Table Of Content

PostgreSQL 8.4.22 Documentation The PostgreSQL Global Development Group PostgreSQL 8.4.22 Documentation by The PostgreSQL Global Development Group Copyright © 1996-2014 The PostgreSQL Global Development Group Legal Notice PostgreSQL is Copyright © 1996-2014 by the PostgreSQL Global Development Group and is distributed under the terms of the license of the University of California below. Postgres95 is Copyright © 1994-5 by the Regents of the University of California. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose, without fee, and without a written agreement is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph and the following two paragraphs appear in all copies. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING LOST PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE SOFTWARE PRO- VIDED HEREUNDER IS ON AN “AS-IS” BASIS, AND THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS NO OBLIGATIONS TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICATIONS. Table of Contents Preface ...........................................................................................................................................xlviii 1. What is PostgreSQL? ........................................................................................................xlviii 2. A Brief History of PostgreSQL...........................................................................................xlix 2.1. The Berkeley POSTGRES Project .........................................................................xlix 2.2. Postgres95...............................................................................................................xlix 2.3. PostgreSQL.................................................................................................................. l 3. Conventions.............................................................................................................................. l 4. Further Information.................................................................................................................li 5. Bug Reporting Guidelines.......................................................................................................li 5.1. Identifying Bugs ........................................................................................................lii 5.2. What to report............................................................................................................lii 5.3. Where to report bugs ................................................................................................ liv I. Tutorial ............................................................................................................................................. 1 1. Getting Started ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Installation .................................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Architectural Fundamentals........................................................................................ 1 1.3. Creating a Database.................................................................................................... 2 1.4. Accessing a Database ................................................................................................. 3 2. The SQL Language ................................................................................................................. 5 2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 5 2.2. Concepts ..................................................................................................................... 5 2.3. Creating a New Table ................................................................................................. 5 2.4. Populating a Table With Rows ................................................................................... 6 2.5. Querying a Table ........................................................................................................ 7 2.6. Joins Between Tables.................................................................................................. 9 2.7. Aggregate Functions................................................................................................. 11 2.8. Updates ..................................................................................................................... 12 2.9. Deletions................................................................................................................... 13 3. Advanced Features ................................................................................................................ 14 3.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 14 3.2. Views ........................................................................................................................ 14 3.3. Foreign Keys............................................................................................................. 14 3.4. Transactions.............................................................................................................. 15 3.5. Window Functions.................................................................................................... 17 3.6. Inheritance ................................................................................................................ 20 3.7. Conclusion................................................................................................................ 21 II. The SQL Language...................................................................................................................... 22 4. SQL Syntax ........................................................................................................................... 24 4.1. Lexical Structure....................................................................................................... 24 4.1.1. Identifiers and Key Words............................................................................ 24 4.1.2. Constants...................................................................................................... 26 4.1.2.1. String Constants .............................................................................. 26 4.1.2.2. String Constants with C-Style Escapes ........................................... 26 4.1.2.3. String Constants with Unicode Escapes.......................................... 27 4.1.2.4. Dollar-Quoted String Constants ...................................................... 28 4.1.2.5. Bit-String Constants ........................................................................ 29 4.1.2.6. Numeric Constants .......................................................................... 29 4.1.2.7. Constants of Other Types ................................................................ 30 iii 4.1.3. Operators...................................................................................................... 30 4.1.4. Special Characters........................................................................................ 31 4.1.5. Comments .................................................................................................... 31 4.1.6. Lexical Precedence ...................................................................................... 32 4.2. Value Expressions..................................................................................................... 33 4.2.1. Column References...................................................................................... 34 4.2.2. Positional Parameters................................................................................... 34 4.2.3. Subscripts..................................................................................................... 34 4.2.4. Field Selection ............................................................................................. 35 4.2.5. Operator Invocations.................................................................................... 35 4.2.6. Function Calls .............................................................................................. 36 4.2.7. Aggregate Expressions................................................................................. 36 4.2.8. Window Function Calls................................................................................ 37 4.2.9. Type Casts .................................................................................................... 38 4.2.10. Scalar Subqueries....................................................................................... 39 4.2.11. Array Constructors..................................................................................... 39 4.2.12. Row Constructors....................................................................................... 41 4.2.13. Expression Evaluation Rules ..................................................................... 42 5. Data Definition ...................................................................................................................... 44 5.1. Table Basics.............................................................................................................. 44 5.2. Default Values .......................................................................................................... 45 5.3. Constraints ................................................................................................................ 46 5.3.1. Check Constraints ........................................................................................ 46 5.3.2. Not-Null Constraints.................................................................................... 48 5.3.3. Unique Constraints....................................................................................... 49 5.3.4. Primary Keys................................................................................................ 49 5.3.5. Foreign Keys ................................................................................................ 50 5.4. System Columns....................................................................................................... 53 5.5. Modifying Tables...................................................................................................... 54 5.5.1. Adding a Column......................................................................................... 54 5.5.2. Removing a Column .................................................................................... 55 5.5.3. Adding a Constraint ..................................................................................... 55 5.5.4. Removing a Constraint ................................................................................ 56 5.5.5. Changing a Column’s Default Value............................................................ 56 5.5.6. Changing a Column’s Data Type ................................................................. 56 5.5.7. Renaming a Column .................................................................................... 57 5.5.8. Renaming a Table ........................................................................................ 57 5.6. Privileges .................................................................................................................. 57 5.7. Schemas.................................................................................................................... 58 5.7.1. Creating a Schema ....................................................................................... 58 5.7.2. The Public Schema ...................................................................................... 59 5.7.3. The Schema Search Path.............................................................................. 59 5.7.4. Schemas and Privileges................................................................................ 61 5.7.5. The System Catalog Schema ....................................................................... 61 5.7.6. Usage Patterns.............................................................................................. 61 5.7.7. Portability..................................................................................................... 62 5.8. Inheritance ................................................................................................................ 62 5.8.1. Caveats ......................................................................................................... 65 5.9. Partitioning ............................................................................................................... 65 5.9.1. Overview...................................................................................................... 65 5.9.2. Implementing Partitioning ........................................................................... 66 5.9.3. Managing Partitions ..................................................................................... 69 iv 5.9.4. Partitioning and Constraint Exclusion ......................................................... 70 5.9.5. Alternative Partitioning Methods................................................................. 71 5.9.6. Caveats ......................................................................................................... 72 5.10. Other Database Objects .......................................................................................... 73 5.11. Dependency Tracking............................................................................................. 73 6. Data Manipulation................................................................................................................. 75 6.1. Inserting Data ........................................................................................................... 75 6.2. Updating Data........................................................................................................... 76 6.3. Deleting Data............................................................................................................ 77 7. Queries .................................................................................................................................. 78 7.1. Overview .................................................................................................................. 78 7.2. Table Expressions ..................................................................................................... 78 7.2.1. The FROM Clause.......................................................................................... 79 7.2.1.1. Joined Tables ................................................................................... 79 7.2.1.2. Table and Column Aliases............................................................... 82 7.2.1.3. Subqueries ....................................................................................... 83 7.2.1.4. Table Functions ............................................................................... 84 7.2.2. The WHERE Clause........................................................................................ 85 7.2.3. The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses........................................................... 86 7.2.4. Window Function Processing ...................................................................... 88 7.3. Select Lists................................................................................................................ 88 7.3.1. Select-List Items .......................................................................................... 88 7.3.2. Column Labels ............................................................................................. 89 7.3.3. DISTINCT .................................................................................................... 89 7.4. Combining Queries................................................................................................... 90 7.5. Sorting Rows ............................................................................................................ 91 7.6. LIMIT and OFFSET................................................................................................... 92 7.7. VALUES Lists ............................................................................................................ 92 7.8. WITH Queries (Common Table Expressions) ........................................................... 93 8. Data Types............................................................................................................................. 97 8.1. Numeric Types.......................................................................................................... 98 8.1.1. Integer Types................................................................................................ 99 8.1.2. Arbitrary Precision Numbers ....................................................................... 99 8.1.3. Floating-Point Types .................................................................................. 100 8.1.4. Serial Types................................................................................................ 102 8.2. Monetary Types ...................................................................................................... 102 8.3. Character Types ...................................................................................................... 103 8.4. Binary Data Types .................................................................................................. 105 8.5. Date/Time Types..................................................................................................... 107 8.5.1. Date/Time Input ......................................................................................... 108 8.5.1.1. Dates.............................................................................................. 109 8.5.1.2. Times ............................................................................................. 109 8.5.1.3. Time Stamps.................................................................................. 110 8.5.1.4. Special Values ............................................................................... 111 8.5.2. Date/Time Output ...................................................................................... 112 8.5.3. Time Zones ................................................................................................ 112 8.5.4. Interval Input.............................................................................................. 114 8.5.5. Interval Output ........................................................................................... 116 8.5.6. Internals...................................................................................................... 116 8.6. Boolean Type.......................................................................................................... 117 8.7. Enumerated Types .................................................................................................. 118 8.7.1. Declaration of Enumerated Types.............................................................. 118 v 8.7.2. Ordering ..................................................................................................... 118 8.7.3. Type Safety ................................................................................................ 119 8.7.4. Implementation Details.............................................................................. 119 8.8. Geometric Types..................................................................................................... 120 8.8.1. Points ......................................................................................................... 120 8.8.2. Line Segments............................................................................................ 120 8.8.3. Boxes.......................................................................................................... 120 8.8.4. Paths........................................................................................................... 121 8.8.5. Polygons..................................................................................................... 121 8.8.6. Circles ........................................................................................................ 121 8.9. Network Address Types.......................................................................................... 122 8.9.1. inet........................................................................................................... 122 8.9.2. cidr........................................................................................................... 122 8.9.3. inet vs. cidr............................................................................................ 123 8.9.4. macaddr .................................................................................................... 123 8.10. Bit String Types .................................................................................................... 124 8.11. Text Search Types................................................................................................. 124 8.11.1. tsvector ................................................................................................ 125 8.11.2. tsquery .................................................................................................. 126 8.12. UUID Type ........................................................................................................... 127 8.13. XML Type ............................................................................................................ 127 8.13.1. Creating XML Values .............................................................................. 128 8.13.2. Encoding Handling .................................................................................. 128 8.13.3. Accessing XML Values............................................................................ 129 8.14. Arrays ................................................................................................................... 129 8.14.1. Declaration of Array Types...................................................................... 130 8.14.2. Array Value Input..................................................................................... 130 8.14.3. Accessing Arrays ..................................................................................... 132 8.14.4. Modifying Arrays..................................................................................... 133 8.14.5. Searching in Arrays.................................................................................. 136 8.14.6. Array Input and Output Syntax................................................................ 136 8.15. Composite Types .................................................................................................. 138 8.15.1. Declaration of Composite Types.............................................................. 138 8.15.2. Composite Value Input............................................................................. 139 8.15.3. Accessing Composite Types .................................................................... 140 8.15.4. Modifying Composite Types.................................................................... 140 8.15.5. Composite Type Input and Output Syntax............................................... 141 8.16. Object Identifier Types ......................................................................................... 141 8.17. Pseudo-Types........................................................................................................ 143 9. Functions and Operators ..................................................................................................... 145 9.1. Logical Operators ................................................................................................... 145 9.2. Comparison Operators............................................................................................ 145 9.3. Mathematical Functions and Operators.................................................................. 147 9.4. String Functions and Operators .............................................................................. 150 9.5. Binary String Functions and Operators .................................................................. 162 9.6. Bit String Functions and Operators ........................................................................ 164 9.7. Pattern Matching .................................................................................................... 165 9.7.1. LIKE........................................................................................................... 165 9.7.2. SIMILAR TO Regular Expressions ............................................................ 166 9.7.3. POSIX Regular Expressions ...................................................................... 167 9.7.3.1. Regular Expression Details ........................................................... 170 9.7.3.2. Bracket Expressions ...................................................................... 172 vi 9.7.3.3. Regular Expression Escapes.......................................................... 173 9.7.3.4. Regular Expression Metasyntax.................................................... 176 9.7.3.5. Regular Expression Matching Rules ............................................. 177 9.7.3.6. Limits and Compatibility .............................................................. 178 9.7.3.7. Basic Regular Expressions ............................................................ 179 9.8. Data Type Formatting Functions ............................................................................ 179 9.9. Date/Time Functions and Operators....................................................................... 185 9.9.1. EXTRACT, date_part............................................................................... 189 9.9.2. date_trunc.............................................................................................. 193 9.9.3. AT TIME ZONE.......................................................................................... 194 9.9.4. Current Date/Time ..................................................................................... 194 9.9.5. Delaying Execution.................................................................................... 196 9.10. Enum Support Functions ...................................................................................... 196 9.11. Geometric Functions and Operators ..................................................................... 197 9.12. Network Address Functions and Operators.......................................................... 201 9.13. Text Search Functions and Operators ................................................................... 203 9.14. XML Functions .................................................................................................... 208 9.14.1. Producing XML Content.......................................................................... 208 9.14.1.1. xmlcomment ............................................................................... 208 9.14.1.2. xmlconcat ................................................................................. 208 9.14.1.3. xmlelement ............................................................................... 209 9.14.1.4. xmlforest ................................................................................. 210 9.14.1.5. xmlpi .......................................................................................... 211 9.14.1.6. xmlroot...................................................................................... 211 9.14.1.7. xmlagg........................................................................................ 212 9.14.1.8. XML Predicates........................................................................... 212 9.14.2. Processing XML ...................................................................................... 212 9.14.3. Mapping Tables to XML.......................................................................... 213 9.15. Sequence Manipulation Functions ....................................................................... 216 9.16. Conditional Expressions....................................................................................... 218 9.16.1. CASE......................................................................................................... 218 9.16.2. COALESCE ................................................................................................ 220 9.16.3. NULLIF..................................................................................................... 220 9.16.4. GREATEST and LEAST.............................................................................. 221 9.17. Array Functions and Operators ............................................................................ 221 9.18. Aggregate Functions............................................................................................. 223 9.19. Window Functions................................................................................................ 226 9.20. Subquery Expressions .......................................................................................... 228 9.20.1. EXISTS..................................................................................................... 228 9.20.2. IN ............................................................................................................. 229 9.20.3. NOT IN..................................................................................................... 229 9.20.4. ANY/SOME ................................................................................................. 230 9.20.5. ALL ........................................................................................................... 230 9.20.6. Row-wise Comparison............................................................................. 231 9.21. Row and Array Comparisons ............................................................................... 231 9.21.1. IN ............................................................................................................. 231 9.21.2. NOT IN..................................................................................................... 232 9.21.3. ANY/SOME (array) ..................................................................................... 232 9.21.4. ALL (array) ............................................................................................... 233 9.21.5. Row-wise Comparison............................................................................. 233 9.22. Set Returning Functions ....................................................................................... 234 9.23. System Information Functions ............................................................................. 236 vii 9.24. System Administration Functions ........................................................................ 245 9.25. Trigger Functions ................................................................................................. 251 10. Type Conversion................................................................................................................ 253 10.1. Overview .............................................................................................................. 253 10.2. Operators .............................................................................................................. 254 10.3. Functions .............................................................................................................. 257 10.4. Value Storage........................................................................................................ 259 10.5. UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs.................................................................. 260 11. Indexes .............................................................................................................................. 263 11.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 263 11.2. Index Types........................................................................................................... 264 11.3. Multicolumn Indexes............................................................................................ 265 11.4. Indexes and ORDER BY......................................................................................... 266 11.5. Combining Multiple Indexes ................................................................................ 267 11.6. Unique Indexes ..................................................................................................... 268 11.7. Indexes on Expressions ........................................................................................ 268 11.8. Partial Indexes ...................................................................................................... 269 11.9. Operator Classes and Operator Families .............................................................. 271 11.10. Examining Index Usage...................................................................................... 272 12. Full Text Search ................................................................................................................ 274 12.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 274 12.1.1. What Is a Document?............................................................................... 275 12.1.2. Basic Text Matching ................................................................................ 275 12.1.3. Configurations.......................................................................................... 276 12.2. Tables and Indexes................................................................................................ 277 12.2.1. Searching a Table ..................................................................................... 277 12.2.2. Creating Indexes ...................................................................................... 278 12.3. Controlling Text Search........................................................................................ 279 12.3.1. Parsing Documents .................................................................................. 279 12.3.2. Parsing Queries ........................................................................................ 280 12.3.3. Ranking Search Results ........................................................................... 282 12.3.4. Highlighting Results ................................................................................ 284 12.4. Additional Features .............................................................................................. 285 12.4.1. Manipulating Documents......................................................................... 285 12.4.2. Manipulating Queries............................................................................... 286 12.4.2.1. Query Rewriting .......................................................................... 287 12.4.3. Triggers for Automatic Updates .............................................................. 288 12.4.4. Gathering Document Statistics ................................................................ 290 12.5. Parsers................................................................................................................... 290 12.6. Dictionaries........................................................................................................... 292 12.6.1. Stop Words............................................................................................... 293 12.6.2. Simple Dictionary .................................................................................... 294 12.6.3. Synonym Dictionary ................................................................................ 295 12.6.4. Thesaurus Dictionary ............................................................................... 296 12.6.4.1. Thesaurus Configuration ............................................................. 296 12.6.4.2. Thesaurus Example ..................................................................... 297 12.6.5. Ispell Dictionary....................................................................................... 298 12.6.6. Snowball Dictionary ................................................................................ 299 12.7. Configuration Example......................................................................................... 299 12.8. Testing and Debugging Text Search ..................................................................... 301 12.8.1. Configuration Testing............................................................................... 301 12.8.2. Parser Testing........................................................................................... 303 viii 12.8.3. Dictionary Testing.................................................................................... 304 12.9. GiST and GIN Index Types .................................................................................. 305 12.10. psql Support........................................................................................................ 306 12.11. Limitations.......................................................................................................... 309 12.12. Migration from Pre-8.3 Text Search................................................................... 309 13. Concurrency Control ......................................................................................................... 311 13.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 311 13.2. Transaction Isolation ............................................................................................ 311 13.2.1. Read Committed Isolation Level ............................................................. 312 13.2.2. Serializable Isolation Level...................................................................... 313 13.2.2.1. Serializable Isolation versus True Serializability ........................ 314 13.3. Explicit Locking ................................................................................................... 315 13.3.1. Table-Level Locks.................................................................................... 315 13.3.2. Row-Level Locks ..................................................................................... 317 13.3.3. Deadlocks................................................................................................. 318 13.3.4. Advisory Locks........................................................................................ 319 13.4. Data Consistency Checks at the Application Level.............................................. 319 13.5. Locking and Indexes............................................................................................. 320 14. Performance Tips .............................................................................................................. 322 14.1. Using EXPLAIN .................................................................................................... 322 14.2. Statistics Used by the Planner .............................................................................. 326 14.3. Controlling the Planner with Explicit JOIN Clauses............................................ 328 14.4. Populating a Database .......................................................................................... 330 14.4.1. Disable Autocommit ................................................................................ 330 14.4.2. Use COPY.................................................................................................. 330 14.4.3. Remove Indexes ....................................................................................... 330 14.4.4. Remove Foreign Key Constraints ............................................................ 331 14.4.5. Increase maintenance_work_mem ........................................................ 331 14.4.6. Increase checkpoint_segments .......................................................... 331 14.4.7. Turn off archive_mode ......................................................................... 331 14.4.8. Run ANALYZE Afterwards........................................................................ 331 14.4.9. Some Notes About pg_dump................................................................... 332 III. Server Administration ............................................................................................................. 333 15. Installation from Source Code .......................................................................................... 335 15.1. Short Version ........................................................................................................ 335 15.2. Requirements........................................................................................................ 335 15.3. Getting The Source............................................................................................... 337 15.4. Upgrading ............................................................................................................. 337 15.5. Installation Procedure........................................................................................... 338 15.6. Post-Installation Setup.......................................................................................... 347 15.6.1. Shared Libraries ....................................................................................... 347 15.6.2. Environment Variables ............................................................................. 348 15.7. Supported Platforms ............................................................................................. 349 15.8. Platform-Specific Notes........................................................................................ 349 15.8.1. AIX .......................................................................................................... 350 15.8.1.1. GCC issues .................................................................................. 350 15.8.1.2. Unix-domain sockets broken....................................................... 350 15.8.1.3. Internet address issues ................................................................. 351 15.8.1.4. Memory management.................................................................. 351 References and resources.................................................................. 352 15.8.2. Cygwin..................................................................................................... 352 ix 15.8.3. HP-UX ..................................................................................................... 353 15.8.4. IRIX ......................................................................................................... 354 15.8.5. MinGW/Native Windows ........................................................................ 355 15.8.6. SCO OpenServer and SCO UnixWare..................................................... 355 15.8.6.1. Skunkware ................................................................................... 355 15.8.6.2. GNU Make .................................................................................. 355 15.8.6.3. Readline....................................................................................... 355 15.8.6.4. Using the UDK on OpenServer................................................... 356 15.8.6.5. Reading the PostgreSQL man pages ........................................... 356 15.8.6.6. C99 Issues with the 7.1.1b Feature Supplement ......................... 356 15.8.6.7. --enable-thread-safety and UnixWare ............................. 356 15.8.7. Solaris ...................................................................................................... 356 15.8.7.1. Required tools ............................................................................. 357 15.8.7.2. Problems with OpenSSL ............................................................. 357 15.8.7.3. configure complains about a failed test program......................... 357 15.8.7.4. 64-bit build sometimes crashes ................................................... 357 15.8.7.5. Compiling for optimal performance............................................ 358 15.8.7.6. Using DTrace for tracing PostgreSQL ........................................ 358 16. Installation from Source Code on Windows ..................................................................... 359 16.1. Building with Visual C++ 2005............................................................................ 359 16.1.1. Requirements ........................................................................................... 359 16.1.2. Building ................................................................................................... 360 16.1.3. Cleaning and installing ............................................................................ 361 16.1.4. Running the regression tests .................................................................... 361 16.1.5. Building the documentation..................................................................... 362 16.2. Building libpq with Visual C++ or Borland C++................................................. 362 16.2.1. Generated files ......................................................................................... 363 17. Server Setup and Operation .............................................................................................. 364 17.1. The PostgreSQL User Account ............................................................................ 364 17.2. Creating a Database Cluster ................................................................................. 364 17.2.1. Network File Systems .............................................................................. 365 17.3. Starting the Database Server................................................................................. 365 17.3.1. Server Start-up Failures ........................................................................... 367 17.3.2. Client Connection Problems .................................................................... 367 17.4. Managing Kernel Resources................................................................................. 368 17.4.1. Shared Memory and Semaphores ............................................................ 368 17.4.2. Resource Limits ....................................................................................... 374 17.4.3. Linux Memory Overcommit .................................................................... 375 17.5. Shutting Down the Server..................................................................................... 375 17.6. Preventing Server Spoofing .................................................................................. 376 17.7. Encryption Options............................................................................................... 377 17.8. Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSL ................................................................. 378 17.8.1. Using client certificates............................................................................ 378 17.8.2. SSL Server File Usage ............................................................................. 379 17.8.3. Creating a Self-Signed Certificate ........................................................... 379 17.9. Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSH Tunnels ................................................... 380 18. Server Configuration ......................................................................................................... 382 18.1. Setting Parameters ................................................................................................ 382 18.2. File Locations ....................................................................................................... 383 18.3. Connections and Authentication........................................................................... 384 18.3.1. Connection Settings ................................................................................. 384 18.3.2. Security and Authentication..................................................................... 386 x

ebook img

PostgreSQL 8.4 Documentation PDF

2224 Pages·2014·5.05 MB·English
by  
#University of California
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Upgrade Premium
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview PostgreSQL 8.4 Documentation

PostgreSQL 8.4.22 Documentation The PostgreSQL Global Development Group PostgreSQL 8.4.22 Documentation by The PostgreSQL Global Development Group Copyright © 1996-2014 The PostgreSQL Global Development Group Legal Notice PostgreSQL is Copyright © 1996-2014 by the PostgreSQL Global Development Group and is distributed under the terms of the license of the University of California below. Postgres95 is Copyright © 1994-5 by the Regents of the University of California. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose, without fee, and without a written agreement is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph and the following two paragraphs appear in all copies. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING LOST PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE SOFTWARE PRO- VIDED HEREUNDER IS ON AN “AS-IS” BASIS, AND THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS NO OBLIGATIONS TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICATIONS. Table of Contents Preface ...........................................................................................................................................xlviii 1. What is PostgreSQL? ........................................................................................................xlviii 2. A Brief History of PostgreSQL...........................................................................................xlix 2.1. The Berkeley POSTGRES Project .........................................................................xlix 2.2. Postgres95...............................................................................................................xlix 2.3. PostgreSQL.................................................................................................................. l 3. Conventions.............................................................................................................................. l 4. Further Information.................................................................................................................li 5. Bug Reporting Guidelines.......................................................................................................li 5.1. Identifying Bugs ........................................................................................................lii 5.2. What to report............................................................................................................lii 5.3. Where to report bugs ................................................................................................ liv I. Tutorial ............................................................................................................................................. 1 1. Getting Started ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Installation .................................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Architectural Fundamentals........................................................................................ 1 1.3. Creating a Database.................................................................................................... 2 1.4. Accessing a Database ................................................................................................. 3 2. The SQL Language ................................................................................................................. 5 2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 5 2.2. Concepts ..................................................................................................................... 5 2.3. Creating a New Table ................................................................................................. 5 2.4. Populating a Table With Rows ................................................................................... 6 2.5. Querying a Table ........................................................................................................ 7 2.6. Joins Between Tables.................................................................................................. 9 2.7. Aggregate Functions................................................................................................. 11 2.8. Updates ..................................................................................................................... 12 2.9. Deletions................................................................................................................... 13 3. Advanced Features ................................................................................................................ 14 3.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 14 3.2. Views ........................................................................................................................ 14 3.3. Foreign Keys............................................................................................................. 14 3.4. Transactions.............................................................................................................. 15 3.5. Window Functions.................................................................................................... 17 3.6. Inheritance ................................................................................................................ 20 3.7. Conclusion................................................................................................................ 21 II. The SQL Language...................................................................................................................... 22 4. SQL Syntax ........................................................................................................................... 24 4.1. Lexical Structure....................................................................................................... 24 4.1.1. Identifiers and Key Words............................................................................ 24 4.1.2. Constants...................................................................................................... 26 4.1.2.1. String Constants .............................................................................. 26 4.1.2.2. String Constants with C-Style Escapes ........................................... 26 4.1.2.3. String Constants with Unicode Escapes.......................................... 27 4.1.2.4. Dollar-Quoted String Constants ...................................................... 28 4.1.2.5. Bit-String Constants ........................................................................ 29 4.1.2.6. Numeric Constants .......................................................................... 29 4.1.2.7. Constants of Other Types ................................................................ 30 iii 4.1.3. Operators...................................................................................................... 30 4.1.4. Special Characters........................................................................................ 31 4.1.5. Comments .................................................................................................... 31 4.1.6. Lexical Precedence ...................................................................................... 32 4.2. Value Expressions..................................................................................................... 33 4.2.1. Column References...................................................................................... 34 4.2.2. Positional Parameters................................................................................... 34 4.2.3. Subscripts..................................................................................................... 34 4.2.4. Field Selection ............................................................................................. 35 4.2.5. Operator Invocations.................................................................................... 35 4.2.6. Function Calls .............................................................................................. 36 4.2.7. Aggregate Expressions................................................................................. 36 4.2.8. Window Function Calls................................................................................ 37 4.2.9. Type Casts .................................................................................................... 38 4.2.10. Scalar Subqueries....................................................................................... 39 4.2.11. Array Constructors..................................................................................... 39 4.2.12. Row Constructors....................................................................................... 41 4.2.13. Expression Evaluation Rules ..................................................................... 42 5. Data Definition ...................................................................................................................... 44 5.1. Table Basics.............................................................................................................. 44 5.2. Default Values .......................................................................................................... 45 5.3. Constraints ................................................................................................................ 46 5.3.1. Check Constraints ........................................................................................ 46 5.3.2. Not-Null Constraints.................................................................................... 48 5.3.3. Unique Constraints....................................................................................... 49 5.3.4. Primary Keys................................................................................................ 49 5.3.5. Foreign Keys ................................................................................................ 50 5.4. System Columns....................................................................................................... 53 5.5. Modifying Tables...................................................................................................... 54 5.5.1. Adding a Column......................................................................................... 54 5.5.2. Removing a Column .................................................................................... 55 5.5.3. Adding a Constraint ..................................................................................... 55 5.5.4. Removing a Constraint ................................................................................ 56 5.5.5. Changing a Column’s Default Value............................................................ 56 5.5.6. Changing a Column’s Data Type ................................................................. 56 5.5.7. Renaming a Column .................................................................................... 57 5.5.8. Renaming a Table ........................................................................................ 57 5.6. Privileges .................................................................................................................. 57 5.7. Schemas.................................................................................................................... 58 5.7.1. Creating a Schema ....................................................................................... 58 5.7.2. The Public Schema ...................................................................................... 59 5.7.3. The Schema Search Path.............................................................................. 59 5.7.4. Schemas and Privileges................................................................................ 61 5.7.5. The System Catalog Schema ....................................................................... 61 5.7.6. Usage Patterns.............................................................................................. 61 5.7.7. Portability..................................................................................................... 62 5.8. Inheritance ................................................................................................................ 62 5.8.1. Caveats ......................................................................................................... 65 5.9. Partitioning ............................................................................................................... 65 5.9.1. Overview...................................................................................................... 65 5.9.2. Implementing Partitioning ........................................................................... 66 5.9.3. Managing Partitions ..................................................................................... 69 iv 5.9.4. Partitioning and Constraint Exclusion ......................................................... 70 5.9.5. Alternative Partitioning Methods................................................................. 71 5.9.6. Caveats ......................................................................................................... 72 5.10. Other Database Objects .......................................................................................... 73 5.11. Dependency Tracking............................................................................................. 73 6. Data Manipulation................................................................................................................. 75 6.1. Inserting Data ........................................................................................................... 75 6.2. Updating Data........................................................................................................... 76 6.3. Deleting Data............................................................................................................ 77 7. Queries .................................................................................................................................. 78 7.1. Overview .................................................................................................................. 78 7.2. Table Expressions ..................................................................................................... 78 7.2.1. The FROM Clause.......................................................................................... 79 7.2.1.1. Joined Tables ................................................................................... 79 7.2.1.2. Table and Column Aliases............................................................... 82 7.2.1.3. Subqueries ....................................................................................... 83 7.2.1.4. Table Functions ............................................................................... 84 7.2.2. The WHERE Clause........................................................................................ 85 7.2.3. The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses........................................................... 86 7.2.4. Window Function Processing ...................................................................... 88 7.3. Select Lists................................................................................................................ 88 7.3.1. Select-List Items .......................................................................................... 88 7.3.2. Column Labels ............................................................................................. 89 7.3.3. DISTINCT .................................................................................................... 89 7.4. Combining Queries................................................................................................... 90 7.5. Sorting Rows ............................................................................................................ 91 7.6. LIMIT and OFFSET................................................................................................... 92 7.7. VALUES Lists ............................................................................................................ 92 7.8. WITH Queries (Common Table Expressions) ........................................................... 93 8. Data Types............................................................................................................................. 97 8.1. Numeric Types.......................................................................................................... 98 8.1.1. Integer Types................................................................................................ 99 8.1.2. Arbitrary Precision Numbers ....................................................................... 99 8.1.3. Floating-Point Types .................................................................................. 100 8.1.4. Serial Types................................................................................................ 102 8.2. Monetary Types ...................................................................................................... 102 8.3. Character Types ...................................................................................................... 103 8.4. Binary Data Types .................................................................................................. 105 8.5. Date/Time Types..................................................................................................... 107 8.5.1. Date/Time Input ......................................................................................... 108 8.5.1.1. Dates.............................................................................................. 109 8.5.1.2. Times ............................................................................................. 109 8.5.1.3. Time Stamps.................................................................................. 110 8.5.1.4. Special Values ............................................................................... 111 8.5.2. Date/Time Output ...................................................................................... 112 8.5.3. Time Zones ................................................................................................ 112 8.5.4. Interval Input.............................................................................................. 114 8.5.5. Interval Output ........................................................................................... 116 8.5.6. Internals...................................................................................................... 116 8.6. Boolean Type.......................................................................................................... 117 8.7. Enumerated Types .................................................................................................. 118 8.7.1. Declaration of Enumerated Types.............................................................. 118 v 8.7.2. Ordering ..................................................................................................... 118 8.7.3. Type Safety ................................................................................................ 119 8.7.4. Implementation Details.............................................................................. 119 8.8. Geometric Types..................................................................................................... 120 8.8.1. Points ......................................................................................................... 120 8.8.2. Line Segments............................................................................................ 120 8.8.3. Boxes.......................................................................................................... 120 8.8.4. Paths........................................................................................................... 121 8.8.5. Polygons..................................................................................................... 121 8.8.6. Circles ........................................................................................................ 121 8.9. Network Address Types.......................................................................................... 122 8.9.1. inet........................................................................................................... 122 8.9.2. cidr........................................................................................................... 122 8.9.3. inet vs. cidr............................................................................................ 123 8.9.4. macaddr .................................................................................................... 123 8.10. Bit String Types .................................................................................................... 124 8.11. Text Search Types................................................................................................. 124 8.11.1. tsvector ................................................................................................ 125 8.11.2. tsquery .................................................................................................. 126 8.12. UUID Type ........................................................................................................... 127 8.13. XML Type ............................................................................................................ 127 8.13.1. Creating XML Values .............................................................................. 128 8.13.2. Encoding Handling .................................................................................. 128 8.13.3. Accessing XML Values............................................................................ 129 8.14. Arrays ................................................................................................................... 129 8.14.1. Declaration of Array Types...................................................................... 130 8.14.2. Array Value Input..................................................................................... 130 8.14.3. Accessing Arrays ..................................................................................... 132 8.14.4. Modifying Arrays..................................................................................... 133 8.14.5. Searching in Arrays.................................................................................. 136 8.14.6. Array Input and Output Syntax................................................................ 136 8.15. Composite Types .................................................................................................. 138 8.15.1. Declaration of Composite Types.............................................................. 138 8.15.2. Composite Value Input............................................................................. 139 8.15.3. Accessing Composite Types .................................................................... 140 8.15.4. Modifying Composite Types.................................................................... 140 8.15.5. Composite Type Input and Output Syntax............................................... 141 8.16. Object Identifier Types ......................................................................................... 141 8.17. Pseudo-Types........................................................................................................ 143 9. Functions and Operators ..................................................................................................... 145 9.1. Logical Operators ................................................................................................... 145 9.2. Comparison Operators............................................................................................ 145 9.3. Mathematical Functions and Operators.................................................................. 147 9.4. String Functions and Operators .............................................................................. 150 9.5. Binary String Functions and Operators .................................................................. 162 9.6. Bit String Functions and Operators ........................................................................ 164 9.7. Pattern Matching .................................................................................................... 165 9.7.1. LIKE........................................................................................................... 165 9.7.2. SIMILAR TO Regular Expressions ............................................................ 166 9.7.3. POSIX Regular Expressions ...................................................................... 167 9.7.3.1. Regular Expression Details ........................................................... 170 9.7.3.2. Bracket Expressions ...................................................................... 172 vi 9.7.3.3. Regular Expression Escapes.......................................................... 173 9.7.3.4. Regular Expression Metasyntax.................................................... 176 9.7.3.5. Regular Expression Matching Rules ............................................. 177 9.7.3.6. Limits and Compatibility .............................................................. 178 9.7.3.7. Basic Regular Expressions ............................................................ 179 9.8. Data Type Formatting Functions ............................................................................ 179 9.9. Date/Time Functions and Operators....................................................................... 185 9.9.1. EXTRACT, date_part............................................................................... 189 9.9.2. date_trunc.............................................................................................. 193 9.9.3. AT TIME ZONE.......................................................................................... 194 9.9.4. Current Date/Time ..................................................................................... 194 9.9.5. Delaying Execution.................................................................................... 196 9.10. Enum Support Functions ...................................................................................... 196 9.11. Geometric Functions and Operators ..................................................................... 197 9.12. Network Address Functions and Operators.......................................................... 201 9.13. Text Search Functions and Operators ................................................................... 203 9.14. XML Functions .................................................................................................... 208 9.14.1. Producing XML Content.......................................................................... 208 9.14.1.1. xmlcomment ............................................................................... 208 9.14.1.2. xmlconcat ................................................................................. 208 9.14.1.3. xmlelement ............................................................................... 209 9.14.1.4. xmlforest ................................................................................. 210 9.14.1.5. xmlpi .......................................................................................... 211 9.14.1.6. xmlroot...................................................................................... 211 9.14.1.7. xmlagg........................................................................................ 212 9.14.1.8. XML Predicates........................................................................... 212 9.14.2. Processing XML ...................................................................................... 212 9.14.3. Mapping Tables to XML.......................................................................... 213 9.15. Sequence Manipulation Functions ....................................................................... 216 9.16. Conditional Expressions....................................................................................... 218 9.16.1. CASE......................................................................................................... 218 9.16.2. COALESCE ................................................................................................ 220 9.16.3. NULLIF..................................................................................................... 220 9.16.4. GREATEST and LEAST.............................................................................. 221 9.17. Array Functions and Operators ............................................................................ 221 9.18. Aggregate Functions............................................................................................. 223 9.19. Window Functions................................................................................................ 226 9.20. Subquery Expressions .......................................................................................... 228 9.20.1. EXISTS..................................................................................................... 228 9.20.2. IN ............................................................................................................. 229 9.20.3. NOT IN..................................................................................................... 229 9.20.4. ANY/SOME ................................................................................................. 230 9.20.5. ALL ........................................................................................................... 230 9.20.6. Row-wise Comparison............................................................................. 231 9.21. Row and Array Comparisons ............................................................................... 231 9.21.1. IN ............................................................................................................. 231 9.21.2. NOT IN..................................................................................................... 232 9.21.3. ANY/SOME (array) ..................................................................................... 232 9.21.4. ALL (array) ............................................................................................... 233 9.21.5. Row-wise Comparison............................................................................. 233 9.22. Set Returning Functions ....................................................................................... 234 9.23. System Information Functions ............................................................................. 236 vii 9.24. System Administration Functions ........................................................................ 245 9.25. Trigger Functions ................................................................................................. 251 10. Type Conversion................................................................................................................ 253 10.1. Overview .............................................................................................................. 253 10.2. Operators .............................................................................................................. 254 10.3. Functions .............................................................................................................. 257 10.4. Value Storage........................................................................................................ 259 10.5. UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs.................................................................. 260 11. Indexes .............................................................................................................................. 263 11.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 263 11.2. Index Types........................................................................................................... 264 11.3. Multicolumn Indexes............................................................................................ 265 11.4. Indexes and ORDER BY......................................................................................... 266 11.5. Combining Multiple Indexes ................................................................................ 267 11.6. Unique Indexes ..................................................................................................... 268 11.7. Indexes on Expressions ........................................................................................ 268 11.8. Partial Indexes ...................................................................................................... 269 11.9. Operator Classes and Operator Families .............................................................. 271 11.10. Examining Index Usage...................................................................................... 272 12. Full Text Search ................................................................................................................ 274 12.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 274 12.1.1. What Is a Document?............................................................................... 275 12.1.2. Basic Text Matching ................................................................................ 275 12.1.3. Configurations.......................................................................................... 276 12.2. Tables and Indexes................................................................................................ 277 12.2.1. Searching a Table ..................................................................................... 277 12.2.2. Creating Indexes ...................................................................................... 278 12.3. Controlling Text Search........................................................................................ 279 12.3.1. Parsing Documents .................................................................................. 279 12.3.2. Parsing Queries ........................................................................................ 280 12.3.3. Ranking Search Results ........................................................................... 282 12.3.4. Highlighting Results ................................................................................ 284 12.4. Additional Features .............................................................................................. 285 12.4.1. Manipulating Documents......................................................................... 285 12.4.2. Manipulating Queries............................................................................... 286 12.4.2.1. Query Rewriting .......................................................................... 287 12.4.3. Triggers for Automatic Updates .............................................................. 288 12.4.4. Gathering Document Statistics ................................................................ 290 12.5. Parsers................................................................................................................... 290 12.6. Dictionaries........................................................................................................... 292 12.6.1. Stop Words............................................................................................... 293 12.6.2. Simple Dictionary .................................................................................... 294 12.6.3. Synonym Dictionary ................................................................................ 295 12.6.4. Thesaurus Dictionary ............................................................................... 296 12.6.4.1. Thesaurus Configuration ............................................................. 296 12.6.4.2. Thesaurus Example ..................................................................... 297 12.6.5. Ispell Dictionary....................................................................................... 298 12.6.6. Snowball Dictionary ................................................................................ 299 12.7. Configuration Example......................................................................................... 299 12.8. Testing and Debugging Text Search ..................................................................... 301 12.8.1. Configuration Testing............................................................................... 301 12.8.2. Parser Testing........................................................................................... 303 viii 12.8.3. Dictionary Testing.................................................................................... 304 12.9. GiST and GIN Index Types .................................................................................. 305 12.10. psql Support........................................................................................................ 306 12.11. Limitations.......................................................................................................... 309 12.12. Migration from Pre-8.3 Text Search................................................................... 309 13. Concurrency Control ......................................................................................................... 311 13.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 311 13.2. Transaction Isolation ............................................................................................ 311 13.2.1. Read Committed Isolation Level ............................................................. 312 13.2.2. Serializable Isolation Level...................................................................... 313 13.2.2.1. Serializable Isolation versus True Serializability ........................ 314 13.3. Explicit Locking ................................................................................................... 315 13.3.1. Table-Level Locks.................................................................................... 315 13.3.2. Row-Level Locks ..................................................................................... 317 13.3.3. Deadlocks................................................................................................. 318 13.3.4. Advisory Locks........................................................................................ 319 13.4. Data Consistency Checks at the Application Level.............................................. 319 13.5. Locking and Indexes............................................................................................. 320 14. Performance Tips .............................................................................................................. 322 14.1. Using EXPLAIN .................................................................................................... 322 14.2. Statistics Used by the Planner .............................................................................. 326 14.3. Controlling the Planner with Explicit JOIN Clauses............................................ 328 14.4. Populating a Database .......................................................................................... 330 14.4.1. Disable Autocommit ................................................................................ 330 14.4.2. Use COPY.................................................................................................. 330 14.4.3. Remove Indexes ....................................................................................... 330 14.4.4. Remove Foreign Key Constraints ............................................................ 331 14.4.5. Increase maintenance_work_mem ........................................................ 331 14.4.6. Increase checkpoint_segments .......................................................... 331 14.4.7. Turn off archive_mode ......................................................................... 331 14.4.8. Run ANALYZE Afterwards........................................................................ 331 14.4.9. Some Notes About pg_dump................................................................... 332 III. Server Administration ............................................................................................................. 333 15. Installation from Source Code .......................................................................................... 335 15.1. Short Version ........................................................................................................ 335 15.2. Requirements........................................................................................................ 335 15.3. Getting The Source............................................................................................... 337 15.4. Upgrading ............................................................................................................. 337 15.5. Installation Procedure........................................................................................... 338 15.6. Post-Installation Setup.......................................................................................... 347 15.6.1. Shared Libraries ....................................................................................... 347 15.6.2. Environment Variables ............................................................................. 348 15.7. Supported Platforms ............................................................................................. 349 15.8. Platform-Specific Notes........................................................................................ 349 15.8.1. AIX .......................................................................................................... 350 15.8.1.1. GCC issues .................................................................................. 350 15.8.1.2. Unix-domain sockets broken....................................................... 350 15.8.1.3. Internet address issues ................................................................. 351 15.8.1.4. Memory management.................................................................. 351 References and resources.................................................................. 352 15.8.2. Cygwin..................................................................................................... 352 ix 15.8.3. HP-UX ..................................................................................................... 353 15.8.4. IRIX ......................................................................................................... 354 15.8.5. MinGW/Native Windows ........................................................................ 355 15.8.6. SCO OpenServer and SCO UnixWare..................................................... 355 15.8.6.1. Skunkware ................................................................................... 355 15.8.6.2. GNU Make .................................................................................. 355 15.8.6.3. Readline....................................................................................... 355 15.8.6.4. Using the UDK on OpenServer................................................... 356 15.8.6.5. Reading the PostgreSQL man pages ........................................... 356 15.8.6.6. C99 Issues with the 7.1.1b Feature Supplement ......................... 356 15.8.6.7. --enable-thread-safety and UnixWare ............................. 356 15.8.7. Solaris ...................................................................................................... 356 15.8.7.1. Required tools ............................................................................. 357 15.8.7.2. Problems with OpenSSL ............................................................. 357 15.8.7.3. configure complains about a failed test program......................... 357 15.8.7.4. 64-bit build sometimes crashes ................................................... 357 15.8.7.5. Compiling for optimal performance............................................ 358 15.8.7.6. Using DTrace for tracing PostgreSQL ........................................ 358 16. Installation from Source Code on Windows ..................................................................... 359 16.1. Building with Visual C++ 2005............................................................................ 359 16.1.1. Requirements ........................................................................................... 359 16.1.2. Building ................................................................................................... 360 16.1.3. Cleaning and installing ............................................................................ 361 16.1.4. Running the regression tests .................................................................... 361 16.1.5. Building the documentation..................................................................... 362 16.2. Building libpq with Visual C++ or Borland C++................................................. 362 16.2.1. Generated files ......................................................................................... 363 17. Server Setup and Operation .............................................................................................. 364 17.1. The PostgreSQL User Account ............................................................................ 364 17.2. Creating a Database Cluster ................................................................................. 364 17.2.1. Network File Systems .............................................................................. 365 17.3. Starting the Database Server................................................................................. 365 17.3.1. Server Start-up Failures ........................................................................... 367 17.3.2. Client Connection Problems .................................................................... 367 17.4. Managing Kernel Resources................................................................................. 368 17.4.1. Shared Memory and Semaphores ............................................................ 368 17.4.2. Resource Limits ....................................................................................... 374 17.4.3. Linux Memory Overcommit .................................................................... 375 17.5. Shutting Down the Server..................................................................................... 375 17.6. Preventing Server Spoofing .................................................................................. 376 17.7. Encryption Options............................................................................................... 377 17.8. Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSL ................................................................. 378 17.8.1. Using client certificates............................................................................ 378 17.8.2. SSL Server File Usage ............................................................................. 379 17.8.3. Creating a Self-Signed Certificate ........................................................... 379 17.9. Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSH Tunnels ................................................... 380 18. Server Configuration ......................................................................................................... 382 18.1. Setting Parameters ................................................................................................ 382 18.2. File Locations ....................................................................................................... 383 18.3. Connections and Authentication........................................................................... 384 18.3.1. Connection Settings ................................................................................. 384 18.3.2. Security and Authentication..................................................................... 386 x

See more

The list of books you might like

Upgrade Premium
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.
DMCA & Copyright: Dear all, most of the website is community built, users are uploading hundred of books everyday, which makes really hard for us to identify copyrighted material, please contact us if you want any material removed.
Copyright @ PDFdrive.to, 2022 | We love our users