Postcolonial Portuguese Migration to Angola: Migrants or Masters? PDF
Preview Postcolonial Portuguese Migration to Angola: Migrants or Masters?
MIGRATION, DIASPORAS AND CITIZENSHIP Series Editors: Robin Cohen and Zig Layton-Henry POSTCOLONIAL PORTUGUESE MIGRATION TO ANGOLA Migrants or Masters? Lisa Åkesson Migration, Diasporas and Citizenship Series editors Robin Cohen Department of International Development University of Oxford Oxford, UK Zig Layton-Henry Department of Politics and International Studies University of Warwick Coventry, UK Editorial Board: Rainer Bauböck, European University Institute, Italy; James F. Hollifield, Southern Methodist University, USA; Daniele Joly, University of Warwick, UK; Jan Rath, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. The Migration, Diasporas and Citizenship series covers three important aspects of the migration process: firstly, the determinants, dynamics and characteristics of international migration. Secondly, the continuing attach- ment of many contemporary migrants to their places of origin, signified by the word ‘diaspora’, and thirdly the attempt, by contrast, to belong and gain acceptance in places of settlement, signified by the word ‘citizenship’. The series publishes work that shows engagement with and a lively appre- ciation of the wider social and political issues that are influenced by inter- national migration and encourages a comparative perspective. More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14044 Lisa Åkesson Postcolonial Portuguese Migration to Angola Migrants or Masters? Lisa Åkesson School of Global Studies University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden Migration, Diasporas and Citizenship ISBN 978-3-319-73051-6 ISBN 978-3-319-73052-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73052-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018932754 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the pub- lisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institu- tional affiliations. Cover illustration: Détail de la Tour Eiffel © nemesis2207/Fotolia.co.uk Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland To Noa and Simon A cknowledgements This book draws on the support from many persons in Luanda. I owe a great and profound gratitude to my three excellent female research assis- tants, who provided me with invaluable contacts and many insights. Academic colleagues and friends at Universidade Agostinho Neto as well as friends outside the academic circles offered me great hospitality and shared their visions about how to navigate life in contemporary Luanda. I also want to thank my Angolan and Portuguese interviewees who patiently answered my many questions during conversations that sometimes lasted for many hours. I would have liked to mention all of you by name, but the obscure workings of the Angolan party-state and the long history of wide- spread state control and repression made me decide to preserve the ano- nymity of everyone who resides in Angola. During my research visits in Luanda I was accompanied by Pétur Skúlason Waldorff, Reykjavík University, and his collegiality and kindness made my work much more easy and fun. At the initial stages of fieldwork, Erika Eckeskog and Lena Sundh at the Swedish Embassy in Luanda opened up for important contacts. I wrote the main part of the book dur- ing the last months of 2016, when I was a visiting research fellow at the International Migration Institute, University of Oxford, and I want to thank colleagues and staff at IMI for providing such a great environment for concentrated writing. I finalized the text during a stay at The Swedish Institute in Athen’s guest house in Kavala, and also here I encountered many nice people and a fantastic environment. vii viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Caroline Valente Cardoso, University of Gothenburg; Maria Eriksson Baaz, Uppsala University; and Palgrave Macmillan’s anonymous reviewer have carefully read and commented upon earlier drafts. I have benefitted enormously from Carolina’s deep and detailed insights into the research topic and Maria’s profound grounding in postcolonial theory. The project has been financed by the Swedish Research Council. c ontents 1 I ntroduction: Setting the Scene 1 Luso-Angolan History 7 Creoles, Assimilados and Settlers 8 Independence, Retornados and Civil War 10 Peace, Reconstruction, Economic Boom and Bust 11 Deep Entanglements: Contemporary Political and Economic Relations Between Luanda and Lisbon 14 Trajectories of Portuguese Migrants in Luanda 16 Portuguese and Angolan Identities 22 Methodological Considerations 24 References 29 2 Postcolonial Encounters in a Lusotropical World 33 Hybridity and Ambivalence 37 Portuguese Postcolonial Studies and the Lusotropical Ideology 41 Lusotropicalism 42 Celebrating Hybridity (or Not): Sex and Race in the Empire 43 Postlusotropicalism in the Shadow of a Lost Empire 46 Postlusotropicalism in Contemporary Luanda 48 Stories About the Colonial Past 48 Postlusotropical Positions and Contemporary Relations 52 References 54 ix x CONTENTS 3 M obile Subjects 57 Migrants? 59 Expatriates? 60 Return? 63 Returnees and Newcomers 66 Return as a National Re-conquest 67 Integrated? 69 North-South Migration and the Familiar Concepts of Mobility 73 References 74 4 Changing Relations of Power and the Party-State 77 The Party-State and the Angolan Business Owners 78 Securing Immigration Documents 79 Whiteness as a Marker of Potential Undocumented Migrants 82 Encounters with the Traffic Police 85 Conflict-Ridden Business Relations 86 Corruption and Portuguese Business 89 Voices on Changing Power Relations 91 References 93 5 The Power in and of Labour Relations 95 Labour Relations in Colonial Times 96 Workplace Hierarchies 99 Portuguese Getting Jobs Without Proper Qualifications 101 Motives for Hiring Portuguese 102 Salary Differences 105 The Workplace as a Primary Arena of Postcolonial Encounters 107 References 111 6 Identities at Work 113 “The Laid-Back Angolan” 114 Cultural Racism 116 “The Angolan Reality” 117 The Postcolonial Legacy and Beyond 119
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