Post-traumatic stress

209 Pages·2017·1.536 MB·English

by  Joseph, Stephen, Regel, Stephen

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i
thefacts
Post- traumatic
Stress
iii
thefacts
Post- traumatic
Stress
SECOND EDITION
STEPHEN REGEL
Centre for Trauma, Resilience and Growth, Nottinghamshire
Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust and School of Education,
University of Nottingham, UK
STEPHEN JOSEPH
Centre for Trauma, Resilience and Growth, Nottinghamshire
Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, and School of Education,
University of Nottingham, UK
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Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
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First Edition published in 2010
Second Edition published in 2017
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ISBN 978–0 –1 9–8 75811–2
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SR: For Tina for her love and perseverance!
and Hannah and Tom as always.
SJ: For Vanessa
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Foreword: Terry Waite
Since I wrote the forward to the first edition of this book, alas, the need for
professional help to deal with the problem of traumatic stress has not dimin-
ished. Increasingly more and more members of the public are aware of this
condition and recognize that it can be effectively treated. The recent attacks
in Paris, Nice, Tunisia, Baghdad, and Brussels and elsewhere have had a pro-
found psychological impact on many people, and this book will be of signifi-
cant help to those involved in such tragedies.
Many years ago, when I jointly founded Hostage UK, we established a group
of professionals who were willing to offer their help to former hostages and
their families as and when required. This book, with its clear descriptions
of the problem has played a major role in decreasing the resistance of many
people who had little or no understanding of the condition but nevertheless
suffered from it and sought our help. Not everyone who experiences a major
traumatic incident in his or her life will suffer from the disorder. Again, this
book, in a clear and concise way, presents the facts, and in so doing plays a
major role in developing understanding of the condition, and enabling many
to receive the help and support that they so urgently require.
Terry Waite CBE
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Foreword: Atle Dyregrov
People all around the globe experience events that are potentially traumatic.
Unfortunately, human- made and natural disasters are on the rise, together
with accidents, suicide, murder, serious criminal acts, sexual assaults, and
other extremely stressful events continue to affect the mental health of indi-
viduals, families, and society in general. Understanding trauma and its after-
math is not easy, especially when a person is in the midst of the resulting
internal and external chaos. Trauma not only challenges our beliefs, it also
disrupts the lives of individuals, families, and communities. This book offers
both non- professionals and professionals a better understanding of the psy-
chological impact of trauma, as well as offering ways to counteract and mini-
mize the risk that such events present.
Trauma, in a simple way, can be divided into two types: complex trauma,
usually the result of repetitive adverse childhood events, and single- event
trauma, where there is one critical situation leading to after- reactions. Often
there is a complex mix; people who experience a trauma have a history of
previous losses or traumas that play a part in determining the resulting reac-
tions. Regel and Joseph describe how pre- event, peri- event (happens dur-
ing the event), and post- event factors can all determine people’s responses.
Disentangling the contributing factors is not easy to determine a cause of
action when aiming to reduce untoward effects.
Their historical overview of our understanding of psychological trauma dem-
onstrates how trauma has always been part of people’s lives. Even after the
introduction of post- traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) into psychiatry and
psychology in 1980, the definition of what constitutes a trauma has been shift-
ing over the years. Although the trauma ‘breakthrough’ in the professional
field had strong military influence (from the Vietnam War), it has since then
had a significant effect on our understanding of those who experience trauma
in a civilian context. Actually, the loss of a family member is thought to be one
of the events that accounts for the highest levels of PTSD. Recently, research
within the medical field has also opened our eyes to the many individuals
who develop post- traumatic stress in relation to experiences of Intensive Care
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