Postwar Struggles, 1918-1920

332 Pages·1988·17.259 MB·English

by  Philip S. Foner

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HISTORY OF THE LABOR MOVEMENT
IN THE UNITED STATES
VOLUME VIII
3 1223 06369 7719
HISTORY OF
THE LABOR MOVEMENT
IN THE UNITED STATES
VOLUME VIII: Postwar Struggles,
1918-1920
BY PHILIP S. FONER
INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS, New York
© 1988 International Publishers Co., Inc.
First printing, 1988
All Rights Reserved
Manufactured in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
(Revised for vol. 8)
Foner, Philip Sheldon, 1910—
History of the labor movement in the United States.
(New World paperbacks)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Contents: —v. 2. From the founding of the American Federation of Labor to the
emergence of American imperialism. _—v. 5. The AFL in the progressive era, 1910-
1915. —v. 8. Postwar struggles, 1919-1921.
1. Trade-unions—United States—History. 2. Labor and laboring classes—United
States—History. I. Title. II. Series.
HD6508.F57 =:1 975 331.88°0973 75-315606
ISBN O-7178-0092-X
ISBN O-7178-0388-0 (pbk.)
iv
CONTENTS
PREFACE Xi
. THE SETTING I: The Struggle for Control 1
Causes of Labor Unrest, 1 . . . Promise and Reality, 3 . . . The Industrial
Conference, 6 . . . Status of Women Workers, 10 . . . The New Union-
ists, 12 . . . The Plumb Plan, 16.
. THE SETTING II: Red Scare and Red Summer 20
Hysteria, 21 ... “Deportation Deliriums,” 24 ... Palmer Raids, 25...
Berger, Congress and the Red Scare, 29 . . . Sacco and Vanzetti, 31...
Unions and the Red Scare, 33... “Red Summer,” 35... The Elaine
Massacre, 37. . . Black Resistance, 41.
. THE U.S. LABOR MOVEMENT AND
THE BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION 42
The February Revolution, 43... Triumph of the Bolsheviks, 45...
U.S. Intervention in Russia, 46... The AFL and the New Soviet
Regime, 49 . . . The ILGWU and the Amalgamated Clothing Workers, 53
=. ~Ine Seattle Labor Council, 55°... “Hands Off-Russia,* 53 °.". .
American Labor Alliance, 60.
. GENERAL STRIKE: Seattle and Winnipeg 63
Seattle Shipyards’ Strike, 63 . . . Steps Leading to a General Strike, 68
. . . The General Strike, 71 . . . End of the Strike, 75 . . . Background of
the Winnipeg General Strike, 79 . . . The Strike Begins, 82 . . . “Bloody
Saturday,” 84 . . . End of the Strike, 85...
. THE BOSTON TELEPHONE AND POLICE STRIKES 88
Grievances of the Telephone Operators, 88 . . . The Telephone Strike, 89
. . . End of the Strike, 91 . . . Background of the Boston Police Strike, 92
. . . Boston Policemen’s Union, 93 ... The Strike Begins, 95... “A
City in Terror,” 95 ... Role of Central Labor Union, 98 . . . End of
Boston Police Strike, 100.
. STREETCAR STRIKES 102
Chicago and Denver, 104. . . Knoxville, 106. . . Kansas City, 108.
. STRIKES OF CLOTHING AND TEXTILE WORKERS 117
Men’s Clothing Workers, 118 ... The Ladies’ Garment Workers, 120
... The Textile Workers, 123 ... The Amalgamated TWU and the
Lawrence Strike, 126. . . The Amalgamated Textile Workers of America,
yee
. STRIKES of COAL MINERS and STEEL WORKERS 141
Background of the Miners’ Strike, 141 . . . Role of the Federal Govern-
ment, 144... Anti-Strike Injunction, 145 ... Lewis Calls Off the
Strike, 146 . . . Background of the Steel Strike, 148 . . . Role of Foster
and Fitzpatrick, 151 ... A National Committee, 152 ... The Steel
Organizing Drive, 153 ... Fruitless Negotiations, 157 . . . The Steel
Strike Begins, 159 ... A Vicious Anti-Strike Offensive, 160 ... The
Strike in Gary, 162 . . . End of the Steel Strike, 166 . . . Foster Evaluates
the Steel Strike, 167...
. THE OPEN SHOP DRIVE, 1919-1920 170
Open Shop Associations, 170 . . . The “American Plan,” 172 .. Open
Shop Propaganda, 173 . . . Open Shop Practices, 174 . . . The National
Federation of Open Shop Associations, 176 . . . The Real Objective, 178
... The Struggle in Tampa, 179 . . . Results of the Open Shop Drive,
183.
Vi