Power Electronic Converters: DC-DC Conversion

422 Pages·1993·12.62 MB·English

by  Professor Dr. Robert Bausière

Electric Energy Systems and Engineering Series
Robert Bausiere · Francis Labrique
Guy Seguier
Power Electronic
Converters
DC-DC Conversion

R. Bausiere · E Labrique · G. Seguier
Power Electronic
Converters
DC-DC Conversion
With 268 Figures
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Professor Dr. Robert Bausiere
Universite des Sciences et Techniques de Lille
59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex
France
Professor Dr. Francis Labrique
Universite Catholique de Louvain
1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
Belgique
Professor Dr. Guy Seguier
Universite des Sciences et Techniques de Lille
59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex
France
Translated from the French by the authors
with the help of N. Quayle
This is the third volume in a series. The first two were published in English by McGraw Hill
the first-on AC/DC conversion, in !986,
the second-an AC/ AC conversion, in 1987.
These two volumes are often referred to in the present work.
ISBN 978-3-642-52456-1 ISBN 978-3-642-52454-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-52454-7
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Bausiere, R. (Robert), 194 7
[Convertisseurs de l'electronique de puissance. English]
Power electronic converters: DC-DC conversion/R. Bausiere, F. Labrique, G. Seguier.
p. cm. - (Electric energy systems and engineering series).
Translation of: Les convertisseurs de l'electronique de puissance.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Electric current converters. I. Labrique, F. (Francis), 1946- Il. Seguier, Guy. III. Title.
IV. Series.
TK7872.C8B39 1993 92-10524
621.3815'322-dc20 CIP
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publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions of the German Copyright La w of
September 9, 1965, in its current version and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fali
under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law.
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heide1berg 1993
Originally pub1ished by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heide1berg New York in 1993
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence
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Typesetting: Macmillan (India) Ltd., Bangalore, India
61/3020 - 5 4 3 2 1 O - Printed on acid-free paper
Series Editors:
Prof. J.G. Kassakian
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Prof. D.H. Naunin
Institut ftir Elektronik, Technische Universtiit Berlin,
Einsteinufer 19, W-1000 Berlin 10, FRG
Introduction to the Electric Energy Systems and
Engineering Series
Concerns for the continued supply and efficient use of energy have recently
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zation, economics.
Although the series is to include introductory and background volumes,
special emphasis will be placed on: new technologies, new adaptations of old
technologies, materials and components, measurement techniques, control
including the application of microprocessors in control systems, analysis and
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The aim of this series is to provide a comprehensive source of information for
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and accessible forum for the publication of selected research results and
monographs of timely interest. The series is expected to contain introductory
level material of a tutorial nature, as well as advanced texts and references for
graduate students, engineers and scientists.
The editors hope that this series will fill a gap and find interested readers.
John G. Kassakian ·Dietrich H. Naunin
Preface
This book is the third in a series of four devoted to POWER ELECTRONIC
CONVERTERS:
The first of these concerns AC to DC conversion.
The second concerns AC to AC conversion.
This volume examines DC to DC conversion.
The fourth is devoted to DC to AC conversion.
Converters which carry out the DC-DC conversion operate by chopping the
input voltage or current: they are called choppers or switch-mode power
converters. Their operating frequency is not imposed by either the input or the
output, both of which are at zero frequency. A frequency which is much greater
than that of the industrial network can be chosen, provided that suitable
configurations and semiconductor devices are used. This is the first difference
compared to the rectifiers and AC-AC converters, analyzed in the previous
volumes and which often operate at the industrial network frequency.
The second difference concerns the commutation mode. Choppers operate in
forced commutation. The beginning of an operating phase does not auto
matically turn off the semiconductor devices which were conducting during the
previous phase and which have to be brought to the blocking state. This turn-off
must be carried out autonomously.
These two differences - the higher frequency of commutations and, espe
cially, the different mode of commutation -justify the first two chapters in this
work:
- Chapter 1 examines general notions concerning converters, supplies and
loads, and more especially, how they can be characterized with regard to
commutations.
- Chapter 2 presents semiconductor devices during commutation. The notions
concerning the diode and the thyristor outlined at the beginning of Vol. 1 are
insufficient, when commutations become an essential phenomenon. More
over, other components, specially adapted to forced commutation, have to be
presented.
These two chapters provide an introduction to the analysis of choppers as
well as of inverters. The latter are the subject of the fourth volume in this series.
The following four chapters are devoted to the detailed analysis of DC-DC
converters.
X Preface
- Chapter 3 gives a general presentation of chopper structures.
- Chapter 4 provides a quantitative analysis of the most common types of
choppers with direct energy transfer.
- Chapter 5 examines the most commonly used procedures employed for
turning off thyristors in choppers.
- The most widely used configurations of switch-mode power supplies form the
basis of the analysis in Chap. 6.
We thank Robert Bausiere and Francis Labrique for their valuable contribu
tions to the preparation of this volume. R. Bausiere was responsible for Chaps. 2
and 6, as well as for the Appendix on snubbers. F. Labrique was responsible for
Chaps. 4 and 5.
As we noted at the beginning of the previous volume, it is somewhat artificial
to divide the whole group of converters into four groups according to the
conversions each carries out. Different conversions can be obtained with the
same structure and can be analyzed together.
This is especially true in the case of choppers and inverters. When controlled
in a different way, reversible choppers can operate as inverters. In the part
concerning the thyristor turn-off circuits, the analysis of circuits common to two
thyristors, connected in series under the same voltage will not be analyzed in
detail. Nor will the study of the switching DC power supplies consisting of the
cascade association of an inverter, a transformer and a rectifier. Both topics will
be taken up in the following volume.
The guiding principle of this collection is to provide a useful and practical
tool to power electronics specialists - whether they are designers or users of
power converters, in activity or graduating. We have tried to remain faithful to
this principle.
The chapter on semiconductor devices in no way lays claim to being a
summary of power components physics. It only uses the aspects of this topic
which are indispensable for explaining the operation of semiconductor devices
in the circuits into which they are embedded, for understanding how they are
characterized and the way in which they can be most efficiently used.
Before developing the quantitative analysis of DC-DC converters, we give a
very brief description of their basic principles in order to focus on the topics
which are to be dealt with; this is the main aim of Chap. 3.
In the detailed further analysis of the most common types of choppers and of
switch-mode power supplies, we have developed the computations as far as
necessary to obtain the characteristics which are of most immediate interest to
users.1
Lille, August 1992 G. Seguier
1We are very grateful to Mrs. Reine Del Vitto for typing the manuscript and to Mr. Paul Leroy for
drawing the figures of this book.
Notes
In order to limit the bibliography to a reasonable length, we have only quoted
publications from 1970 onwards.
Insofar as articles are concerned, we have limited the references to those
published in the Proceedings and Transactions of the Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers (U.S.A.), the Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical
Engineers (G.B.), and the Revue Gimerale de /'Electricite (France).
The bibliography concerning:
• Power Semiconductor devices is to be found at the end of Chap. 2.
• Choppers, at the end of Chap. 4.
• Switch-Mode Power Supplies, at the end of Chap. 6.
Articles concerning commutation circuits of thyristors are to be found at the
end of chapter 5 and those concerning snubbers at the end of Appendix.
Contents
Chapter 1
Converters, Supplies and Loads: Introductory Remarks.
1.1 Commutation Modes .............. . 2
1.1.1 Natural Commutation. Forced Commutation. 2
1.1.2 Nature of the Path to be Opened ....... . 3
1.1.2.1 The Semiconductor Switch ........... . 3
1.1.2.2 The Semiconductor Switch Incorporated in the Converter 4
1.2 Sources ................ . 4
1.2.1 Voltage/Current Generator or Load 5
1.2.1.1 Definitions and Representations . 6
1.2.1.2 Real Generators and Loads . . . . . 6
1.2.1.3 Operating Conditions ........ . 8
1.2.2 Generator and Load Reversibility. Sources. Examples . 8
1.2.2.1 Instantaneous Reversibility. 8
1.2.2.2 DC Source Examples ............... . 9
1.2.2.3 AC Source Examples ............... . 9
1.2.3 Improving or Changing the Nature of a Source. 10
1.2.3.1 DC Sources ............ . 10
1.2.3.2 AC Sources ............ . 12
1.2.3.3 Frequency Increase: Advantages. 13
1.3 Time Intervals .......... . 13
1.3.1 Example .............. . 13
1.3.2 Differences in Time Intervals: Consequences. 15
Chapter 2
Switching Power Semiconductor Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1 Diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1.1 Remarks on the P-N Semiconductor Junction . 17
2.1.1.1 Doping, Junction, Space Charge. 17
2.1.1.2 Forward-Biased Junction ..... . 18
2.1.1.3 Reverse-Biased Junction. . . . . . . 19
2.1.2 Diode Steady-State Characteristics 19
2.1.2.1 On-State ............... . 19