Posterior Fossa Tumors in Children PDF
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Posterior Fossa Tumors in Children M. Memet Özek Giuseppe Cinalli Wirginia Maixner Christian Sainte-Rose Editors 123 Posterior Fossa Tumors in Children M. Memet Özek • Giuseppe Cinalli Wirginia Maixner • Christian Sainte-Rose Editors Posterior Fossa Tumors in Children Editors M. Memet Özek Giuseppe Cinalli Neurosurgery Pediatric Neurosurgery Acıbadem University Santobono Children's Hospital Istanbul Naples , Napoli Turkey Italy Wirginia Maixner Christian Sainte-Rose Department of Neurosurgery Pediatric Neurosurgery Royal Childrens Hospital Hopital Necker-Enfants Malades Melbourne , Victoria Paris Australia France ISBN 978-3-319-11273-2 ISBN 978-3-319-11274-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-11274-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015937189 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. T he publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) To my wife for 32 years, Eren, for her support and patience throughout my life. M. Memet Özek To my mother. To Fabrizia, Francesco, and Maria Allegra because the time spent with them is the only real happiness. and To Roberta Migliorati who devoted her whole life to the care of children affected by Brain Neoplasms. Giuseppe Cinalli To my mentors and students and the children for whom we care. Wirginia Maixner To all the young colleagues whom I have helped to progress in pediatric neurosurgery. Christian Sainte-Rose Pref ace Tumors of the posterior fossa are one of the most challenging pathologies a neurosurgeon is called upon to deal with. The anatomical complexity of the region and the amazing variety of possible histologies of neoplastic lesions in this area in children make the therapeutic challenges even more diffi cult for the pediatric neurosurgeon. The frequent association with hydrocephalus and the options for its management before, during, or after the surgical procedure on the posterior fossa have given rise to signifi cant controversies during recent years, and a consensus is still far from being obtained. During the last few years, we have witnessed impressive progress in the genetic and genomic profi ling of some tumor lesions, allowing the identifi cation of specifi c and very different prognostic subgroups previously labeled with the same name and often treated with the same protocols. With this new approach, we are entering an era in which we shall be able to tailor treatment protocols very precisely in order to avoid unnecessary procedures or therapeutic regimens, thus limiting the possible collateral effects that have always burdened the long-term prognosis and quality of life of survivors. We have tried to group into different sections the main pathologies encoun- tered in this age range. For each pathology, recognized experts thoroughly analyze all aspects of genetics, radiology, surgery, pathology, oncology, and radiotherapy. Although all of the editors are surgeons, only Section II is dedi- cated solely to surgical approaches and techniques, and a strong effort was made when profi ling the book plan to offer a real multidisciplinary view of these pathologies. We hope that the fi nal results will refl ect this effort. Treatment of posterior fossa tumors in children is never a single person’s work. Classifi cation is complex, deeper expertise is demanded of actors in many different fi elds, and very strong and reliable teamwork is not simply an option but a real obligation. An entire section has been dedicated to rare pathologies where early rec- ognition may modify the therapeutic approach from the earliest stages, and the fi nal section is devoted to an analysis of different standards of immediate postoperative care and the long-term general implications of follow-up and treatment. The fi nal result explains why gestation was long and complex, and we are very grateful to all contributors for their patience and to the Springer editorial staff, who believed in this project. vii viii Preface The fi nal acknowledgment always goes to our patients and to their families, who are called upon to face something bigger than themselves and from whose terrible endurance and tribulations the cold scientifi c aspects of these pages are derived. Istanbul , Turkey M. Memet Özek Naples , Italy Giuseppe Cinalli Parkville , VIC , Australia Wirginia June Maixner Paris , France Christian Sainte-Rose Contents Part I General Principles of Treatment in Pediatric Posterior Fossa Tumors 1 History of Posterior Fossa Tumor Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 James Tait Goodrich 2 Development of the Posterior Fossa Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Martin Catala 3 The Anatomy of the Posterior Cranial Fossa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Aşkın Şeker and Albert L. Rhoton Jr. 4 Anatomical Connection of the Cerebellum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Akin Akakin and Albert L. Rhoton Jr. 5 Clinical Presentation and Neurologic Evaluation in Posterior Fossa Tumors in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Ugur Işık and M. Memet Özek 6 Principles of Molecular Biology in Posterior Fossa Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Yuzo Terakawa, Jong Hee Chang, Christian Smith, and James T. Rutka 7 Radiation Therapy in Posterior Fossa Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Thomas E. Merchant Part II Surgical Approaches to Pediatric Posterior Fossa Tumors 8 Median Suboccipital Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Benoit Jenny and Wirginia June Maixner 9 Paramedian Approaches to the Posterior Fossa . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Giuseppe Mirone, Pietro Spennato, and Giuseppe Cinalli 10 Skull Base Approaches in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Bernard George and Damien Bresson 11 Anterior Skull Base Approaches to the Posterior Fossa . . . . . . 219 Dominic N.P. Thompson ix
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