Power System Protection (IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering)

1313 Pages·1999·27.03 MB·English

by  Paul M. Anderson

POWER SYSTEM
PROTECTION
IEEE Press
445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331
Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331
IEEE Press Editorial Board
RogerF. Hoyt, Editor in Chief
John B.Anderson A. H. Haddad M. Padgett
~ M. Anderson R. Herrick W. D. Reeve
M. Eden S. Kartalopoulos G. Zobrist
M. E.El-Hawary D. Kirk
S. Furui P Laplante
Kenneth Moore, DirectorofIEEE Press
Marilyn G. Catis, AssistantEditor
SurendraBhimani,Production Editor
IEEEPowerEngineeringSociety, Sponsor
PES LiaisontoIEEEPress, RogerKing
CoverDesign: WilliamT.Donnelly, WTDesign
Technical Reviewers
Dr. Xusheng Chen, Seattle University
Dr. Charles A. Gross, Auburn University
Mladen Kezunovic, TexasA & M University
W. C. Kotheimer, Kotheimer Associates
Stephen L. Larsen, S & SLarsen Associates, Inc.
Dr. Bruce F.Wollenberg, University ofMinnesota
S. E. Zocholl, IEEE Fellow, Schweitzer Engineering Labs, Inc.
IEEEPRESSPOWERENGINEERINGSERIES
P M.Anderson, Series Editor
PowerMathAssociates, Inc.
Series Editorial Advisory Committee
RoyBillington StephenA.Sebo GeorgeKarady
University ofSaskatchewan Ohio State University Arizona State University
M.El-Hawary E.KeithStanek RogerL.King
Dalhousie University University ofMissouri-Rolla Mississippi State University
RichardF.Farmer S.S.(Mani)Venkata DonaldB.Novotny
Arizona State University IowaState University University of Wisconsin
CharlesA.Gross AtifS.Debs RaymondR.Shoults
Auburn University Decision Systems International University ofTexasat Arlington
MladenKezunovic MehdiEtezadi-Amoli KeithB.Stump
TexasA &M University UniversityofNevada SiemensPowerTransmission andDistribution
JohnW.Lamont AntonioG.Flores ~ M.Anderson
Iowa State University Texas Utilities PowerMathAssociates
POWER SYSTEM
PROTECTION
P.M. Anderson
Power Math Associates, Inc.
IEEE Power Engineering Society, Sponsor
IEEE Press Power EngineeringSeries
P. M.Anderson, Series Editor
ffiWILEY- .A..
IEEE
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LibraryofCongress Cataloging-in-PublicationData
Anderson,P.M.(PaulM.), 1926-
Powersystemprotection/byP.M.Anderson.
p. em. -- (IEEEPresspowerengineeringseries)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN0-7803-3427-2
1. Electricpowersystems-Protection. I. Title. II Series.
TLI0I0.A53 1998
621.31'7-dc21 98-28659
CW
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
To Ginny
BOOKS IN THE IEEE PRESS POWERENGINEERING SERIES
ELECTRICPOWER APPLICATIONSOF FUZZYSYSTEMS
Mohamed E. El-Hawary, Dalhousie University
1998 Hardcover 384 pp IEEE Order No. PC5666 ISBN 0-7803-1197-3
RATING OF ELECTRICPOWER CABLES: Ampacity Computationsfor Transmission,
Distribution, and Industrial Applications
George J.Anders, Ontario Hydro Technologies
1997 Hardcover 464 pp IEEE OrderNo. PC5647 ISBN 0-7803-1177-9
ANALYSIS OF FAULTEDPOWER SYSTEMS, Revised Printing
Paul M. Anderson, Power Math Associates, Inc.
1995 Hardcover 536 pp IEEE Order No. PC5616 ISBN 0-7803-1145-0
ELECTRICPOWER SYSTEMS: Design and Analysis, Revised Printing
Mohamed E. El-Hawary, Dalhousie University
1995 Hardcover 808 pp IEEE Order No. PC5606 ISBN 0-7803-1140-X
POWER SYSTEMSTABILITY, VOLUMES I, II, III
An IEEE Press Classic Reissue Set
EdwardWilson Kimbark, Iowa State University
1995 Softcover 1008pp IEEE OrderNo. PC5600 ISBN 0-7803-1135-3
ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICMACHINERY
Paul C. Krause and Oleg Wasynczuk, Purdue University
Scott D. Sudhoff, University ofMissouri at Rolla
1994 Hardcover 584 pp IEEE Order No. PC4556 ISBN 0-7803-1101-9
POWER SYSTEM CONTROLAND STABILITY, Revised Printing
Paul M. Anderson, Power Math Associates, Inc.
A.A. Fouad, Iowa State University
1993 Hardcover 480 pp IEEE Order No. PC3789 ISBN 0-7803-1029-2
SUBSYNCHRONOUS RESONANCEIN POWER SYSTEMS
P.M. Anderson, Power Math Associates, Inc.
B.L. Agrawal, Arizona Public Service Company
J. E.Van Ness, Northwestern University
1990 Softcover 282 pp IEEE Order No. PP2477 ISBN 0-7803-5350-1
Contents
Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxiii
ListofSymbols xxv
PARTI PR<YfECTIVEDEVICESANDCONTROLS
Chapter1 Introduction 3
1.1 PowerSystemProtection 3
1.2 Prevention andControlofSystemFailure 4
1.2.1 ReactionaryDevices 4
1.2.2 SafeguardDevices 6
1.2.3 ProtectiveDevice Operation 7
1.3 Protective System Design Considerations 8
1.4 DefinitionsUsed InSystemProtection 9
1.5 System Disturbances 11
1.6 The Book Contents 12
References 14
Problems 14
Chapter2 ProtectionMeasurementsand Controls 17
2.1 GraphicSymbolsand Device Identification 17
2.2 Typical Relay Connections 18
2.3 Circuit BreakerControl Circuits 2]
2.4 Instrument Transformers 23
2.4.1 Instrument.TransformerSelection 23
2.4.2 InstrumentTransformerTypes andConnections 28
2.5 Relay ControlConfigurations 34
2.6 OpticalCommunications 36
References 39
Problems 40
Chapter3 ProtectiveDeviceCharacteristics 43
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 FuseCharacteristics 44
3.2.1 DistributionFuse Cutouts 44
3.2.2 FuseTypes 46
3.2.3 FuseTime-CurrentCharacteristics 48
3.2.4 Fuse CoordinationCharts 51
vii
viii Contents
3.3 RelayCharacteristics 56
3.3.1 RelayTypes 56
3.3.2 ElectromechanicalRelayCharacteristics 59
3.3.3 StaticRelayCharacteristics 66
3.3.4 DifferentialRelays 70
3.3.5 Digital Relays 71
3.4 PowerCircuit Breakers 77
3.4.1 CircuitBreakerDefinitions 77
3.4.2 CircuitBreakerRatings 79
3.4.2 Circuit BreakerDesign 82
3.5 AutomaticCircuitReclosers 84
3.5.1 RecloserRatings 85
3.5.2 Recloser Time-CurrentCharacteristics 85
3.6 AutomaticLineSectionalizers 89
3.7 Circuit Switchers 90
3.8 Digital FaultRecorders 91
References 93
Problems 95
Chapter4 RelayLogic 97
4.1 Introduction 97
4.2 ElectromechanicalRelay Logic 98
4.2.1 The OvercurrentRelay 98
4.2.2 TheDistanceRelay 98
4.3 ElectronicLogicCircuits 99
4.3.1 Analog LogicCircuits 99
4.3.2 Digital LogicCircuits 104
4.4 Analog Relay Logic 112
4.4.1 AnInstantaneousOvercurrentRelay 112
4.4.2 APhase ComparisonDistanceRelay 112
4.4.3 ADirectionalComparisonPilotRelay 114
4.4.4 ConclusionsRegardingSolidStateAnalog Logic 115
4.5 Digital Relay Logic 115
4.5.1 Digital Signal Processing 116
4.5.2 TheDataWindowMethod 120
4.5.3 ThePhasor Method 121
4.5.4 Digital Relaying Applications 123
4.5.5 Example ofaDigital RelaySystem 125
4.6 Hybrid RelayLogic 126
4.7 Relays asComparators 127
4.7.1 Relay Design 127
4.7.2 PhaseandAmplitudeComparison 128
4.7.3 TheAlpha and Beta Planes 129
4.7.4 TheGeneral ComparatorEquations 129
4.7.5 TheAmplitudeComparator 132
4.7.6 ThePhaseComparator 133
4.7.7 Distance Relays asComparators 135
4.7.8 General BetaPlaneCharacteristics 137
References 139
Problems 143
Chapter5 SystemCharacteristics 147
5.1 PowerSystem Faults 147
5.1.1 System FaultCharacteristics 148
5.1.2 FaultCurrents NearSynchronousMachines 152
5.1.3 SaturationofCurrentTransformers 159
5.2 Station Arrangements 160
5.2.1 Single Bus,SingleBreakerArrangement 160
5.2.2 MainandTransferArrangement 161
Contents ix
5.2.3 DoubleBus, SingleBreakerArrangement 162
5.2.4 DoubleBus, DoubleBreakerArrangement 163
5.2.5 Ring Bus Arrangement ]63
5.2.6 Breaker-and-a-HalfArrangement 164
5.2.7 OtherSwitchingArrangements 164
5.3 Line Impedances 167
5.4 ComputationofAvailable FaultCurrent 168
5.4.1 ThreePhase(3PH) Faults 169
5.4.2 DoubleLine-to-Ground(2LG) Faults 170
5.4.3 Line-to-Line(L-L) Fault 171
5.4.4 One-Line-to-Ground(1LG) Fault ]71
5.4.5 SummaryofFault Currents 172
5.5 SystemEquivalentforProtectionStudies 172
5.5.1 The Open-CircuitImpedanceMatrix 173
5.5.2 ComputationoftheTwo-PortRepresentation 174
5.5.3 ASimpleTwo-PortEquivalent 176
5.5.4 Tests ofthe EquivalentCircuit 177
5.5.5 SystemEquivalentfromTwo-PortParameters 178
5.5.6 EquivalentofaLine with ShuntFaults 178
5.5.7 ApplicationsoftheEquivalenttoSeriesFaults 179
5.5.8 ConclusionsRegardingTwo-PortEquivalents 182
5.5.9 Multiport Equivalents 183
5.6 The CompensationTheorem 186
5.6.1 NetworkSolutionBeforeChangingY3 186
5.6.2 NetworkSolutionAfterChangingY 187
3
5.6.3 The IncrementalChangeinCurrentandVoltage 187
5.6.4 The CompensationTheoreminFaultStudies 189
5.7 CompensationApplicationsInFault Studies 189
5.7.1 PrefaultConditions 189
5.7.2 The FaultedNetworkCondition 190
5.7.3 The Fault ConditionsWithoutLoad Currents 191
5.7.4 Summaryof Load and Fault Conditions 192
References 193
Problems 194
PARTII PROTECTION CONCEPTS 199
Chapter6 FaultProtectionofRadialLines 201
6.I Radial DistributionSystems 20I
6.2 Radial DistributionCoordination 202
6.2.1 SupplySystemInformation 202
6.2.2 DistributionSubstation Information 202
6.2.3 DistributionSystemInformation 205
6.2.4 ProtectiveEquipment Information 205
6.2.5 Step-by-StepStudy Procedure 207
6.3 Radial Line FaultCurrentCalculations 207
6.3.1 GeneralConsiderationsforRadial Faults 208
6.3.2 Main Line FeederFaults 208
6.3.3 BranchLine Faults 215
6.4 Radial SystemProtectiveStrategy 218
6.4.1 ClearingTemporary Faults 218
6.4.2 IsolatingPermanentFaults 219
6.5 CoordinationofProtectiveDevices 220
6.5.1 Recloser-Fuse Coordination 220
6.5.2 Recloser-Relay Coordination 223
6.6 Relay Coordinationon Radial Lines 225
6.6.1 Coordination Procedure 226
6.6.2 ProcedureforPhaseandGroundRelays 228
6.6.3 Procedurefor InstantaneousRelay Settings 235
x Contents
References 240
Problems 240
Chapter7 IntroductiontoTransmissionProtection 249
7.1 Introduction 249
7.2 Protection withOvercurrentRelays 250
7.2.1 LoopswithOneCurrent Source 252
7.2.2 LoopswithMultipleCurrent Sources 254
7.3 DistanceProtectionofLines 257
7.3.1 Distance RelayCharacteristics ~57
7.3.2 ZonedDistance Relays 262
7.3.3 EffectofFaultResistance 265
7.3.4 Summary ofDistance RelayConcepts 267
7.4 UnitProtection 268
7.5 Ground FaultProtection 270
7.5.1 Importance ofGround FaultProtection 270
7.5.2 UniqueCharacteristicsofGroundFaults 271
7.5.3 Polarization ofGround Relays 272
7.5.4 TypesofGround Relays 276
7.6 Summary 277
References 278
Problems 278
Chapter8 ComplexLociintheZandYPlanes 283
8.1 TheInverseZTransformation 284
8.2 LineandCircleMapping 286
8.2.1 TheHalfZ Plane:a=c=0 287
8.2.2 TheHalfZPlaneRs-k2 289
8.2.3 TheHalfPlanea=b=0 290
8.2.4 TheHalfPlanea=0 291
8.2.5 TheHalfPlaned=0 292
8.3 TheComplexEquationofaLine 293
8.4 TheComplexEquationofaCircle 294
8.5 InversionofanArbitraryAdmittance 296
8.5.1 InversionofYwithIYklConstantand ",Variable 297
8.5.2 InversionofYwith ",ConstantandIYklVariable 298
8.5.3 Summary ofYInversionEquations 299
8.6 InversionofaStraightLineThrough (1,0) 299
8.7 InversionofanArbitrary StraightLine301
8.8 InversionofaCircle withCenterat(1,0) 302
8.9 InversionofanArbitraryCircle 304
8.10 SummaryofLineandCircleInversions 307
8.11 AnglePreservation inConformalMapping 307
8.12 Orthogonal Trajectories 308
8.13 Impedance attheRelay 312
References 314
Problems 314
Chapter9 ImpedanceattheRelay 317
9.1 TheRelayImpedance, ZR317
9.2 ProtectionEquivalentMParameters 319
9.2.1 NetworkTestwithEuShorted 320
e,
9.2.2 NetworkTestwith Shorted 321
9.3 TheCircleLociZ=PI(l±YK) 322
9.4 ZRLociConstruction 323
9.4.1 kCircles 324
9.4.2 '"Circles 326