Power Sonic and Ultrasonic Transducers Design: Proceedings of the International Workshop, Held in Lille, France, May 26 and 27, 1987 PDF
Preview Power Sonic and Ultrasonic Transducers Design: Proceedings of the International Workshop, Held in Lille, France, May 26 and 27, 1987
Power Sonic and Ultrasonic Transducers Design Power Sonic and Ultrasonic Transducers Design Proceedings of the International Workshop, Held in Lille, France, May 26 and 27, 1987 Editors: B. Hamonic and J. N. Decarpigny With 222 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Dr. Bernard Hamonic Dr.Jean N.Decarpigny Acoustics Laboratory, I. S. E. N., 41 bd. Vauban, F-59046 Lille Cedex, France Scientific Committee B. Tocquet, Program Chairman, Thomson Sintra ASM, Valbonne, France. O. B. Wilson, US Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA D. Boucher, GERDSM, DCAN, Toulon, France. J. N. Decarpigny, ISEN, Lille, France. Organizing Committee B. Hamonic, ISEN, Lille, France. J. C. Debus, ISEN, Lille, France. P. Tierce, Sinaptec, Lille, France. J. N. Decarpigny, ISEN, Lille, France. The sponsorships from: -Direction des Recherches, Etudes et Techniques (DRET), -Nord - Pas de Calais Regional Council, -Thomson Sintra ASM, -Sinaptec, -Institut Superieur d'Electronique du Nord (IS EN), as well as the help from the Societe Franc;:aise d'Acoustique (SFA) are greatly acknowl edged. ISBN-13 : 978-3-642-73265-2 e-ISBN -13: 978-3-642-73263-8 001: 10.1007/978-3-642-73263-8 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Power sonic and ultrasonic transducers design: proceedings of the international workshop, held in Lille, France, May 26 and 27, 1987/editors, B. Hamonic and J. N. Decarpigny. "Procceedings of the International Workshop on the Design of Power Sonic and Ultrasonic Transducers ... held in the 'Maison de I'entreprise et des technologies nouvelles: Marcq en Baroeul, near Lille, France, on May 26 and 27, 1987" -Pref.lncludes index. 1. Electroacoustic transducers Congresses. I. Hamonic, B. (Bernard), 1948-. II. Decarpigny, J.N. (Jean-Noj!l), 1958-. III. International Workshop on the Desing of Power Sonic and Ultrasonic Transducers (1987: Lille, France). TK5981. P69 1988 621.38'028' 2-dc19 87-37655 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions olthe German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its version of June 24, 1985, and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1988 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1988 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specificstatement, that such names are exemptfrom the relevant protective laws and regulations and there fore free for general use. 2153/3150-543210 Welcome Speech On behalf of the Institut Superieur d'Electronique du Nord, I wish to welcome you to the Lille metropolis. I hope that, with the complicity of the weather, you will have a pleasant stay. We are receiving you in the Maison de l'Entreprise et des Technologies Nouvelles, the METN, which was recently inaugurated. Thus, this Workshop will be held in the best possible conditions, and I seize the opportunity to thank the Board of the METN and the Maison des Professions for having accepted to put these premises at our disposal. We also wish to extend our thanks to the Nord-Pas de Calais Regional Council and its President for the financial support they have given us. As the occasion arises, I remind you that the Regional Council has from its origin sided with research, helping with investment in laboratories at a level without any counterpart in France. Other important partners in this operation are the DRET (Direction des Recherches, Etudes et Techniques) and the GERDSM -DCAN TOULON (Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches en Detection Sous Marine). I must say that when in 1976 they entrusted ISEN with their first low frequency acoustic studies, they undoubtedly contributed to the emergence of a research team associated to the CNRS, whose pivot, as everybody knows, is J.N. Decarpigny. As you know the Institut Superieur d'Electronique du Nord is an engineering school created in 1956 by Norbert Segard. Since its birth it has always been concerned with developing research laboratories so as to guarantee the quality of the teaching given to its engineering students. With time and the aid of success, it wishes to contribute even more to the economic development of this region through its laboratories, its engineers, and the firms that have been founded under its impetus. Such was the case of Leanord in 1963, then of Velec and now of Slice and Sinaptec. Besides, the latter must be associated with the success of this Workshop. Last, but not least, the presence in this Workshop of well-known foreign scientists gives me the opportunity of greeting them warmly and of seeing in their participation a strong international interest. The importance and the quality of their papers ensure the complete success for this Workshop. It is with great pleasure that I now hand over to my friend B. Tocquet, responsible for the Thomson Sintra acoustic activities, who has talmn it upon himself to preside over this Workshop. Lille, F!'ance P. Astier May 26,1987 Director of ISEN-Recherche v Preface This volume contains the Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Design of Power Sonic and Ultrasonic Transducers, which was held in the Maison de l'Entreprise et des Technologies Nouvelles, Marcq en Baroeul, near Lille, France, on May 26 and 27, 1987. The main objective of this Workshop was to discuss all aspects of high power problems in the design of electroacoustic transducers and to stimulate an exchange of knowledge and experience between researchers and industrial ists involved in this multidisciplinary field. The scientific program included 13 invited contributions, and there were 80 participants from England, France, Italy, Spain, Sweden and the United States. The editors wish to thank the authors and attendees for their active par ticipation, and they hope that these Proceedings will allow readers to share in the stimulating atmosphere of the sessions. They also wish to thank eve ryone who undertook simultaneous translation, clerical work, typing of the Proceedings, production of the illustrations, or any other of the numerous tasks connected with this venture. Special mention has to be made of Mrs. E. Litton (ISEN, Lille) for her constant and kind help from the beginning of the project to the very end of the editing, Dr. R. Bossut (ISEN, Lille) for his efficient proofreading, and Dr. H.U. Daniel (Springer-Verlag) for his interest in these Proceedings as well as his kind and efficient support. Lille, France B. Hamonic October 1987 J.N. Decarpigny VII Contents Introductory Lecture By B. Tocquet ....................................... 1 1. Power Limitations of Piezoelectric Length Expander Transducers By O.B. Wilson (With 3 Figures) ......................... 3 2. The Material for Piezoelectric Power Transducers By L. Eyraud (With 13 Figures) .......................... 10 3. Characterization of Piezoelectric Ceramics for High Power Transducers By P. Gonnard, P. Champ, and L. Eyraud (With 14 Figures) 25 4. Highly Magnetostrictive Rare Earth Compounds for High Power Acoustic Projectors. By A.E. Clark (With 46 Figures) .......... 41 5. Trends and Problems in Low Frequency Sonar Projectors Design By D. Boucher (With 18 Figures) ......................... 100 6. Frequency, Power and Depth Performances of Class IV Flextensional Transducers By J. Oswin and J. Dunn (With 10 Figures) ................. 121 7. Opportunities and Challenges in the Use of Terfenol for Sonar Transducers. By J.M. Sewell and P.M. Kuhn (With 3 Figures) .... 134 8. Application of the Finite Element Method to the Design of Power Piezoelectric Sonar Transducers. By B. Hamonic (With 16 Figures) 143 9. Determination of the Power Limits of a High Frequency Transducer Using the Finite Element Method By W. Steichen, G. Vanderborck, and Y. Lagier (With 15 Figures) 160 10. High Power Ultrasonic Transducers for Use in Gases and Interphases. By J .A. Gallego-Juarez (With 10 Figures) .......... 175 11. Design of High Power Ultrasonic Transducers for Use in Macrosonics. By P. Tierce and J.N. Decarpigny (With 21 Figures) 185 12. Power Electronic Devices for Sonar Systems By C. Pohlenz (With 36 Figures) .......................... 208 IX 13. The Electronic Driving Sources for Ultrasonic Machining By B. Thirion (With 17 Figures) .......................... 230 Subject Index ................................. 245 x Introductory Lecture B. Tocquet THOMSON SINTRA Activites Sous Marines, Route des dolines, Parc d'activite de Valbonne, B.P.38, F-06561 Valbonne Cedex, France The applications of power electroacoustic transducers are more and more numerous. We can mention : - sonars, - industrial machining, cleaning, welding etc ... - medical imaging and lithotripting, - acoustics in air or in diphasic media. In most of these fields, we have, for a certain time, noticed a pronounced evolution towards two directions - broadening of the frequency spectrum, towards very low frequencies for remote sonar detection as well as towards high frequencies for acoustic imaging, increase in the transducers sollicitation, for different reasons : increase in the power per unit surface (or unit volume) of the active material, lengthening of the pulse or emitting durations, reduction of the recurrence. This evolution poses numerous problems to the emitting system designer, the most important of which are : which is the active material best adapted to the problem to be dealt with? which is the optimal architecture of the elementary transducer? - how must these transducers be grouped to obtain the required power and directivity? - which type of power emitter must be used? - how is it possible to optimize the emitting system? Other difficulties linked to the environment and the operating conditions can also be added : - effect of the hydrostatic pressure, - effect of the temperature variations, - corrosion, - sudden variations of the load, - etc ... To solve these problems, acoustics, chemistry and electronics specialists have worked following different ways : - research of new transducer architectures, - study of the power limitations inherent to these architectures and the materials used, - improvement in the technologies, - study of the transducer assembling to form arrays and of the associated interaction problems, - research of new active materials and improvement of the existing ones, development of numerical simulation tools using finite elements and transfer matrix techniques, - development of power emitters, - servo-control of matching circuits. The objective of this workshop,as it has been defined by the organisers is to approach the problems linked to power electroacoustic transducers design and to encourage the knowledge and experience exchanges among researchers and industrialists involved in this multidisciplinary field. The ISEN acoustics laboratory has had the very good idea of organising this workshop. This team can be satisfied with the success obtained by this event, as in spite of the very short time that elapsed between the first contacts made with the lecturers and the date of the conference, many eminent European and American representatives are participating. The papers that are going to be given deal with most of the topics mentioned previously - magnetostrictive and piezoelectric active materials, - power limitations, - the different possible transducer architectures, - the mathematical modelling, - the power electronic devices, and this for the main applications in industry and sonar. These papers will be gathered in four sessions of a half day each. I can judge from the presented abstracts, that these papers should be very interesting and I wish that the exchanges that will follow will be very fruitful and enable us to make progress in this field. I think there still is a long way to go before we entirely master the technology of these different power transducers, before we really know what the exact limitations are for all the possible architectures, whatever the frequency range, so as to be able to specify the characteristics of the ideal material to the chemists, though remaining reasonable, and to tell the electronics specialists what the impedances are and above all the impedance variations they are to expect. If the dynamic acoustics ISEN team, led with a master hand by J.N. Decarpigny, is willing to organise another workshop on the same theme, I am convinced that within a relatively short time, we shall have many new interesting results to share. 2 1. Power Limitations of Piezoelectric Length Expander Transducers O.B. Wilson Department of Physics, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA 93943, USA Factors limiting the power output of piezoelectric transducers include electrical breakdown, mechanical failure, non-linear effects of large amplitude on material properties, such as the dielectric, elastic and piezoelectric coefficients, thermal effects and cavitation effects for transducers radiating into fluid media. A review will be made of the literature in this subject area. Emphasis will be on how these factors influence the equivalent circuit models. Where possible, some of the practical aspects will be presented. 1.1 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper is to give a brief review of the various phenomena which tend to limit the power output of electroacoustic transducers for sonar or ultrasonic applications. The example chosen is among the simplest of transducer configurations, the longitudinal vibrator. It will be further simplified by assuming that the electrically active element is a piezoelectric ceramic. The attempt will be made to express the effects of large power drive on equivalent circuit parameters, even though some of these effects often result in a failure of reciprocity criteria, a basis for the validity of equivalent electric circuit analysis methods. The discussion will be presented in two parts. In the first, effects primarily internal to the transducer are considered and in the second, those primarily external to the transducer are discussed. Internal effects are : a. non-linearity in the electrical, piezoelectric and elastic properties of the components which arise due to large amplitudes, b. mechanical breakdown due to large stresses or fatigue, c. electrical breakdown due to excessive electrical fields, d. thermal heating effects on material properties. External effects are a. impedance mismatching due to such'effects as cavitation, b. non-linearities in the medium, c. radiation impedance anomalies, such as array element interaction. 3
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