Power Vacuum Tubes Handbook

622 Pages·1994·19.116 MB·English

by  Jerry C. Whitaker (auth.)

Power Vacuum Tubes
Handbook
Power Vacuum Thbes
Handbook
Jerry c. Whitaker
~ Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Copyright© 1994 by Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Multiscience Press, Inc in 1994.
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1994
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 93-81331
ISBN 978-1-4684-9989-6 ISBN 978-1-4684-9987-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4684-9987-2
All rights reserved. No part ofthis work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced
or used in any forrn or by any means-graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording, taping, or inforrnation storage and retrieval systems-without
perrnission of the publisher.
1120 Birchmount Road
Scarborough, Ontario MIK 5G4, Canada
1166 1155 1144 1133 1122 1111 1100 99 88 77 66 55 44 33 22 11
This book is dedicated to my daughter
Alexis Ann Whitaker
Enjoy the wonder of life
Acknowledgment
This handbook was developed with assistance from the technical staff of Varian Associates
(Palo Alto, CA). Varian provided background information and technical guidance on the
project.
Cover photograph courtesy of Broadcast Engineering magazine and Thomson Tubes.
Information contained in this work has been obtained by Van Nostrand Reinhold from
sources believed to be reliable. However, neither Van Nostrand Reinhold nor its authors
guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published therein and neither
Van Nostrand Reinhold nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or
damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding
that Van Nostrand Reinhold and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting
to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the
assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought.
Contents
About the Author xv
Preface xvii
Chapter 1
Power Vacuum Tube Applications 1
INTRODUCTION 1
Vacuum Tube Development I
Standardization 9
Transmission Systems 10
VACUUM TUBE APPLICATIONS 11
Market Overview 11
AM Radio Broadcasting 13
Shortwave Broadcasting 14
FM Radio Broadcasting 15
TV Broadcasting 16
Satellite Transmission 18
Radar 20
Electronic Navigation 23
Microwave Radio 28
Induction Heating 29
Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum 30
BIBLIOGRAPHY 34
Chapter 2
Modulation Systems and Characteristics 37
INTRODUCTION 37
Modulation Systems 38
Principles of Resonance 39
Frequency Source 43
vii
Operating Class 46
Broadband Amplifier Design 48
AMPLITUDE MODULATION 50
High-Level AM Modulation 54
Vestigial-Sideband Amplitude Modulation 56
Single-Sideband Amplitude Modulation 56
FREQUENCY MODULATION 57
Modulation Index 57
Phase Modulation 62
Modifying FM Waves 63
Preemphasis and Deemphasis 63
Modulation Circuits 64
PULSE MODULATION 67
Digital Modulation Systems 67
Pulse Amplitude Modulation 68
Pulse Time Modulation (PTM) 68
Pulse Code Modulation 71
Delta Modulation 72
Digital Coding Systems 72
Spread Spectrum Systems 75
BIBLIOGRAPHY 76
Chapter 3
Vacuum Tube Basics 77
INTRODUCTION 77
CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRONS 77
Electron Optics 78
Thermal Emission From Metals 80
Secondary Emission 81
Diode 83
Triode 84
Tetrode 90
Pentode 93
High-Frequency Operating Limits 97
VACUUM TUBE DESIGN 103
Device Cooling 103
Cathode Assembly 108
Grid Structures 113
Plate Assembly 121
Ceramic Elements 122
Tube Construction 124
Connection Points 125
Tube Sockets 126
viii
NEUTRALIZA TION 126
Circuit Analysis 127
Circuit Design 128
Grounded-Grid Amplifier Neutralization 135
Self-Neutralizing Frequency 137
Neutralization Adjustment 140
BIBLIOGRAPHY 141
Chapter 4
Designing Vacuum Tube Circuits 143
INTRODUCTION 143
Class A Amplifier 144
Class Band AB Amplifiers 144
Class C Amplifiers 145
PRINCIPLES OF RF POWER AMPLIFICATION 145
Drive Power Requirements 148
Mechanical and Electrical Considerations 151
Bypassing Tube Elements 153
Parasitic Oscillations 155
Shielding 160
Protection Measures 162
CAVITY AMPLIFIER SYSTEMS 164
Bandwidth and Efficiency 165
Current Paths 167
1/4-Wavelength Cavity 170
1/2-Wavelength Cavity 175
Folded 1/2-Wave Cavity 180
Wideband Cavity 181
Output Coupling 182
Mechanical Design 188
HIGH-VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLIES 192
Silicon Rectifiers 192
Operating Rectifiers in Series 193
Operating Rectifiers in Parallel 194
Silicon Avalanche Rectifiers 196
Thyristor Servo Systems 197
Polyphase Rectifier Circuits 206
Power Supply Filter Circuits 209
BIBLIOGRAPHY 214
ix
Chapter 5
Applying Vacuum Tube Devices 215
INTRODUCTION 215
AM POWER AMPLIFIER SYSTEMS 215
Control Grid Modulation 217
Suppressor Grid Modulation 218
Cathode Modulation 219
High-Level AM Amplification 219
Pulse Width Modulation 222
LINEAR AMPLIFICATION 225
Device Selection 225
Grid-Driven Linear Amplifier 226
Cathode-Driven Linear Amplifier 226
Intermodulation Distortion 227
HIGH-EFFICIENCY LINEAR AMPLIFICATION 229
Chireix Outphasing Modulated Amplifier 230
Doherty Amplifier 231
Screen-Modulated Doherty -Type Amplifier 233
Terman-Woodyard Modulated Amplifier 235
Dome Modulated Amplifier 236
TV POWER AMPLIFIER SYSTEMS 238
System Considerations 238
Power Amplifier 240
FM POWER AMPLIFIER SYSTEMS 244
Cathode-Driven Triode Amplifier 244
Grounded-Grid vs. Grid-Driven Tetrode 246
Grid-Driven TetrodelPentode Amplifiers 247
Impedance Matching into the Grid 248
Neutralization 250
SPECIAL-APPLICA TION AMPLIFIERS 251
Distributed Amplification 252
Radar 252
BIBLIOGRAPHY 256
Chapter 6
Microwave Power Tubes 259
INTRODUCTION 259
Linear-Beam Tubes 260
Crossed-Field Tubes 260
GRID VACUUM TUBES 264
Planar Triode 265
High-Power UHF Tetrode 267
KLYSTRON 268
x