Poverty and Inequality in Middle Income Countries

265 Pages·2016·1.849 MB·English

by  Braathen

About CROP
CROP, the Comparative Research Programme on Poverty, is a response
from the academic community to the problems of poverty. The programme
was initiated in 1992, and the CROP Secretariat was officially opened in June
1993 by the director general of UNESCO, Dr Federico Mayor.
In recent years, poverty alleviation, poverty reduction and the eradication
of poverty have moved up the international agenda, with poverty eradication
now defined as the greatest global challenge facing the world today. In
cooperation with its sponsors, the International Social Science Council
(ISSC) and the University of Bergen (UiB), CROP works in collaboration with
knowledge networks, institutions and scholars to establish independent,
alternative and critical poverty research in order to help shape policies for
long-term poverty prevention and eradication.
The CROP network comprises scholars engaged in poverty-related
research across a variety of academic disciplines. Researchers from more
than a hundred different countries are represented in the network, which is
coordinated by the CROP Secretariat at the University of Bergen, Norway.
The CROP series on International Studies in Poverty Research presents
expert research and essential analyses of different aspects of poverty
worldwide. By promoting a fuller understanding of the nature, extent, depth,
distribution, trends, causes and effects of poverty, this series will contribute
to knowledge concerning the reduction and eradication of poverty at global,
regional, national and local levels.
For more information contact:
CROP Secretariat
PO Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, NORWAY
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Email: [email protected]
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www.crop.org
Series editors
Juliana Martínez Franzoni, associate professor of political science, University
of Costa Rica
Thomas Pogge, Leitner professor of philosophy and international affairs, Yale
University
CROP INTERNATIONAL STUDIES IN POVERTY RESEARCH
Published by Zed Books in association with CROP
David Gordon and Paul Spicker (eds), The International Glossary on Poverty,
1999
Francis Wilson, Nazneen Kanji and Einar Braathen (eds), Poverty Reduction:
What Role for the State in Today’s Globalized Economy?, 2001
Willem van Genugten and Camilo Perez-Bustillo (eds), The Poverty of Rights:
Human Rights and the Eradication of Poverty, 2001
Else Øyen et al. (eds), Best Practices in Poverty Reduction: An Analytical
Framework, 2002
Lucy Williams, Asbjørn Kjønstad and Peter Robson (eds), Law and Poverty: The
Legal System and Poverty Reduction, 2003
Elisa P. Reis and Mick Moore (eds), Elite Perceptions of Poverty and Inequality,
2005
Robyn Eversole, John-Andrew McNeish and Alberto D. Cimadamore (eds),
Indigenous Peoples and Poverty: An International Perspective, 2005
Lucy Williams (ed.), International Poverty Law: An Emerging Discourse, 2006
Maria Petmesidou and Christos Papatheodorou (eds), Poverty and Social
Deprivation in the Mediterranean, 2006
Paul Spicker, Sonia Alvarez Leguizamón and David Gordon (eds), Poverty: An
International Glossary, 2nd edn, 2007
Santosh Mehrotra and Enrique Delamonica, Eliminating Human Poverty:
Macroeconomic and Social Policies for Equitable Growth, 2007
David Hemson, Kassim Kulindwa, Haakon Lein and Adolfo Mascarenhas (eds),
Poverty and Water: Explorations of the Reciprocal Relationship, 2008
Ronaldo Munck, Narathius Asingwire, Honor Fagan and Consolata Kabonesa
(eds), Water and Development: Good Governance after Neoliberalism, 2015
Abraar Karan and Geeta Sodhi (eds), Protecting the Health of the Poor: Social
Movements in the South, 2015
Alberto D. Cimadamore, Gabriele Koehler and Thomas Pogge (eds), Poverty and
the Millennium Development Goals: A Critical Look Forward, 2016
Alberto D. Cimadamore, Maurice B. Mittelmark, Gro Therese Lie and Fungisai P.
Gwanzura Ottemöller (eds), Development and Sustainability: The Challenge
of Social Change, 2016
Forthcoming titles
Julio Boltvinik and Susan Archer Mann (eds), Peasant Poverty and Persistence,
2016
POVERTY AND INEQUALITY IN
MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES
POLICY ACHIEVEMENTS, POLITICAL
OBSTACLES
edited by Einar Braathen, Julian May, Marianne S. Ulriksen
and Gemma Wright
Zed Books
London
Poverty and Inequality in Middle Income Countries: Policy Achievements,
Political Obstacles was first published in 2016 by Zed Books Ltd,
The Foundry, 17 Oval Way, London SE11 5RR, UK
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CONTENTS
Figures and tables | vii Acknowledgements | ix
Introduction: poverty and politics in middle
income countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Einar Braathen, Julian May, Marianne S. Ulriksen
and Gemma Wright
1 Policy-relevant measurement of poverty in low,
middle and high income countries . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
David Gordon and Shailen Nandy
2 Poverty, inequality, racism and human rights in Mexico
and Latin America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Camilo Pérez-Bustillo
3 South Africa, the OECD and BRICS. . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Tor Halvorsen
4 Universalizing health coverage in emerging economies . . . . 84
Amrit Kaur Virk
5 The politics of inequality in Botswana and South Africa . . . . 104
Marianne S. Ulriksen
6 Democratization, disempowerment and poverty in Nigeria . . . 123
Samuel Ojo Oloruntoba
7 Urban poverty and inequality in Rio de Janeiro,
Cape Town and Durban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Einar Braathen, David Jordhus-Lier, Berit Aasen and
Catherine Sutherland
8 Adults who live on the streets of Buenos Aires . . . . . . . 167
Martín Boy
9 Grassroots politics and social movement mobilizations
for development in Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Abdulrazak Karriem
10 Land-alienation-infused poverty in India. . . . . . . . . . 205
Sony Pellissery
11 The politics of hunger deaths in Odisha (India) . . . . . . . 221
Rajakishor Mahana
About the editors and contributors | 243
Index | 247
FIGURES AND TABLES
Figures
1.1 Mean deprivation score and 95 per cent confidence
intervals by families’ financial situation, Benin, 2006 . . . . . . . 27
1.2 Mean deprivation score and 95 per cent confidence intervals
by number of people per room (overcrowding), Benin, 2006 . . . 28
1.3 Multidimensional poverty measure in Mexico . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.4 Modal deprivation by logarithm of income as a percentage
of supplementary benefit scale rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.1 State and nationwide coverage of health insurance in India . . . . 97
8.1 Number of people living on the streets of
Buenos Aires, 1997–2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
8.2 Evolution of the number of ALS in Buenos Aires and
Argentine GDP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
8.3 ALS by neighbourhood, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
8.4 Location of government and NGO shelters and commercial
use of the space, Buenos Aires, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
11.1 The linear policy formation model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
11.2 The hunger deaths cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
11.3 Linear hunger crisis and relief model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Tables
1.1 Male life expectancy in Glasgow and selected countries . . . . . 18
1.2 Perception of essential items in Benin, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.3 Respondents’ needs satisfaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.4 IRT results for eighteen deprivation items,
European Union, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.1 Employment and wage indicators in Botswana and
South Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.2 Taxation indicators in Botswana and South Africa . . . . . . . . 113
5.3 Social transfer indicators in Botswana and South Africa . . . . . 115
6.1 Relative poverty headcount from 1980 to 2010 . . . . . . . . . 131
6.2 Geographical structure of poverty in Nigeria . . . . . . . . . 132
7.1 Proportion of households living in poverty, 2009 . . . . . . . 146
viii | figures and tables
9.1 Land distribution and land inequality in selected
municipalities, 1975–95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
10.1 Inequality of landholdings in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
10.2 Group inequality in rural India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The majority of the contributions to this book were presented in
their first draft at the international workshop ‘Poverty and Politics in
Middle Income Countries’, held in Cape Town, 22–24 November 2012.
The editors want to thank the Southern African-Nordic Centre (SANORD)
and the Comparative Research Programme on Poverty (CROP) for
funding the workshop. We are grateful for the efforts made by CROP and
the Institute for Social Development, University of the Western Cape,
for organizing it. In particular, we appreciate the work done by Prudence
Ramnath and Leah Wanjiku Junge in facilitating the workshop. In this
regard we also thank Professor Alberto Daniel Cimadamore (director of
CROP) and Professor Julian May, as well as Maureen Davis and Leolyn
Jackson (School of Government, University of Western Cape). We are also
grateful for the advice and assistance received from Jakob Horstmann in
the preparation of the manuscript.