POWER AND PLENT Y THE PRINCETON ECONOMIC HISTORY OF THE WESTERN WORLD JoelMokyr,Editor GrowthinaTraditionalSociety:TheFrenchCountryside,1450–1815, byPhilipT.Hoffman TheVanishingIrish:Households,Migration,andtheRuralEconomyin Ireland,1850–1914,byTimothyW.Guinnane Black’47andBeyond:TheGreatIrishFamineinHistory,Economy,and Memory,byCormacÓGráda TheGreatDivergence:China,Europe,andtheMakingoftheModern WorldEconomy,byKennethPomeranz TheBigProblemofSmallChange,byThomasJ.SargentandFrançoisR.Velde FarmtoFactory:AReinterpretationoftheSovietIndustrialRevolution, byRobertC.Allen QuarterNotesandBankNotes:TheEconomicsofMusicCompositionin theEighteenthandNineteenthCenturies,byF.M.Scherer TheStricturesofInheritance:TheDutchEconomyintheNineteenthCentury, byJanLuitenvanZandenandArthurvanRiel UnderstandingtheProcessofEconomicChange,byDouglassC.North FeedingtheWorld:AnEconomicHistoryofWorldAgriculture,1800–2000, byGiovanniFederico CulturesMerging:AHistoricalandEconomicCritiqueofCulture, byEricL.Jones TheEuropeanEconomysince1945:CoordinatedCapitalismandBeyond, byBarryEichengreen War,Wine,andTaxes:ThePoliticalEconomyofAnglo-FrenchTrade, 1689–1900,byJohnV.C.Nye AFarewelltoAlms:ABriefEconomicHistoryoftheWorld,byGregoryClark PowerandPlenty:Trade,War,andtheWorldEconomyintheSecond Millennium,byRonaldFindlayandKevinH.O’Rourke PoweroverPeoples:Technology,Environments,andWesternImperialism, 1400tothePresent,byDanielR.Headrick POWER AND PLENTY TRADE, WAR, AND THE WORLD ECONOMY IN THE SECOND MILLENNIUM Ronald Findlay Kevin H. O’Rourke pr inceton university press pr inceton and oxford Copyright©2007byPrincetonUniversityPress PublishedbyPrincetonUniversityPress, 41WilliamStreet,Princeton,NewJersey08540 IntheUnitedKingdom:PrincetonUniversityPress, 6OxfordStreet,Woodstock,OxfordshireOX201TW AllRightsReserved Sixthprinting,andfirstpaperbackprinting,2009 ISBN:978-0-691-11854-3(cloth) ISBN:978-0-691-14327-9(pbk.) LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2007931677 BritishLibraryCataloging-in-PublicationDataisavailable ThisbookhasbeencomposedinUtopia TypesetbyT&TProductionsLtd,London Printedonacid-freepaper. (cid:1)∞ press.princeton.edu PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10 9 8 7 6 For Jane and Roseann ThroughaTriumphant Arch,seeAlbionplas’t, InHappy site,inNeptunesarmesembras’t, InPower andPlenty,onherCleevy Throne CircledwithNaturesGhirlands,beingalone Stil’dth’OceansIsland. Cleevy:aboundingin“cleves”orcliffs(OxfordEnglishDictionary). MichaelDrayton,Poly-Olbion. London:M.Lownes,I.Brown,I.Helme,I.Busbie,1612. This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Acknowledgments xiii Preface xvi 1 Introduction:GeographicalandHistoricalBackground 1 WesternEurope 4 EasternEurope 11 NorthAfricaandSouthwestAsia:TheIslamicWorld 15 Central(orInner)Asia 24 SouthAsia 29 SoutheastAsia 33 EastAsia(China,Korea,andJapan) 37 2 TheWorldEconomyattheTurnoftheFirstMillennium 43 TheGoldenAgeofIslam 48 China:TheSungEconomicMiracle 61 TheIndianOceanandSoutheastAsianTrade 67 ThePirenneThesis 71 EasternEurope:TheVikingConnection 73 TheEconomyofWesternEurope 80 3 WorldTrade1000–1500:TheEconomicConsequencesof GenghisKhan 87 TradeandWarintheMediterraneanand theBlackSea,1000–1350 88 TheIndianOceanandtheSouthChinaSea,1000–1350 98 ThePaxMongolicaandOverlandTrade,1000–1350 101 EurasiaontheEveoftheBlackDeath 109 TheBlackDeath 111 TradebetweenWesternandEasternEurope,1350–1500 120 OverlandTrade,1350–1500:TheAftermathof thePaxMongolica 124 TheEmergenceofRussia 126 TheMiddleEast,theMediterranean,andInternationalTrade, 1350–1500 127 SoutheastAsiaandChina,1350–1500 133 QuantifyingtheLateMedievalSpiceTrade 140