Power Generation Technologies, Second Edition

409 Pages·2014·11.92 MB·English

by  Paul Breeze

Power Generation Technologies
Second edition
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Power Generation
Technologies
Second edition
by
Paul Breeze
AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)HEIDELBERG(cid:129)LONDON
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SecondEdition2014
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ISBN:978-0-08-098330-1
Contents
1. An Introduction to Electricity Generation 1
HistoryofElectricityGeneration 2
Evolution ofElectricity-Generating Technologies 3
Evolution ofElectricityNetworks 6
RenewableEnergyandDistributed Generation 7
A BriefPoliticalDiversion 9
Size oftheIndustry 10
2. Electricity Generation and the Environment 15
Evolution ofEnvironmentalAwareness 16
EnvironmentalEffects ofPower Generation 17
CarbonCycleandAtmospheric Warming 18
Controlling Carbon Dioxide 20
HydrogenEconomy 21
EconomicsofElectricity Production 22
Externalities 23
Life-CycleAssessment 24
TheBottomLine 26
3. Coal-Fired Power Plants 29
Types ofCoal 31
Coal Reserves 32
Coal Cleaning andProcessing 33
Traditional Coal-Fired Power Generation Technology 34
BoilerTechnology 36
SteamTurbine Design 39
Generators 42
Fluidized BedCombustion 43
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle 46
EmissionControlfor Coal-Fired Power Plants 48
Coal Treatment 50
LowNitrogenOxide CombustionStrategies 51
SulfurDioxide Removal 52
NitrogenOxide Capture 54
Combined Sulfurand NitrogenOxide Removal 55
Particulate (Dust) Removal 55
Mercury Removal 56
v
vi Contents
CarbonDioxideRemoval 56
Post-Combustion Capture 57
CoalGasification 58
Oxy-FuelCombustion 59
BiomassCofiring 60
CarbonDioxideSequestration 62
CostofCoal-Fired Power Generation 63
4. Natural Gas–Fired Gas Turbines and Combined Cycle
Power Plants 67
Natural Gas 68
GrowthofGas Turbine Technology 71
GasTurbine Principle 72
ModernGas TurbineDesign forPower Generation 73
GasTurbine Development 76
Advanced Gas Turbine Cycles 78
Reheating 78
Intercooling 79
Recuperation 80
Mass Injection 80
Combined CyclePowerPlants 81
Micro-Turbines 84
EmissionControl forGasTurbine PowerPlants 85
Nitrogen Oxide 85
Carbon Monoxide 87
Carbon Dioxide 88
CostofGas Turbine–BasedPower Generation 89
5. Piston Engine–Based Power Plants 93
Internal Combustion Engines 94
EngineCycles 95
EngineSizeand EngineSpeed 97
Spark-IgnitionEngines 98
DieselEngines(Compression Engines) 100
Dual-Fuel Engines 101
StirlingEngines 103
Cogeneration 104
Combined Cycle 105
EmissionControl 106
Nitrogen Oxide 107
Carbon Monoxide,VOCs,and Particulates 108
SulfurDioxide 108
Carbon Dioxide 109
CostofReciprocating Engine-Based Power
Generation 109
Contents vii
6. Combined Heat and Power 111
HistoricalBackgroundfor Combined Heat andPowerUsage 112
Combined Heat andPowerPrinciples andApplications 114
CHPTechnology 116
Piston Engines 118
SteamTurbines 119
GasTurbines 120
Micro-Turbines 123
FuelCells 123
NuclearPower 125
CostofCHP 125
7. Fuel Cells 129
HistoryofFuel Cells 130
FuelCell Principle 131
Catalysts 134
Hydrocarbon GasReformation 135
FuelCell Efficiency 136
FuelCell Types 136
AlkalineFuelCell 138
PhosphoricAcidFuel Cell 140
ProtonExchangeMembraneFuel Cell 142
MoltenCarbonateFuel Cell 144
SolidOxideFuel Cell 146
DirectMethanolFuel Cell 149
FuelCell Costs 151
8. Hydropower 153
Hydropower Resource 155
Hydropower Sites 157
CategoriesofHydropower Plant 158
LargeHydropower Plants:Damsand Barrages 159
Run-of-RiverScheme 159
DamandReservoirProjects 161
DamTypes 161
EmbankmentDam 162
ConcreteGravityDam 163
ConcreteArchDam 163
Hydropower Turbines 164
ImpulseTurbines 165
ReactionTurbines 167
FrancisTurbine 167
PropellerandKaplanTurbines 168
DeriazTurbine 169
Generators 169
viii Contents
SmallHydropower 170
EnvironmentalConsiderations 173
EnvironmentalAssessment 174
Resettlement 174
Biodiversity 175
GeologicalEffects 175
Sedimentation andDownstreamEffects 176
GreenhouseGases 176
InterregionalEffects 177
Hydropowerand Intermittent RenewableGeneration 177
CostofElectricityGenerationfrom Hydropower Plants 177
9. Tidal Barrage Power Plants 181
TidalResource 182
Operating TidalBarrage Power Plants 184
TidalPowerPlant Design 185
Two-Basin Projects 187
Bunded Reservoir 188
TidalBarrage ConstructionTechniques 188
Turbines 189
Turbine SpeedRegulation 191
Sluices andShiplocks 192
EnvironmentalConsiderations 192
CostofElectricityGenerationfrom TidalBarrage
Power Plants 193
10. Power System Energy Storage Technologies 195
TypesofEnergy Storage 197
Pumped StorageHydropower 199
Pumped StorageTechnology 200
Variable-Speed Operation 201
Pumped StorageSites 201
Performance 202
Costs 202
Compressed-AirEnergyStorage 202
Compressed-Air EnergyStoragePrinciple 203
Compressed-Air StorageFacilities 204
TurbineTechnologyandCAES Cycles 205
Costs 206
Large-ScaleBatteries 206
Battery Principle 207
Lead-AcidBatteries 209
Nickel-CadmiumBatteries 210
LithiumBatteries 210
Sodium-SulfurBatteries 210
FlowBatteries 211
Costs 212
Contents ix
SuperconductingMagneticEnergyStorage 212
Costs 214
Flywheels 214
FlywheelPrinciple 215
FlywheelPerformance Characteristics 216
Costs 216
Capacitors 216
EnergyStorageCapacitor Principles 217
PerformanceCharacteristics 218
Applications 218
Costs 219
HydrogenEnergyStorage 219
HydrogenEnergyEssentials 219
PerformanceCharacteristics 220
Costs 221
11. Wind Power 223
WindResources 224
WindTurbine Technology 226
WindTurbine Anatomy 228
Rotors 228
Yawing 230
DriveTrains andGenerator 231
Towers 232
OffshoreWindTurbine Technology 233
WindFarms 236
EnvironmentalEffects ofWindPower 237
WindIntermittencyandGrid Issues 237
WindCapacityLimits 239
Repowering 240
CostofWind Power 240
12. Geothermal Power 243
GeothermalResource 244
GeothermalFields 246
Brine-Methane Reservoirs 248
HotDryRock 248
Exploitingthe Magma 249
Location ofGeothermalResources 250
Size oftheResource 250
GeothermalEnergyConversion Technologies 250
Direct SteamPower Plants 251
Flash SteamPlants 252
Binary CyclePowerPlants 253
GeothermalPowerand DistrictHeating 255
Findingand ExploitingGeothermal Sources 255
CostofGeothermal Power 256