Post-Colonial Settlement Strategy

216 Pages·1.543 MB·English

by  Ehud (Udi) Eiran

page size 234 x 156mm but follows EUP PPC jacket
Hires CMYK pdf from Indesign CS6
17mm
3mm
Post-Colonial
‘This is a fascinating exploration of an important and timely
E
project: the motivations behind contemporary settlement
h
projects in occupied territories. Eiran critiques existing u Settlement
d

explanations, offers a novel argument of his own and provides (
U
persuasive and compelling evidence based on crucial case d
i
studies. It will appeal to a broad readership of policy makers, ) E Strategy
i
r
scholars and well-informed members of the public alike.’ a
n
Ron E. Hassner, University of California, Berkeley
Ehud (Udi) Eiran
P
What drives contemporary settlement projects o
s
in occupied territories? t
-
C
Settlement projects are sustained clusters of policies that allow o
states to strategically plan, implement and support the permanent l
o
transfer of nationals into a territory not under their sovereignty. This
n
book explains the reasons why states launch settlement projects into i
a
occupied areas and introduces the international environment as an l

important enabling variable. By drawing comparisons between three S
e
such major projects – Israel in the West Bank and Gaza, Morocco in
234mm t
Western Sahara and Indonesia in East-Timor – Ehud Eiran classifies t
l
post-colonial settlement projects as a distinct cluster of cases that e
warrant a different analytical approach to traditional colonial studies. m
e
Built on a careful synthesis of existing principles in international n
relations theory and empirical research, the book advances a t

clearly formulated theoretical position on the successful launch S
t
of post-colonial settlement projects. The result yields a number of
r
fresh insights into the relationship between conflict, territory and a
t
international norms. e
g
Ehud (Udi) Eiran is an Associate Professor of International Relations at the y
University of Haifa.
ISBN 978-1-4744-3757-8
edinburghuniversitypress.com
Cover image: iStockphoto.com
Cover design: www.richardbudddesign.co.uk
3mm
17mm
2mm 2mm
17mm 3mm 156 mm 156mm 3mm 17mm
spine 15mm
POST-COLONIAL SETTLEMENT
STRATEGY

POST-COLONIAL SETTLEMENT
STRATEGY
Ehud (Udi) Eiran
Edinburgh University Press is one of the leading university presses
in the UK. We publish academic books and journals in our selected
subject areas across the humanities and social sciences, combining
cutting-edge scholarship with high editorial and production values to
produce academic works of lasting importance. For more information
visit our website: edinburghuniversitypress.com
© Ehud Eiran, 2019
Edinburgh University Press Ltd
The Tun – Holyrood Road
12(2f) Jackson’s Entry
Edinburgh EH8 8PJ
Typeset in 11/13 Sabon by
Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire,
and printed and bound in Great Britain.
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978 1 4744 3757 8 (hardback)
ISBN 978 1 4744 3759 2 (webready PDF)
ISBN 978 1 4744 3760 8 (epub)
The right of Ehud Eiran to be identified as the author of this work has
been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents
Act 1988, and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI
No. 2498).
CONTENTS
List of Tables vi
Preface vii
Acknowledgements viii
1 Introduction 1
2 Theory 11
3 The Israeli Settlement Project in the West Bank and Gaza
(1967–77) 41
4 The Moroccan Settlement Project in Western Sahara (1975–)
and the Indonesian Settlement Project in East Timor
(1975–99) 85
5 Negative Cases: India in Goa, Libya in Chad and Mauritania
in Western Sahara 130
6 Conclusion 155
Bibliography 164
Index 196
vi Post-Colonial Settlement Strategy
TABLES
1.1 Occupying Expansionists and Settlement Projects 1960–91 8
2.1 Existing Explanations for Strategic Settlement Projects 13
2.2 T erritorial Expansion: Forceful Attempts and Outcomes
1960–91 22
2.3 W ars and Territorial Redistribution 1651–2000 (50-year
periods) 26
2.4 M echanisms for Conferring Legitimacy on Post-1945
Territorial Expansion 38
3.1 N ew Neighbourhoods in Annexed Parts of Jerusalem
1967–77 46
3.2 Jordan Valley Settlements 1967–77 48
3.3 Gaza Settlements 1967–77 48
3.4 Central West Bank Settlements 1967–77 50
3.5 I sraeli/Zionist Settlement Activity: Goals and Means
1880–2010 55
3.6 I sraeli Settlements: Budget Allocation between Agencies
1967–73 70
3.7 US Veto of Israel-related Resolutions 1967–77 77
4.1 P opulation Growth in Western Sahara’s Main Provinces 97
4.2 Moroccan Settlers in Western Sahara 98
4.3 Competing Estimates of Indonesian Settlers in East Timor 119
4.4 Transmigration Figures 1950–2000 126
5.1 Summary of Cases, Variables and Outcomes 158
Preface vii
PREFACE
This book explains why and under what conditions states launched
settlement projects in contested territories they controlled during the
era of decolonisation. It suggests that states embarked on these projects
in order to secure permanent territorial expansion. Specifically, states
launched settlement projects in order to manipulate the outcome of
an expected international interaction that was to determine the fate
of these contested territories such as a plebiscite or negotiation within
an international framework. The book further suggests that states
embarked on these projects when they had a legally plausible case for
expansion; when a great power benefactor defended the settling state
from the international costs associated with these projects; when the
settling state had the internal institutional capacity to carry out a set-
tlement project; and when the settling state had a low level of ethnic
affinity with the indigenous population.
The book offers three main contributions. Firstly, it identifies post-
colonial (after 1960) settlement projects as a distinct cluster of cases that
warrants its own separate explanation. In doing so, the book breaks
with the (limited) existing work on some of these projects that have
analysed them as being driven by traditional colonial logics. Secondly,
the book advances a rigorous explanation of these cases. With the
exception of Lustick’s work, no single study in political science has sys-
tematically examined and explained settlement projects of the current
era. Thirdly, the book introduces the international environment (its
norms as well as the distribution of power) as an important enabling
variable, thus breaking with the tradition of explaining these projects
mostly as resulting from variables operating at the internal or bicom-
munal arenas.
viii Post-Colonial Settlement Strategy
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
As someone who loves the social side of social science, I take great
pleasure in recognising all those who contributed to this endeavour.
This book began as a dissertation, and so I am grateful to the Brandeis
scholars who assisted in its inception and development. Robert J. Art
pushed me to shape an interest in a significant policy question into a
rigorous political science text; he reviewed, revised and even proofread
various drafts. Robert H. Mnookin kindly invited me to be his junior
partner in Harvard Law School’s settlement project and taught me well
beyond its confines; Kerry A. Chase diligently scrutinised my argument
and invested a great deal of effort in making sure it all made sense.
Three other Brandeis faculty members were most helpful: Steven L.
Burg was the first person who suggested that I look at the settlements
question through a comparative lens, and he commented generously
on earlier versions of the project. Daniel Kryder stepped in at the right
moments and was truly helpful in bringing the project to completion.
Shai Feldman has been a constant source of advice and support over
the years, long before either of us arrived at Brandeis.
Parts of this book were written while I was a fellow at the Program on
Negotiation at Harvard Law School, the Belfer Center for Science and
International affairs at Harvard’s Kennedy School, and the Schusterman
Center for Israel Studies at Brandeis University. I am thankful to my
colleagues in all three places for their insights, advice and encourage-
ment. These include, at Harvard Law School: Gabriella Blum, Robert
Bordone, the late Roger Fisher, Susan Hackley, Amal Jadou, Melissa
Manwaring, as noted earlier, Robert H. Mnookin, Lukasz Rozdeiczer,
Jim Sebenius, Guhan Subramanian, Larry Susskind, Dan Shapiro and
Nancy Waters. At the Kennedy School: Graham Allison, Boaz Atzili,
Michal Ben-Joseph-Hirsch, Rasmus Bertelsen, Philipp Bleek, Jonathan
Acknowledgements ix
Caverley, the late Charles C. Cogan, Chuck Freilich, Kelly M. Greenhill,
Jill Hazelton, Malfrid Braut-Hagghammer, Michael C. Horowitz, Ulaa
Jasper, Eric Kaufmann, Peter Krause, Sean M. Lynn Jones, Martin
Malin, Steve E. Miller, John S. Park, Nageen Pegahi, Mahsa Rouhi,
Stephanie Rupp, Monica-Toft Steve Walt, Ali Wayne and Micah Zenko.
At the Schusterman Center: S. Ilan Troen, Ofir Abu, Gannit Ankori,
Motti Inbari and Rachel Fish. All of these organisations, as well as the
Tauber Center at Brandeis, provided financial support for this project. I
am further grateful for comments and suggestions on the text I received
on earlier versions of this book at the Middle East Seminar at the
Weatherhead Center at Harvard University, the International Security
Program seminar at the Belfer Center at Harvard’s Kennedy School,
the seminar in the Department of Political Science at the University of
Connecticut, a talk at the Moynihan Institute at the Maxwell School at
Syracuse University, the seminar at the Department of International
Affairs at the Hebrew University, and at the seminar of the Department
of Government at the Interdisciplinary Center at Herzliyya, Israel.
There, and in other places, I received valuable feedback from Dima
Adamsky, Robert Axelrod, Boaz Atzili, Oren Barak, Richard Betts,
Stephen Biddle, Eliot Cohen, Alan Dowty, Ehud Eilam, Nir Eisikovits,
Colin Elman, Mimi Elman, Tanisha Fazal, Gary Goertz, Boaz Ganor,
Galia Golan, Hein Goemans, Michael C. Horowitz, Yoav Gortzak, Piki
Ish-Shalom, Oded Haklai, Ron E. Hassner, Peter Hoffenberg, Herbert
Kelman, Scott Lasensky, Ian Lustick, Jeremy Menchik, Alex Mintz, Ilan
Peleg, Jeremy Pressman, Jonathan Rynhold, Richard N. Rosecrance,
Elton Skendaj, Nadav Shelef, Hendryk Spruyt, Keren Yarhi-Milo and
Dov Waxman. I am further thankful to Ann Brash, Pamela Siska and
Adam Zenko for editorial assistance.
My colleagues at the University of Haifa were equally helpful and
supportive. I am grateful in particular to Avi Ben-Zvi, Zach Levey, Uri
Bar Joseph, Benny Miller, Ranan Kuperman, Carmela Lutmar, Ben Mor,
Aviad Rubin, Daphna Canetti, Israel Waismel-Manor, Doron Navot,
Eran Vigoda-Gadot and Nissim Cohen. Two anonymous reviewers at
Edinburgh University Press provided a most effective set of sugges-
tions that made this text much stronger. The Press’s staff, in particular
Jen Daly, David Lonergan, Joannah Duncan, Sarah Foyle and Zuzana
Ihnatova were most helpful (and patient!) in publishing this book.
More broadly, I owe much to scholars and mentors who all
contributed in their own way to my path in academia: Gad Barzilai,