphuric acid (268, 270), fuel oil and gasolene (311, 312. Fig. 112), sodium silicate (387), glass (394), cast iron (490), steel (494. 495)^ and copper (528, Fig. 193). ' Certain features of this book should not be overlooked. (i) The study of carbon is begun in Chapter III, thereby introduc- ing a famihar element and itsstrikingapplicationsat thestart. This element is reviewed (with extensions) in Chapter XXI, and its useful compounds are studied in Chapters XXII (Fuels and Illuminants), XXIII (Other Carbon Compounds), and XXIV (Food). No apol- ogy is offered for devoting so much space to carbon. It is a fundamental element, and the practical apphcations of this element and its compounds are indispensable and conspicuous. (2) The portion of the text that deals with theory is thoroughly adequate. The material is strategically distributed among several chapters (VII, VIII, X, XV, XVI, XVII). This distribution, as well as the simple treatment, will make the theory of chemistry less formidable to beginners. Certain metals are treated rather fully and placed in the first (3) part of the text devoted to metals. These are sodium, calcium, iron, aluminium, and copper (Chapters XXIX-XXXIII) By this ar- . rangement the essential principles of metallurgy, the characteristics of metals, and the apphcations of metals and their compounds are available for study before the hurried work at the close of the year. (4) Half-tone illustrations have been liberally used because they tell a story which is often more complete than verbal description. The author trusts they will be made indispenable adjuncts to instruc- tion. The portraits of chemists, which were made from originals in the author's private collection, have been inserted to arouse interest inthosechemistswhohave contributed conspicuously to the founding and progress of chemistry. (5) The drawings of processes and apparatus are likewise intended as a supplement to the text. Especial care has been taken to draw them accurately and to represent salient features without confusing details. These drawings, with minor exceptions, were made by Har- old C. Spencer, Boston University, 1914- The author is deeply in- debted to him for commendable patience and skillful cooperation. The author is grateful for suggestions and assistance received from members of the faculty of Boston University and from former stu- dents who are teaching chemistry in high schools. L. C. N. Boston, Mass. May, 1922. ;;; ; ;; ;;;;; ;;; ;; ; ; ;;; ..; ACKNO\M.EDGMEXTS The author acknowledges the courtesy and Kcnerosily of the fol- lowing for the use of photographs: -- Acheson Graphite Co., Niagara Falls, X. V. (loo) Air Reduction Sales Co., N. Y. (28, 125) AmericanAgricultural Chemical Co., Boston, Mass. (152, i53) American La France Fire Engine Company of Massachusetts, Boston, Mass. (18); — Board of Water Supply City of New York, X. \. (34) Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. (iij Commonwealth Steel Co., St. Louis, Mo. (181); Coors Porcelain Co., Golden, Colo. (192) Electro Bleaching Gas Co., N. Y. (63) Freeport Sulphur Co., N. Y. (89) Honolulu Iron Works, N. Y. (132, i33. i34) Illinois Glass Co., and Editor of Bottles, AltoWn, 111. (146) Libbev-Owens Sheet Glass Co.. Charleston, . \a. (145) Lurav Caverns Corporation, Luray, Va. (162) MMaac-bneetshi,a EAsvsaoncsiaCtoi.o,nPoiftAtsmbeurrigcha,,P—Pah.il(a1d4e4l)ph"'i.a, ^Pa. ^(200, 201),; Metal & Thermit Co., N. Y. (189 left, 190) National Lime Association, Washington, D. C. (160) New England Oil Refining Co., Boston, Mass. (iii, 113); ONixayggaernaPArlokdaulictCso.C,o.NiaangdarEaleFcatlrlos,laNb.s CYo..,(1P5i7t)ts;burgh,, ^Pa. (.4)., Petroleum Age, Chicago, III. (no) Philadelphia Quartz Co., Philadelphia, Pa. (143); Raritan Copper Works, Perth Amboy, N. J. (194, i95, ^^^^ ^°^' °'\-°'^ Rhode Island Agricultural Experiment Station, Kingston, R. I. (lOi), Riter-Conley Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. (172) Semet-Solvay Co., Syracuse, N. Y. (104) Swift & Co., Chicago, 111. (138) Texas Gulf Sulphur Co., N. Y. (90) TUhnedremrawlooSdyn&dicUantdee,rwLtodo.d,,NN..YY..(1(41283), 184, 185 copyri-ghut*eda)\- Vulcan Iron Works, Wilkes-Barre, Pa. (167) Wallace & Tiernan Co., Inc., Newark. N. J. ^3:^). S. D. Warren Co., Boston, Mass. (136, i37) Welsbach Co., Gloucester, N. J. (131); AiIa Wood Iron& steel Co., Philadelphm I.-.. (..^V. Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., YounRstown, Oh.o („, .,S. ,8.),