Poverty Alleviation and SDGs in South Asia

238 Pages·2014·2.98 MB·English

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SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION FOR REGIONAL COOPERATION d
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(SAARC) SECRETARIAT u
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Tridevi Marg, Thamel
P.O. Box: 4222, Kathmandu, Nepal
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Email: [email protected]
SAARC
Web: www.saarc-sec.org
SAARC
Released by the SAARC Council of Ministers
at the Eighteenth SAARC Summit, Kathmandu, Nepal
25 November 2014
Best Practices in
PPoovveerrttyy AAlllleevviiaattiioonn aanndd
SSDDGGss iinn SSoouutthh AAssiiaa::
SAARC
A Compendium
SAARC Secretariat, 2014
No part of this publication may be reported in any form without
prior permission or due acknowledgement.
Published by
SAARC Secretariat, Kathmandu
P.O. Box: 4222, Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.saarc-sec.org
Editorial Board at the SAARC Secretariat
Dhan Bahadur Oli, Director
Y.B. Thapa, Ph. D., Poverty Alleviation Specialist
Pawan K. Dubey, SPA (GSS-I)
Kumar Shrestha, GSS-I
Text Editing
Anand Aditya
Layout/Print
Font Traders Pvt. Ltd.
Manbhawan, Jawalakhel, Lalitpur
Tel: [phone]
Email: [email protected]
ISBN: 978-9937 8886-0-8
US$ 5.00
Contents
Abbreviations VIII
Preface IX
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
Dimensions of Poverty in South Asia 2
Earlier Studies on Best Practices in Poverty Alleviation 5
Template for Best Practices 6
Symposium on Best Practices 8
Organization of the Report 8
Chapter 2: Afghanistan 9
Status of Poverty 11
Poverty Alleviation Programs 12
Assessing SAARC Development Goals 17
Main Challenges: Regional Context 32
Projects on Poverty Alleviation 33
Expected Outputs 36
Key Challenges 36
Chapter 3: Bangladesh 37
SDGs and the Goals 40
Best Practices in Poverty Alleviation 44
Major Program Areas 44
Thematic/SAARC Best Practices in PAPA or SDGs 56
Monitoring and Evaluation Indicators 60
Conclusion 61
Way Forward 63
Chapter 4: Bhutan 67
Best Practices in Poverty Alleviation 71
Conclusion 80
Recommendations 80
Chapter 5: India 81
Poverty Alleviation Programs 83
Best Practices 84
Conclusion 105
Recommendations 105
Chapter 6: Maldives 107
Prevalence and Causes of Poverty 111
Best Practices 116
Livelihood Support Activity 122
Best Practices in Specific SDGs 125
Conclusion 130
III
Chapter 7: Nepal 131
Best Practice Projects for Poverty Alleviation 133
Conclusion 143
Recommendations 143
Chapter 8: Pakistan 145
Health Status 147
Best Practices 149
Issues in Best Practices 153
Conclusion 160
Recommendations 160
Chapter 9: Sri Lanka 161
Best Practices in Poverty Reduction 163
Mode of Intervention 171
Conclusion 172
Chapter 10: Regional Dimensions of Poverty 175
Assessing National Poverty Lines (NPLs) 177
Country Norms about Poverty Lines 178
Inclusion: Country/Geographical, Gender, and Social Aspects 181
SAARC Region 190
Program Areas 191
Country Best Practices 192
Recommendations and Way Forward 198
Appendices 201
Appendix 1: Template for Country Reports on Best Practices in Poverty Alleviation 201
Appendix 2: Maps, Figures, and Tables 207
Appendix 3 List of Participants 221
Notes 226
LIST OF FIGURES
1.1 Population growth in South Asia 1985-2001 3
1.2 GNI growth rate in South Asia 1985-2021 3
1.3 Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP) in South Asia 1984-2020 3
1.4 Prevalence of undernutrition in the World, South Asia, and SAARC member states 1991-2011 3
1.5 Changes in incidence of poverty with respect to GDP growth in South Asia 2000-2012 4
1.6 Rates of population growth in South Asia 1980-2012 4
1.7 Population size by rural and urban areas in South Asia till 2012 4
1.8 Incidence of poverty in South Asia by rural and urban locality using NPLs, 2000-2010 4
1.9 Incidence of poverty in SAARC member states by rural and urban locations 4
2.1 Afghanistan national development strategy (ANDS) 11
2.2 GDP growth in Afghanistan 11
2.3 GDP per capita growth 12
2.4 Share of various kinds of food groups in household consumption expenditure by survey year 18
2.5 Number of people sourcing their livelihood from opium (mn), Afghanistan 19
2.6 Household expenditure on Consumer durables, Afghanistan 19
IV
2.7 Maternal Mortality Ratio (per 100,000 births), Afghanistan 21
2.8 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel (%), Afghanistan 22
2.9 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel by residence in 2011-2013 (%) 23
2.10 Proportion of skilled birth attendance by wealth quintile (%) 23
2. 11 Adolescent birth rate by Residence (%) 23
2.12 Adolescent birth rate in neighboring countries aged 15-19 years (%) 24
2. 13 Net Enrollment Ratio in Primary Education (%) 24
2. 14 Gross Enrollment Ratio in Primary Education (%) 24
2.15 Literacy rate of 15-24 years old (%) 25
2.16 Share of education in national budget 25
2.17 Proportion of land area covered by forest (%) 28
2.18 Proportion of population with sustainable access to improved water source (%) 29
2.19 Ratio of area protected to maintain biological diversity to surface area (%) 29
2.20 Proportion of species threatened with extinction (%) 30
2.21 Carbon dioxide emission (MT per capita) 30
2.22 Consumption of ozone depleting substances (MT) 30
2.23 Proportion of population using solid fuels (%) 31
2.24 Proportion of population with access to improved sanitation (%) 31
2.25 Proportion of households with access to secure tenure (%) 31
2.26 Total slum dwellers (million) 31
3.1 Remittance of migrants, Bangladesh, 1999-2012 51
3.2 Growth of allocation for Social Safety Net percentage of Programs, budget and GDP 52
4.1 Contribution of RNR Sector to Total GDP, 2000-2010 in 2000 prices 70
5.1 Membership of SHGs 86
5.1 Women being empowered 84
5.2 Structure of Federations 86
5.3 Patterns of capital fund 87
5.4 Mahila Bank in Transaction 87
5.5 Social Mobilization 89
5.6 Community Resource Persons 89
5.7 Success path of Hivre Bazar 99
5.8 Change in Adarsh Gram 99
6.1 Labor force participation rates by location in % 113
6.2 Unemployment rates by location in % 113
9.1 Average vegetable prices of Dambulla in 2009 168
9.2 Average vegetable prices of Dambulla in 2011 168
10.1 National Poverty Lines in South Asia in nominal expenditure USD per capita daily 177
10.2 Nutrition-based anchor of Poverty Lines in 177
10.3 Relative share of Foods and Non-Foods in the NPLs by country 178
10.4 Pen’s Parade Inverse CDF of consumption 178
10.5 Consumption of commodity groups around poverty line in urban area, India Rs/month 179
10.6 Food consumption at poverty line class annually (kg/capital/year) 179
10.7 Cumulative population ranked from poor to rich for Maldives, 2002/03 & 2009/10 180
10.8 Consurnption by deciles 1-6th in relation to poverty line in Nepal 2010-11 (Rs/capita/day) 180
10.9 Households types BPL 181
10.10 Poverty gap in South Asia Region at USD 1.25 (PPP) (%) 182
10.11 Poverty Gap in South Asia by countries during 1190-2010 at USD 1.25PPP daily (%) 182
V
10.12 Trend of Poverty HCR, Gaps and Severity in Afghanistan 182
10.13 Incidence of poverty in Afghanistan by ecological region, and change 182
10.14 Trends in poverty HCR by ecological region 2005-2010 183
10.15 India - Poverty HCR and Poverty gap at the national level 184
10.16 Poverty head count ratio (HCR) by ecological region (simple average) and rural-urban settlment 184
10.17 Status of poverty by social group in India, 1993/94-2009/10 185
10.18 Maldives: Poverty HCR by Relative Poverty Line 186
10.19 Poverty HCR trends and targets, and trend of poverty gap and severity in Nepal 186
10.20 Poverty in Nepal by ecological rural / urban area (%) 186
10.21 Trend of Poverty HCR in Pakistan 187
10.22 Poverty by province, Pakistan, 2012 187
10.23 Sir Lanka: Poverty HCR trends and projection 189
10.24 Sir Lanka: Poverty trends by residence 189
10.25 Approximate shares of inputs in total cost of income generating projects 198
LIST OF TABLES
1.1 List of studies on the best practices published by SAARC Secretariat till 2012 5
1.2 States and prioritized programs 8
2.1 Average land-size in jeribs distributed among households engaged in agriculture 13
2.2 Poverty rate by region, Afghanistan 14
2.3 Share of consumption aggregate components, by quintile (in percentage), Afghanistan 19
2.4 Some Vital statistics, Afghanistan 21
2.5 Some MDG education-related targets in Afghanistan by year (%) 25
2.6 Some MDG environment-related targets in Afghanistan by year (%) 27
3.1a Headcount Poverty Rate (%) 39
3.1b Incidence of poverty by CBN method, 2010 for the division and national levels 40
3.2 Poverty Rate and Occupation 2005 45
3.3 Landownership and poverty in rural Bangladesh 45
3.4 Trend in the number of employment abroad and amount of remittances 51
3. 5 The main types of social protection programs in Bangladesh 53
4.1 Percentage distribution of employed persons by sex and major occupation 2011 69
4.2 Estimated villages for targeting under REAP to reduce extreme poverty by various levels 79
4.3 Cumulative progress of activities supported 73
5.1 MMS functionaries and their strength 88
6.1 Poverty Gap Ratios for 2002/03 and 2009/10 112
6.2 Gini Coefficient for Republic, Malé, and Atolls 112
6.3 Basic information on hydroponics for Vilifushi 118
6.4 Project input and cost breakdown (USD) 119
7.1 Project input and cost breakdown 138
7.2 Project target and achievement in CLDP 142
7.3 Community development and capacity building 142
7.4 Activity-wise Cost (NR) 143
8.1 Coverage of PPHI at the provincial and district levels in March 2010 151
8.2 Funds allocation and release to PPHI Rs (million) 152
8.3 Physical progress of PPHI (NOs) 152
9.1 Variation of allowance depending on the number of family members 164
9.2 Progress of Samurdhi Safety Net Program during past 5 years 164
VI
9.3 Allowance distributed 164
9.4 Progress of the Social Insurance Scheme during the past 5 years 165
9.5 Progress of scholarship program 165
9.6 Progress of the Nutrition Pack 165
9.7 Progess of Samurdhi Livelihood Program 166
9.8 Distribution of provision of school meal in 2012 166
9.9 Provincial distribution of glass of milk in 2012 167
9.10 Performance of Divi Neguma Program in 2012 167
9.11 Performance in 2011 167
9.12 Gama Neguma Program focus areas 2011 170
9.13 Progress of Gama Neguma Program 2006-2010 170
9.14 Dimensions and Indicators for selection of target areas 171
9.15 Contribution of DIVI NEGUMA PROGRAMME towards attaining SDGs 173
9.16 Contribution of Samurdhi Safety Net Programme towards attaining SDGs 174
9.17 Contribution of Gama Neguma Programme towards attaining SDGs 174
10.1 Types of Poverty Line and their components in Bangladesh as per HIES 2010 178
10.2 Poverty Lines in Bhutan as per BLSS 2012 Nu/ capita/ month 179
10.3 Consumption bundle of lowest quintile household in Nepal in 2010-11 prices 180
10.4 Summary of poverty lines at 2002 national prices 181
10.5 Poverty percentage Statewise 2009-2010 185
10.6 Poverty by occupation of the household head in Nepal 187
10.7: Pakistan - District ranking over MPI Score 188
10.8 Ecological, Gender, and Social Dimensions of Poverty HCR in South Asia 190
10.9 Frequency of major program areas covered by Best Practice Reports of SAARC Member States 191
10.10 Indicative Cost of best practices in poverty alleviation in selected South Asian countries 199
LIST OF MAPS
10.1 Map of Afghanistan showing incidence of poverty by province as per NRVA 2007-08 182
10.2 Poverty map of Bangladesh by province 183
10.3 Bhutan micro-estimates of rural poverty at gewog and individual levels 184
10.4 Number of Rural Poor 184
10.5 Estimates of poverty in Nepal by district 2011/12 187
10.6 Poverty HCR by district in Sri Lanka 190
LIST OF BOXES
1.1 Excerpts from the Declaration of the 17th SAARC Summit, Addu, November 2011 2
4.1 Salient features of the draft National FNS policy 71
4.2 Case study of Branglung Poultry Farm, Nomaring Village, Khamdang Geog , Tashiyangtse 73
4.3 Case study of Lamtang Village, Goshing Geog, Zhemgang targeted through reap 74
7.1 Amaravati exults 134
7.2 What an Expert says 135
Index 222
VII
Abbreviations
ADC Atoll Development Committee MDGs Millennium Development Goals
ADF Atoll Development Fund MFI Micro-Finance Institutions
ADP Annual Development Programme MHTE Ministry of Housing, Transport and Environment
AMEPP Agriculture Marketing and Enterprise Promotion Program MICS Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey
BBS Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics MIF Micro Initiative Fund
BDBL Bhutan Development Bank Ltd. MMR Maternal Mortality Ratio
BDHS Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey MoHF Ministry of Health and Family
BMET Bureau of Manpower, Employment and Training MRA Microfinance Regulatory Authority
BMMS Bangladesh Maternal Mortality Survey MSM Men having Sex with Men
BNHA Bangladesh National Health Accounts MVR Maldivian Rufiya
BOF Business Opportunity Facility NAPA National Adaptation Plan of Action
BRDB Bangladesh Rural Development Board NER Net Enrolment Rate
CBN Cost of Basic Need NFE Non-Formal Education
CBOs Community-Based Organizations NGO Non-Governmental Organization
CBR Community-Based Rehabilitation ODA Official Development Assistance
CCD Comprehensive Community Development ODSs Ozone Depleting Substances
CFW Cash for Work OGTP One Geog Three Products
CSO Civil Society Organization OMS Open Market Sales
DCI Direct Calorie Intake PAM Production Accessibility and Marketing
DHS Demographic and Health Survey PAR Poverty Analysis Report
DNP Department of National Planning PDBF Palli Daridra Bimachan Foundation
EDC Education Development Centre PEFA Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability
EGPP Employment Generation Program for the Poorest PESP Public Expenditure for Social Protection
EPI Energy Performance Initiative PFM Public Financial Management
FFW Food for Work PKSF Palli Karma-Sahayak Foundation
FYP Five Year Plan PPP Purchasing Power Parity
GDP Gross Domestic Product RDA Rural Development Academy
GED General Economic Division REAP Rural Economy Advancement Program
GER Gross Enrolment Rate RETs Renewable Energy Technologies
GNH Gross National Happiness RMG Ready-Made Garment
GNHC Gross National Happiness Commission RNR Renewable Natural Resources
GR Gratuitous Relief RTI Reproductive Tract Infection
HDI Human Development Index SAP Strategic Action Plan
HES Household Expenditure Survey SDGs SAARC Development Goals
HH Household SMEs Small and Medium Enterprises
HIES Household Income and Expenditure Survey SMIS School Management Information System
HPI-1 Human Poverty Index-1 SPAPA SAARC Plan of Action on Poverty Alleviation
ICT Information and Communications Technology SSNPs Social Safety Net Programmes
IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development STD Sexual Transmitted Diseases
IIDE Institute for International and Development Economics SVRS Sample Vital Registration System
ILO International Labour Organization TVET Technical and Vocational Education & Training System
IMF International Monetary Fund UNDP United Nations Development Programme
IMR Infant Mortality Rate UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
IWDC Island Women Development Commitee UP Union Parishad
LDCs Least Developed Countries VAW Violence Against Women
LEAs Local Education Authorities VCO Virgin Coconut Oil
LFPRs Labour Force Participation Rates VGD Vulnerable Group Development
LFS Labour Force Survey VGF Vulnerable Group Feeding
LGA Local Government Authority VPA Vulnerability and Poverty Assessment
LMIS Labour Market Information System WMS Welfare Monitoring Survey
MAGIP Market Access and Growth Intensification Project WTO World Trade Organization
VIII
Preface
South Asia hosts nearly one-fifth of the world’s offer prospects for alleviating poverty in the region.
population and is home to the largest number
It is my privilege to present the best practices in
of people living below the poverty line in the
poverty alleviation in our region in the form of a
world. Our Leaders, at the Twelfth Summit in 2004
Compendium in its second edition. These tested
in Islamabad, declared poverty alleviation as the
ideas, methodologies and first-hand database may
“over-arching goal” of SAARC to free South Asia
provide prospects for policymaking and project
from poverty.
development for social transformation and inclusion
The Member States have since focused on poverty in the region.
alleviation through intervention in many agreed
My thanks go to all the country teams of Member
areas for regional cooperation.
States for their efforts and support in preparing
The SAARC Secretariat has been disseminating the the country reports and active participation in the
best practices/success stories in poverty alleviation Symposium, as also to UNDP for its support, to
amongst SAARC members through various Ms. Alessandra Cassaza, Regional Policy Advisor
publications on a regular basis. The Secretariat of UNDP/APRC, Bangkok and her team, and to
published a Compendium of Best Practices in Dr. Basudev Guha-Khasnobis, Chief Economist,
Poverty Alleviation in 2007 and has been publishing UNDP Country Office, Kathmandu. I take this
a Regional Poverty Profile (RPP) since 2003 opportunity to thank Mr. Anand Aditya for editing
focusing on various aspects of poverty in the region the Compendium and Mr. Manoj K. Bachchan for
and the initiatives taken by individual Member the help extended in finalizing the draft.
States in those areas. Accordingly, the fifth issue of
I deeply appreciate the role put in by Mr. Dhan
RPP 2009-10 focused on the theme, “Food Security,
Bahadur Oli, Information and Poverty Alleviation
Challenges for the Poor and Social Inclusion”.
Division Director of the Secretariat, and his team;
The Secretariat organized a Symposium on Best Dr. Y. B. Thapa, Poverty Alleviation Specialist; Mr.
Practices in Poverty Alleviation in October 2013 in Pawan Kumar Dubey, Senior Personal Assistant;
Kathmandu, which was inaugurated by the Right and Mr. Kumar Shrestha, GSS-I. Without their hard
Honourable Khil Raj Regmi, Chairman of the work this publication would not have been possible.
Council of Ministers, Government of Nepal and was
Last but not the least, no small measure of gratitude
attended by all Member States and Development
remains for the critical role played by my predecessor
Partners. During this Symposium, the delegates
H. E. Mr. Ahmed Saleem in facilitating the process
from eight Member States presented papers on as
of this Compendium during his term of office.
many as twenty-eight best practices, covering a
wide range of developmental aspects, i.e. women
empowerment, social mobilization, innovative and
eco-friendly technology, local resource mobilization,
upscaling of indigenous skills, sanitation, health and
hygiene, education, gender and development, social
inclusion, income generation through production, (Arjun B. Thapa)
Secretary-General, SAARC
marketing, credit, self-help, etc. These best practices
November 2014
IX