Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds

318 Pages·2004·5.33 MB·English

ARMY, MARINE CORPS, NAVY, AIR FORCE

POTENTIAL MILITARY
CHEMICAL/BIOLOGICAL
AGENTS AND
COMPOUNDS

FM 3-11.9
MCRP 3-37.1B
NTRP 3-11.32
AFTTP(I) 3-2.55

JANUARY 2005

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION:
Approved for public release;
distribution is unlimited.
MULTISERVICE TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES
FOREWORD

This publication has been prepared under our direction for use by our respective
commands and other commands as appropriate.

STANLEY H. LILLIE EDWARD HANLON, JR.
Brigadier General, USA Lieutenant General, USMC
Commandant Deputy Commandant
US Army Chemical School for Combat Development

JOHN M. KELLY BENTLEY B. RAYBURN
Rear Admiral, USN Major General, USAF
Commander Commander
Navy Warfare Development Command Headquarters Air Force Doctrine Center

This publication is available at Army
Knowledge Online <www.us.army.mil>.
PREFACE

1. Scope
This document provides commanders and staffs with general information and
technical data concerning chemical/biological (CB) agents and other compounds of
military interest such as toxic industrial chemicals (TIC). It explains the use;
classification; and physical, chemical, and physiological properties of these agents
and compounds. Users of this manual are nuclear, biological, and chemical
(NBC)/chemical, biological, and radiological (CBR) staff officers, NBC
noncommissioned officers (NCOs), staff weather officers (SWOs), NBC medical
defense officers, medical readiness officers, medical intelligence officers, field
medical treatment officers, and others involved in planning battlefield operations in
an NBC environment.

2. Purpose
This publication provides a technical reference for CB agents and related
compounds. The technical information furnished provides data that can be used to
support operational assessments based on intelligence preparation of the battlespace
(IPB).

3. Application
The audience for this publication is NBC/CBR staff personnel and
commanders tasked with planning, preparing for, and conducting military
operations.

4. Implementation Plan
Participating service command offices of primary responsibility (OPRs) will
review this publication, validate the information, and reference and incorporate it in
service and command manuals, regulations, and curricula as follows:
Army. The United States Army (USA) will incorporate this publication in
USA training and doctrinal publications as directed by the Commander, United
States Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC). Distribution is in
accordance with Department of the Army (DA) Form 12-99-R (Initial Distribution
Requirements for Publications).
Marine Corps. The United States Marine Corps (USMC) will incorporate
the procedures in this publication in USMC training and doctrinal publications as
directed by the Commanding General (CG), United States Marine Corps Combat
i
Development Command (MCCDC). Distribution is in accordance with Marine Corps
Publication Distribution System (MCPDS).
Navy. The United States Navy (USN) will incorporate these procedures in
USN training and doctrinal publications as directed by the Commander, Navy
Warfare Development Command (NWDC). Distribution is according to the military
standard requisitioning and issue procedures (MILSTRIP).
Air Force. The United States Air Force (USAF) will validate and
incorporate appropriate procedures according to applicable governing directives.

5. User Information
a. The United States Army Chemical School (USACMLS) developed this
publication with the joint participation of the approving service commands.
b. We encourage recommended changes for improving this publication. Please
reference the specific page and paragraph, and provide a rationale for each
recommendation. Send comments and recommendations directly to—

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Army

Commandant
US Army Chemical School
ATTN: ATSN-CM-DD
401 MANSCEN Loop, Suite 1029
Fort Leonard Wood, MO 65473-8926
COMM [phone], extension 3-7364

Marine Corps

Commanding General
US Marine Corps Combat Development Command
ATTN: C42 (Director)
3300 Russell Road
Quantico, VA 22134-5001
DSN 278-6234; COMM [phone]

Navy

Commander
Navy Warfare Development Command
ATTN: N5
686 Cushing Road
Newport, RI 02841-1207
DSN 948-4201; COMM [phone]

Air Force

HQ Air Force Doctrine Center
ATTN: DJ
155 North Twining Street
Maxwell AFB, AL 36112-6112
DSN 493-7224; COMM [phone]

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*FM 3-11.9
MCRP 3-37.1B
NTRP 3-11.32
AFTTP(I) 3-2.55

FM 3-11.9 US Army Training and Doctrine Command
Fort Monroe, Virginia

MCRP 3-37.1B Marine Corps Combat Development Command
Quantico, Virginia

NTRP 3-11.32 Naval Warfare Development Command
Newport, Rhode Island

AFTTP(I) 3-2.55 Headquarters Air Force Doctrine Center
Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama

10 January 2005

POTENTIAL MILITARY CHEMICAL/BIOLOGICAL AGENTS AND
COMPOUNDS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...........................................................................................................xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
Background................................................................................................I-1
Threat........................................................................................................I-2
Militarily Significant Aspects of Toxic Chemical Agents........................I-4
Militarily Significant Aspects of Biological Agents.................................I-7
Militarily Significant Aspects of Toxic Industrial Chemicals...............I-11
CHAPTER II CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
Background...............................................................................................II-1
Definitions of Selected Physical and Chemical Properties....................II-1
Definitions of Toxicity-Related Terms....................................................II-4

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

*This publication supersedes FM 3-9, 12 December 1990.
iv
Choking Agents........................................................................................II-9
Nerve Agents..........................................................................................II-13
Blood Agents...........................................................................................II-31
Blister Agents (Vesicants).....................................................................II-37
Incapacitating Agents............................................................................II-64
Chemical Warfare Agent Precursors....................................................II-68
Other Chemical Warfare Agents...........................................................II-76
CHAPTER III MILITARY CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
Background..............................................................................................III-1
Riot Control Agents (Tear-Producing Compounds)...............................III-1
Respiratory Irritants...............................................................................III-7
Obsolete Riot Control Agents ..............................................................III-14
Smokes, Obscurants, and Incendiaries................................................III-16
CHAPTER IV BIOLOGICAL AGENTS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
Background.............................................................................................IV-1
Bacterial Agents of Potential Concern..................................................IV-4
Rickettsiae of Potential Concern.........................................................IV-11
Viral Agents of Potential Concern.......................................................IV-14
Toxins of Potential Concern.................................................................IV-22
CHAPTER V TOXIC INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
Background..............................................................................................V-1
Other Information Sources.....................................................................V-2
Reach-Back Capability............................................................................V-4
APPENDIX A TABLE OF EQUIVALENTS.....................................................................A-1
APPENDIX B TEMPERATURE CONVERSIONS...........................................................B-1
APPENDIX C PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS.................................................C-1
APPENDIX D CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION SCHEDULE 1, 2,
AND 3 CHEMICALS ...............................................................................D-1
APPENDIX E CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENT PRECURSOR CHEMICALS:
USES AND EQUIVALENTS ...................................................................E-1
APPENDIX F CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS AND OTHER MILITARY
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS ......................................................................F-1
APPENDIX G PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS AND MILITARY
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS......................................................................G-1
APPENDIX H TOXICITY PROFILE ESTIMATES...........................................................H-1
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Background..............................................................................................H-1
Choking Agents.......................................................................................H-1
Nerve Agents...........................................................................................H-1
Blood Agents..........................................................................................H-16
Blister Agents........................................................................................H-17
Respiratory Irritants.............................................................................H-32
APPENDIX I PROPERTIES OF SELECTED BIOLOGICAL AGENTS...........................I-1
APPENDIX J SELECTED ANIMAL PATHOGENS.........................................................J-1
Background...............................................................................................J-1
Animal Diseases.......................................................................................J-1
APPENDIX K SELECTED PLANT PATHOGENS..........................................................K-1
Background..............................................................................................K-1
Bacterial Diseases...................................................................................K-1
Fungal Diseases......................................................................................K-2
Viral Diseases..........................................................................................K-5
APPENDIX L DISSEMINATION OF BIOLOGICAL AGENTS.........................................L-1
Background...............................................................................................L-1
Inhalation or Aerosol Route of Entry......................................................L-1
Percutaneous Route of Entry...................................................................L-3
Oral Route of Entry..................................................................................L-4
Covert Dissemination..............................................................................L-4
REFERENCES....................................................................................................References-1
GLOSSARY............................................................................................................Glossary-1
INDEX............................................................................................................................Index-1
FIGURES II-1 The TLE Effect on the Ct Profile..............................................II-7
II-2 Ct Profile for Dosage versus Exposure Duration.....................II-8
G-1 Vapor Pressure of Choking Agents........................................G-19
G-2 Vapor Pressure of Nerve Agents............................................G-20
G-3 Vapor Pressure of Blood Agents............................................G-21
G-4 Vapor Pressure of Blister Agents..........................................G-22
G-5 Vapor Pressure of Incapacitating Agents (BZ).....................G-23
G-6 Vapor Pressure of Riot Control Agents (Capsaicin).............G-24
G-7 Vapor Pressure of Respiratory Irritants...............................G-25
H-1 GA Vapor: Dosage versus Exposure Duration........................H-3
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H-2 GA Vapor: Concentration versus Exposure
Duration....................................................................................H-4
H-3 GB Vapor: Dosage versus Exposure Duration........................H-6
H-4 GB Vapor: Concentration versus Exposure
Duration....................................................................................H-7
H-5 GD Vapor: Dosage versus Exposure Duration........................H-9
H-6 GD Vapor: Concentration versus Exposure
Duration..................................................................................H-10
H-7 GF Vapor: Dosage versus Exposure Duration......................H-12
H-8 GF Vapor: Concentration versus Exposure
Duration..................................................................................H-13
H-9 VX Vapor: Dosage versus Exposure Duration.....................H-15
H-10 VX Vapor: Concentration versus Exposure
Duration..................................................................................H-16
H-11 HD Vapor: Dosage versus Exposure Duration.....................H-19
H-12 HD Vapor: Concentration Versus Exposure
Duration..................................................................................H-19
TABLES II-1 List of Selected CW Agents and Precursors..............................I-1
II-2 CG.............................................................................................II-10
II-3 CG Toxicity Estimates............................................................II-11
II-4 DP.............................................................................................II-12
II-5 DP Toxicity Estimates.............................................................II-13
II-6 GA.............................................................................................II-14
II-7 GA Toxicity Estimates............................................................II-17
II-8 GB.............................................................................................II-18
II-9 GB Toxicity Estimates............................................................II-20
II-10 GD............................................................................................II-21
II-11 GD Toxicity Estimates............................................................II-23
II-12 GF.............................................................................................II-24
II-13 GF Toxicity Estimates.............................................................II-26
II-14 VX.............................................................................................II-27
II-15 VX Toxicity Estimates.............................................................II-29
II-16 Vx.............................................................................................II-30
II-17 Vx Toxicity Estimates.............................................................II-31
II-18 AC.............................................................................................II-32
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II-19 AC Toxicity Estimates.............................................................II-33
II-20 CK.............................................................................................II-34
II-21 CK Toxicity Estimates............................................................II-35
II-22 SA.............................................................................................II-36
II-23 SA Toxicity Estimates.............................................................II-37
II-24 HD............................................................................................II-38
II-25 HD Toxicity Estimates............................................................II-40
II-26 HN-1.........................................................................................II-41
II-27 HN-1 Toxicity Estimates.........................................................II-43
II-28 HN-2.........................................................................................II-43
II-29 HN-2 Toxicity Estimates.........................................................II-45
II-30 HN-3.........................................................................................II-46
II-31 HN-3 Toxicity Estimates.........................................................II-48
II-32 HT.............................................................................................II-48
II-33 HT Toxicity Estimates............................................................II-50
II-34 L................................................................................................II-50
II-35 L Toxicity Estimates...............................................................II-53
II-36 HL.............................................................................................II-54
II-37 HL Toxicity Estimates............................................................II-56
II-38 PD.............................................................................................II-57
II-39 PD Toxicity Estimates.............................................................II-58
II-40 ED.............................................................................................II-59
II-41 ED Toxicity Estimates............................................................II-60
II-42 MD............................................................................................II-60
II-43 MD Toxicity Estimates............................................................II-62
II-44 CX.............................................................................................II-63
II-45 CX Toxicity Estimates.............................................................II-64
II-46 BZ.............................................................................................II-65
II-47 BZ Toxicity Estimates.............................................................II-66
II-48 Correlation of Symptoms and Incapacitating
Agent Family...........................................................................II-68
II-49 DF.............................................................................................II-69
II-50 DF Toxicity Estimates.............................................................II-70
II-51 QL.............................................................................................II-71
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