Post-combustion CO2 Capture Technology: By Using the Amine Based Solvents

55 Pages·2019·1.36 MB·English

by  Helei Liu

SPRINGER BRIEFS IN
PETROLEUM GEOSCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Helei Liu
Raphael Idem
Paitoon Tontiwachwuthikul
Post-combustion
CO Capture
2
Technology
By Using the
Amine Based
Solvents
123
SpringerBriefs in Petroleum Geoscience
& Engineering
Series editors
Dorrik Stow, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
Mark Bentley, AGR TRACS International Ltd., Aberdeen, UK
Jebraeel Gholinezhad, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK
Lateef Akanji, King’s College, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
Khalik Mohamad Sabil, Heriot-Watt University, Putrajaya, Malaysia
Susan Agar, Houston, USA
Kenichi Soga, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of
California, Berkeley, CA, USA
A. A. Sulaimon, Department of Petroleum Engineering, Universiti Teknologi
Petronas, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
The SpringerBriefs series in Petroleum Geoscience & Engineering promotes and
expedites the dissemination of substantive new research results, state-of-the-art
subject reviews and tutorial overviews in the field of petroleum exploration,
petroleumengineeringandproductiontechnology.Thesubjectfocusisonupstream
exploration and production, subsurface geoscience and engineering. These concise
summaries (50–125 pages) will include cutting-edge research, analytical methods,
advancedmodellingtechniquesandpracticalapplications.Coveragewillextendto
all theoretical and applied aspects of the field, including traditional drilling,
shale-gas fracking, deepwater sedimentology, seismic exploration, pore-flow
modelling and petroleum economics. Topics include but are not limited to:
(cid:129) Petroleum Geology & Geophysics
(cid:129) Exploration: Conventional and Unconventional
(cid:129) Seismic Interpretation
(cid:129) Formation Evaluation (well logging)
(cid:129) Drilling and Completion
(cid:129) Hydraulic Fracturing
(cid:129) Geomechanics
(cid:129) Reservoir Simulation and Modelling
(cid:129) Flow in Porous Media: from nano- to field-scale
(cid:129) Reservoir Engineering
(cid:129) Production Engineering
(cid:129) Well Engineering; Design, Decommissioning and Abandonment
(cid:129) Petroleum Systems; Instrumentation and Control
(cid:129) Flow Assurance, Mineral Scale & Hydrates
(cid:129) Reservoir and Well Intervention
(cid:129) Reservoir Stimulation
(cid:129) Oilfield Chemistry
(cid:129) Risk and Uncertainty
(cid:129) Petroleum Economics and Energy Policy
Contributionstotheseriescanbemadebysubmittingaproposaltotheresponsible
Springercontact,[email protected]
Series Editor, Prof Dorrik Stow at [email protected].
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15391
Helei Liu Raphael Idem
(cid:129)
Paitoon Tontiwachwuthikul
Post-combustion CO
2
Capture Technology
By Using the Amine Based Solvents
123
HeleiLiu Paitoon Tontiwachwuthikul
ProcessSystems Engineering ProcessSystems Engineering
University of Regina University of Regina
Regina, SK,Canada Regina, SK,Canada
Raphael Idem
ProcessSystems Engineering
University of Regina
Regina, SK,Canada
ISSN 2509-3126 ISSN 2509-3134 (electronic)
SpringerBriefs inPetroleum Geoscience &Engineering
ISBN978-3-030-00921-2 ISBN978-3-030-00922-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00922-9
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018956589
©TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicencetoSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2019
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar
methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom
therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor
for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to
jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG
Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland
Contents
1 Introduction and Background Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Objectives of This Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 Solvent Property of Amine Based Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1 The Selection of Amine for CO Capture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2
2.2 Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2.1 Density, Viscosity and Specific Heat Capacity. . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2.2 Henry’s Law Constant and Diffusivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3 Chemical Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3.1 Thermodynamic Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3.2 Ion Speciation of Amine-CO -H O Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2 2
2.3.3 Kinetics of CO Absorption into Aqueous Amine
2
Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4 Novel Approaches and Future Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4.1 The Improvement of the Present Solvent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4.2 Alternative Solvents for Post Combustion
CO Capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3 Design, Modeling and Simulation of Post Combustion CO
2
Capture Systems Using Reactive Solvents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.1 Determination of Column Height for CO Absorber . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2
3.2 Developed Process Configurations for Post Combustion CO
2
Capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.2.1 Absorber Modification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2.2 Stripper Modification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2.3 Economizer Modification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
v
vi Contents
4 Solvent Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.1 Corrosion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.1.1 Effects of Corrosion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.1.2 Suggestions to Solve the Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.2 Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.2.1 Oxidative Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.2.2 Thermal Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.2.3 Suggestions to Solve the Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5 Pilot and Demonstration Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Chapter 1
Introduction and Background
Information
Abstract Recently the worsening global warming issue caused by emissions and
accumulationofgreenhousegasesintheatmospherehasbecomeasubjectofpublic
concern.Carbondioxide(CO )iswidelyconsideredasthepredominantcontributor
2
of greenhouse gases. The post combustion CO capture technology is one of the
2
commonlyusedtechnologiesfordealingwithCO emissions.TheabsorptionofCO
2 2
intoaqueousaminesolutionisregardedtobeoneofthemostpromisingtechnologies
forpostcombustionCO captureduetoitsmaturity,costeffectiveness,andcapacity
2
tohandlelargeamountsofexhauststreams.Inthischapter,thegeneralinformation
about the CO capture is present. The comparison of the several technologies for
2
CO capture is also discussed in order to give the detail about the advantages and
2
disadvantages foreach technology. Inaddition,thedetailed introductionaboutthe
postcombustionCO capturebyusingtheaminebasedsolventisprovidedinthis
2
chapter.
1.1 General
Recently the worsening global warming issue caused by emissions and accumula-
tionofgreenhousegasesintheatmospherehasbecomeasubjectofpublicconcern.
Nationalandinternationalgovernmentsandindustrieshavecollaboratedforthepur-
poseofformulatingstrategiestocontrolGHGs.Also,anumberofinstitutionsand
programs aimed at addressing this issue have emerged, including the Intergovern-
mentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC),theGlobalClimateChangeInitiativeand
theUnitedNationsFrameworkCommissiononClimateChange.
Carbon dioxide (CO ) is widely considered as the predominant contributor of
2
greenhouse gases, with an annual global emissions having escalated by approxi-
mately80%between1970and2004(D’Alessandroetal.2010).Giventhatthemain
source of the huge demand for energy for mankind is still fossil fuel combustion
(i.e. petroleum, coal and natural gas), there is an urgent need to develop strategies
tomitigateCO dischargeintheatmosphere.AccordingtoIPCC,atmosphericcon-
2
centrationsofCO equivalentmustbelimitedto450ppmby2100toavoidglobal
2
©TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicencetoSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2019 1
H.Liuetal.,Post-combustionCO2CaptureTechnology,SpringerBriefsinPetroleum
Geoscience&Engineering,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00922-9_1
2 1 IntroductionandBackgroundInformation
warming greater than 2 °C (Miller et al. 2016). There are a number of means to
achievethistargetincludingenergyproductionwithhigherefficiency,energycon-
servation, renewable energy and CO capture and storage (CCS). After studying
2
andevaluating anumber oftheseapproaches anditscombinations,theIPCCcon-
cludedthatwithoutCCSasanoptionthecostsoflimitingtemperatureincreaseare
significantlyhigherby38%(Milleretal.2016).
CO capturecanbeappliedtolarge-scaleemissionsprocesses,includingcoaland
2
gas-fired power generation, natural gas processing and fertilizer production. Cur-
rently,itcanbecategorizedintothreemaintechniquesinindustry:pre-combustion
capture,oxy-fuelcombustionandpost-combustioncapture.Amongthesetechnolo-
gies,post-combustionprocesshasthehighestpotentialtoberetrofittedtotraditional
pulverized coalpower plants(Kenarsarietal.2013;Liangetal. 2015).Themajor
fullcommercialdemonstrationsaretheTMCMongstadinNorway(300,000tonnes
peryearCO captured)andBD3SaskPowerinCanada(1milliontonnesperyear
2
CO ).Chemicalsolventabsorption,solidsorbentadsorption,cryogenicdistillation
2
andmembraneseparationareimportanttechniquesinpost-combustioncapture.In
the chemical solvent scrubbing, an aqueous solution of some absorbent, e.g. alka-
nolamineorpotassiumcarbonate,reactsreversiblywithcarbondioxide.Absorbent
foradsorptiongenerallycanbecategorizedintotwogroups:(i)physicalabsorbent,
and(ii)chemicalabsorbent.PhysicalabsorbentreliesonclathratethatcagesCO .
2
Chemical absorbent utilizes the attraction with CO molecule (Yang et al. 2008).
2
Cryogenic distillation uses the principle of separation on the basis of cooling and
condensation, thus the substantial energy requirement makes it less desirable for
industrialapplication(Figueroaetal.2008).Membraneseparationisbasedonthedif-
ferentphysicalor/andchemicalinteractionsbetweendifferentgasesandmembrane
material.Thelong-termstabilityofthemembraneperformanceandexpenditurefor
largesizemembranesaremajorhindrancesforindustrialimplementations(Brunetti
etal.2010).ThecharacteristicsofeachtechnologyaresummarizedinTable1.1.
ChemicalabsorptionhasbeeninvestigatedextensivelyforpostcombustionCO
2
capturebecauseithasshownthemostpotentialforvalidCO control,andithasbeen
2
commercializedformanydecades.Alkanolaminesarewidelyusedastheabsorbents
for CO capture, and can be classified into three types, namely, primary amines,
2
secondaryaminesandtertiaryamines.ThecondensedstructuralformulasareRNH ,
2
R NHand R N,respectively, inwhichthealkanolamines compriseofatleastone
2 3
OH and one amine groups. For one thing, primary and secondary amines, such as
monoethanolamine (MEA) (Rochelle 2009) and diethanolamine (DEA) (Mandal
etal.2003),havehighratesofreactionandhighmasstransfertowardCO toform
2
carbamate.However,MEAandDEAhaveseveraldrawbacks,includinglowerCO
2
loadingcapacityat0.5molCO /molamine,andhighenergyconsumptionforloaded
2
amine regeneration because the carbamate formed has relatively high heat of CO
2
absorption(Mondaletal.2012).Fortertiaryaminessuchasmethyl-diethanolamine
(MDEA)(BenamorandAroua2007),whichhasarelativelylowerreactivitytowards
CO ascomparedwiththeprimaryandsecondaryamines,buttheloadingcapacityof
2
MDEAishighabout1molCO /molamine,andexhibitsalowerenergypenaltyfor
2
1.1 General 3
Table1.1 Characteristicofabsorption,adsorption,distillationandmembraneinPost-combustion
(Kenarsarietal.2013;Sema2012)
Technology Characteristic
Chemicalabsorption (cid:129) Mostmatureandbeenprovencommercially
(cid:129) Easytoberetrofittedtotheexistingpowerplant
(cid:129) Highselectivity,highabsorptionefficiencyandlowcapacitycost
(cid:129) Highregenerationenergyrequirement
(cid:129) Solventmanagement,i.e.corrosiveness,degradation
Chemicaladsorption (cid:129) Highthermalandchemicalstability
(cid:129) Nocorrosivenessandeasytooperate
(cid:129) Highcapacityandoperationcost
(cid:129) Lowadsorptionandregenerationefficiency
Physicaladsorption (cid:129) Lowselectivityandlowadsorptionefficiency
(cid:129) Highenergyconsumptionforregeneration
Cryogenicdistillation (cid:129) CanobtainliquidCO2withhighpurity
(cid:129) Significantlyenergypenalty
Membraneseparation (cid:129) Noneedforregenerationprocess
(cid:129) Highseparationenergyefficiency
(cid:129) Lowpermeationselectivity
(cid:129) Limitedontheoperatingtemperature
regeneration resulting from the relatively lower heat of CO absorption associated
2
withbicarbamateformation(Ramachandranetal.2006;VaidyaandKenig2007).
In addition to the primary, secondary and ternary amines, the specialty amines
likesterichindranceamine[e.g.2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol(AMP)](Tontiwach-
wuthikuletal.1991)andcyclicdiamine[e.g.piperazine(PZ)](Rochelleetal.2011)
havealsobeencommerciallyemployed.InthereactionofAMPandCO theformed
2
carbamateisnotstable,andthestabilityconstantofcarbamateforAMPandMEAare
0.1and12.5,respectivelyat303K(VaidyaandKenig2007),andCO mainlyreactsto
2
formcarbonateandbicarbonateions(Khanetal.2015).AMPhasoutstandingabsorp-
tionanddesorptioncharacteristics,suchaslowerenergyconsumptionfordesorption,
higherdegradationresistanceandhigherloadingcapacityof1molCO /molamine
2
(Yehetal.2001).PZisgenerallyusedasanactivatortoaddintotheotheraminesys-
temsforCO captureduetoitsrapidreactionratewithCO (CullinaneandRochelle
2 2
2005;Xuetal.1998),anditcanimproveCO masstransferratesandimprovekinet-
2
ics,andblendedaminessuchasMEAwithPZandMDEAwithPZarethetypical
representatives(Hilliard2008).Inaddition,someresearchershavereportedtheuse
ofPZasanabsorbentforabsorption/desorptionsystemtocaptureCO ,andthecon-
2
centrated PZ showed better performance than MEA, including, higher absorption
rate,lowerequivalentworkandlowerdegradationrate.Nevertheless,thesolubility
ofPZinwaterisverylow,forexample,thesolubilityis14wt%at293K,CO cap-
2