Potential of Low-Medium Enthalpy Geothermal Energy: Hybridization and Application in Industry PDF
Preview Potential of Low-Medium Enthalpy Geothermal Energy: Hybridization and Application in Industry
Green Energy and Technology Elisabet Palomo Antonio Colmenar-Santos Enrique Rosales-Asensio Potential of Low-Medium Enthalpy Geothermal Energy Hybridization and Application in Industry Green Energy and Technology Climatechange,environmentalimpactandthelimitednaturalresourcesurgescien- tific research and novel technical solutions. The monograph series Green Energy and Technology serves as a publishing platform for scientific and technological approaches to “green”—i.e. environmentally friendly and sustainable—technolo- gies. While a focus lies on energy and power supply, it also covers “green” solu- tions in industrial engineering and engineering design. Green Energy and Tech- nology addresses researchers, advanced students, technical consultants as well as decision makers in industries and politics. Hence, the level of presentation spans frominstructionaltohighlytechnical. **IndexedinScopus**. **IndexedinEiCompendex**. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttps://link.springer.com/bookseries/8059 · · Elisabet Palomo Antonio Colmenar-Santos Enrique Rosales-Asensio Potential of Low-Medium Enthalpy Geothermal Energy Hybridization and Application in Industry ElisabetPalomo AntonioColmenar-Santos DepartmentofElectricalEngineering, DepartmentofElectricalEngineering, Electronics,Control,Telematics Electronics,Control,Telematics andChemistryAppliedtoEngineering andChemistryAppliedtoEngineering UNED UNED Madrid,Spain Madrid,Spain EnriqueRosales-Asensio DepartmentofElectricalEngineering ULPGC LasPalmasdeGranCanaria,Spain ISSN1865-3529 ISSN1865-3537 (electronic) GreenEnergyandTechnology ISBN978-3-030-95625-7 ISBN978-3-030-95626-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95626-4 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature SwitzerlandAG2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface To accelerate the transition to a sustainable energy future and to meet Sustainable DevelopmentGoal7,affordableandcleanenergy(SDG7)setbytheUnitedNations, theglobalshareofrenewableenergyneedstodoubleby2030.Thereplacementof fossilfuelsbyanincreasingshareofrenewableenergieshasaresultingeffectonthe reductionofgreenhousegasemissions(GHGs)andairpollutants. Inrecentyears,dueto,amongotherfactors,advancesintechnologyandhigher productionvolumes,thecostofrenewableenergiesingeneral,especiallywindand solarphotovoltaictechnologies,hasbeenreduced.Bothtechnologiesreceivedpolit- icalsupport,tovaryingdegrees,andexperiencedrapidtechnologicallearningleading togrowinginvestorconfidence.Thishasnotbeenthecaseforotherrenewabletech- nologiessuchasgeothermalenergy,whichinrecentyearshasbeenamongtheleast developeddespiteitsgreatpotential. Precisely,thepresentbookaimstogivevisibilitytothisenergysourcebystudying itspotentialeitheraloneorincombinationwithsolarenergy,focusingonitsindustrial applicationandthusfillingthisknowledgegap. Thestartingpointofthisworkistoidentifythebarriersthathindertheimplemen- tationofgeothermalenergyinSpainandintheEuropeanUnionandthemeasuresto beadoptedtoachieveitsdiffusionandregularuse.Spainhasbeenselectedwithin the European context due to its scarce 0.1% of the geothermal market in primary energydemand. Next,andgiventhattheindustrialsectorisoneofthelargestGHGemittersinthe world,itisstudiedhowgeothermalenergycouldcontributetothissectorandtothe desalinationindustryinparticular(givenitshighenergyconsumptionanditsneed inareaswherewaterisascarcecommodity). The results of the present work show that 76% of the annual time a MED type desalinationplantwouldbepoweredwithbothresources(solarandgeothermal)and 100%ofthetimeonlywithgeothermalenergyforadeeperwell.Applyingtheresults totheexistingdesalinationplantsoftheA.G.U.A.project,weobtainapaybackperiod ofsixyearsand510,387,920kg/yearofCO avoidedintheatmosphereforallthe 2 plants. v vi Preface Beyondthedesalinationindustry,thisworkdemonstratesthatalmost85%ofthe industrial processes of all industry in Spain can be carried out with very low, low andmediumtemperaturegeothermalresources.Inthisway,80milliontonsofCO 2 per year would be avoided and the investment in geothermal energy for industrial processesupto45°Ccouldbeamortizedwithinareasonableperiodof15years. Theresultspresentedinthisbookdemonstratethatgeothermalenergyasarenew- ableenergysourceshouldbetakenintoaccountinanylocalbusinessactionbeyond thedomesticworldandespeciallylinkedtotheindustrialworldasamajorenergy consumer. This work involves a transfer of knowledge and technology in sectors and applicationshithertounexplored. Inadditiontothesocialbenefitprojectedtosociety,italsodemonstratesthatits implementationiseconomicallyviabledespitethelackofaidoreconomiesofscale linked to this technology compared to other renewable technologies that are more widelyimplemented,especiallyinSpain. It opens up a range of possibilities for new sustainable business models based on hitherto minority energies such as geothermal energy (either on its own or in hybridizationwithotherenergysources). Depending on the environmental conditions, the results of exploration and the technicalfeasibility,butalwayswithagreatcommercialpotentialoftheinnovations presentedhere,which,iftheyalsohadpublicfunding,wouldachievegreaterbusiness development. Madrid,Spain ElisabetPalomo Madrid,Spain AntonioColmenar-Santos LasPalmasdeGranCanaria,Spain EnriqueRosales-Asensio Contents 1 Introduction ................................................... 1 2 Measures to Remove Geothermal Energy Barriers intheEuropeanUnion .......................................... 9 2.1 Introduction ............................................... 9 2.2 MaterialsandMethods ...................................... 13 2.3 ResultsandDiscussion ...................................... 14 2.3.1 Block1:LevelofImplementation ...................... 14 2.3.2 Block2:Barriers ..................................... 16 2.3.3 Block3:Measures ................................... 19 2.3.4 Block4:Advantages ................................. 24 2.3.5 Block5:ClosedQuestionsQuestionnaire ................ 25 2.4 Conclusions ............................................... 27 Appendices ..................................................... 29 References ..................................................... 43 3 Thermal Desalination Potential with Parabolic Trough CollectorsandGeothermalEnergyintheSpanishSoutheast ....... 47 3.1 Introduction ............................................... 48 3.2 MaterialsandMethods ...................................... 52 3.2.1 StartingData ........................................ 52 3.2.2 AnalyticalThermodynamicModelingfortheSolar Resource ........................................... 53 3.2.3 ExperimentalModelingoftheGeothermalResource. ..... 57 3.2.4 ConfigurationsoftheSolarandGeothermalResource toFeedtheMED ..................................... 57 3.3 ResultsandDiscussion ...................................... 64 3.3.1 An Approach to the Mix Solar-Geothermal DesalinationPotentialoftheA.G.U.AProject ............ 66 3.4 Conclusions ............................................... 69 Appendices ..................................................... 71 References ..................................................... 87 vii viii Contents 4 EconomicandEnvironmentalBenefitsofGeothermalEnergy inIndustrialProcesses .......................................... 91 4.1 Introduction ............................................... 92 4.2 MaterialsandMethods ...................................... 98 4.2.1 ThermalCriterion .................................... 99 4.2.2 GeothermalCriterion ................................. 99 4.2.3 BusinessCriterion ................................... 100 4.2.4 Calculation of CO Emissions Avoidance 2 totheAtmosphere .................................... 101 4.2.5 CalculationoftheReturnonInvestment:Calculation oftheNextPresentValue,InternalRateofReturn, andPaybackPeriod .................................. 103 4.3 ResultsandDiscussion ...................................... 106 4.3.1 Analysis of the Geothermal Potential oftheSHIP-PlantsCompaniesinSpain ................. 107 4.4 Conclusions ............................................... 110 Appendices ..................................................... 111 References ..................................................... 158 5 Conclusions .................................................... 161 Reference ...................................................... 164 Chapter 1 Introduction ThecentralobjectiveoftheParisAgreementwastostrengthentheglobalresponseto thethreatofclimatechangebykeepingtheglobaltemperatureincreasethiscentury below2°Cabovepre-industriallevelsandtocontinueeffortstolimitthetemperature increasetonomorethan1.5°C.TheParisAgreementrequiresallPartiestodotheir utmost through “Nationally Determined Contributions” (NDCs) and to strengthen theseeffortsintheyearstocome(UNFCCC2015). By2030,MemberStatesandtheEUmuststepuptheirclimateandenergyefforts tomeetthetargetsandbecomeasustainable,low-carboneconomyby2050.Member Statesmustovercomeanumberofimportantchallenges.Intheshortterm,theserelate totheformulationofadequatenationaldecarbonizationtargetsandpolicyresponses for2030tocollectivelyachievetheEU’stargetsandcommitmentsundertheParis Agreement.Inthemediumterm,MemberStatesneedtoimprovetheirnationalinno- vationcapacitiestoenhancethebenefitsoftheongoingenergytransitioninEurope. Tomaintainthismomentum,theEUanditsMemberStatesmuststrengthenandbuild onexisting,home-grownexpertiseandinnovationcapacityinrenewableenergyand energyefficiencysolutions.ThiswillalsohelptomaintainEurope’sglobalcompet- itivenessintheseincreasinglyknowledge-intensivesectors.Tothisend,in2018,the EUinstitutionsagreedonmoresystematiccooperationandcoordinationofnational policiesandmeasuresbetweenMemberStatesthroughtheadoptionofREDII.The European Commission has also recently presented a 2050 climate vision, which confirmstheEU’swillingnesstoleadglobalclimatemitigationeffortsandsupport thegoaloffullcarbonneutralityby2050.Morerecently,atCOP25inMadrid,the socialdimensionoftheclimateagendahasforthefirsttimetakencenterstage.The discussionsinMadridreflectedthatpeople,theirconcernsandtheirfuturemustbe atthecenteroftheresponsetotheclimatecrisis. The EU has managed, in the less than 15 days since the new Commission was formed,toactivateanambitiouspackageofmeasurestotackletheclimateemergency, through its Green New Deal; commit to climate neutrality by 2050; and turn the EuropeanInvestmentBank(EIB)intoa“ClimateBank,”whichwouldunlockone trillioneurosofinvestmentoverthenextdecade.Inaddition,theEIBhasannounced ©TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2022 1 E.Palomoetal.,PotentialofLow-MediumEnthalpyGeothermalEnergy,GreenEnergy andTechnology,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95626-4_1
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