POST-BREEDING SEASON HABITAT USE AND MOVEMENTS OF EASTERN MEADOWLARKS IN SOUTHWESTERN WISCONSIN

2007·4.9 MB·English

by  Michael J Guzy

The Wilson Journal ofOrnithology 119(2):198—204, 2007
POST-BREEDING SEASON HABITAT USE AND MOVEMENTS OE
EASTERN MEADOWLARKS IN SOUTHWESTERN WISCONSIN
MICHAEL J. GUZyi 34 AND CHRISTINE A. RIBIC^
—
ABSTRACT. We used radio telemetry to study post-breeding movements ofadult female andjuvenile East-
ern Meadowlarks (Sturnella magna) in southwestern Wisconsin in 2002-2004. Twenty-one adult females were
found 58% ofthe time in their nest field regardless ofnest fate. Three adult females were not found outside of
the field where their nests were located. Fifteen of 18 females that moved from the nest field at leastoncemoved
to Conservation Reserve Program fields or pasture. The average maximum distance females moved was 662 m.
Once females left the nest field, 61% did not return. Twelvejuveniles from different broods survived to the end
of the post-breeding season. Two juveniles did not move from their nest fields during the monitoring period.
Eight of 10juveniles that moved at least once moved into Conservation Reserve Program fields, remnantprairie
or pasture. The average maximum distance moved byjuveniles was 526 m. Oncejuveniles started to leave the
nest field, 67% did not return. Grassy habitats appear to be important in the post-breeding period for Eastern
Meadowlarks. Management should be directed toward maintaining orenhancing the amount and quality ofthose
habitats. Received 10 July 2006. Accepted 21 October 2006.
Most management of habitat to benefit alter current conditions or practices for the
grassland (and other) birds has focused on the benefit of a species.
breeding season. Current recommendations Some telemetry work has been accom-
for management of grasslands emphasize de- plished on movement ofjuvenile forest birds
laying activities such as mowing until after the (e.g.. Wood Thrush [Hylocichla mustelina])
peak of nesting activity (Sample and Moss- (Anders et al. 1997) and several studies have
man 1997). This delay may reduce losses of recently examined post-breeding-season
nests to human disturbance but ignores the movements ofindividualjuvenile (Yackel Ad-
needs of fledglings and adults during the crit- ams 2001, Kershner et al. 2004b, Suedkamp
ical time from fledging of young to fall mi- Wells 2005) and adult grassland birds (Ker-
gration. The time from when a young bird shner et al. 2004a, Walk et al. 2004). Describ-
fledges until breeding age is the least under- ing habitat use was the primary objective in
stood portion of the life cycle (Baker 1993) only one of these studies (Suedkamp Wells
and is virtually unstudied for most species. 2005).
This is a critical period when birds are learn- The objectives of our study were to assess
ing to lly, hnd food, and survive on their own. habitat use and movements of adult (2002—
Survival of young during this period may be 2004) and juvenile (2003-2004) Eastern
enhanced by providing critical habitat needed Meadowlarks {Sturnella magna) during the
for foraging, shelter, and escape from preda- post-breeding period using radio telemetry.
tors. Birds may require different habitats or We chose the Eastern Meadowlark because it
habitat conditions depending on the time of is a common nesting species in the study area
year (Baker 1993, Anders et al. 1997, Sued- (Guzy 2005) and is sufficiently large to carry
kamp Wells 2005). Managers should know the a transmitter with a battery life to potentially
habitat requirements of species in all seasons last through the summer.
if they are going to protect existing habitat, or
METHODS
—
' Department of Wildlife Ecology, University of Study Area. This study was conducted in
Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. western Dane, eastern Iowa, and northern
2USGS Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Green counties in Wisconsin bounded on the
Unit, Department of Wildlife Ecology, University of north by State Highway 18-151 from approx-
Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. imately Mount Horeb on the east to Ridgeway
Current address: 23507 Eagles Nest Rd., Antioch,
IL 60002, USA. on the west. The study area was 33,413 ha in
Corresponding author; e-mail: size and is referred to as the Military Ridge
[email protected] Prairie Heritage Area (MRPHA). The
198
Giizy and Rihic • POST-BREEDING MOVEMENTS OE EASTERN MEADOWLARKS 199
MRPHA is in the Driftless Area which was observe when an adult returned to the nest;
unglaciated during the last glacial period. The once an adult was present, the net was re-
topography is a series of ridges and valleys leased via a cord attached to the trigger. No
south from Military Ridge, an east-west ridge adults were injured due to use of bow nets.
that extends from west of Madison (near Efforts were made to minimize the possibility
Mount Horeb) west to where the Wisconsin ofadults abandoning the nest when using bow
River flows into the Mississippi River. His- nets by only trapping at nests that were well
torically, ridge tops were mixed-grass prairie into incubation or when there were chicks in
and valleys were savanna (Curtis 1959, Coch- the nest. However, two nests were abandoned
rane and litis 2000). because of use of the bow net in 2003. Thus,
Modern land use in southwestern and in 2004, two 12-m long mist nets were placed
southcentral Wisconsin is primarily agricul- near each nest and birds were captured either
tural, with a large portion of the land in pas- returning to or flushing from the nest.
ture, hay, and small grains with relatively few A Eederal aluminum band with a unique
hectares of corn {Zea mays) and soybeans number and a unique combination of three
{Glycine max) compared to other areas of color bands were placed on the bird’s legs
Wisconsin. The MRPHA was digitized from once an adult was captured. A 1.85-g Holohil
digital orthophotos and the land use of each BD-2G radio transmitter (Holohil Systems
polygon was field verified. Approximately Ltd., Carp, ON, Canada) was placed on birds
27% of the land area was in pasture and idle weighing >60 g (i.e., the transmitter was at
grass. The MRPHA has numerous prairie rem- or under the 3% ofbody weight limit required
nants (most privately owned, but some are by the Bird Banding Laboratory). The trans-
owned by The Nature Conservancy and the mitter was attached using an elastic harness,
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources) modified from Rappole and Tipton (1991),
and high enrollment in the Conservation Re- around the legs; this method places the trans-
serve Program (CRP) (Economic Research mitter on the back over the synsacrum at or
Service 1995). It is within the boundaries of near the center of gravity. A single piece of
a Conservation Reserve Enhancement Pro- elastic beading cord was tied into two loops
mm
gram area which provides funds for long-term with a stretched length of 50-55 for each
and permanent conservation easements. loop and glued to the bottom ofthe transmitter
—
Trapping and Telemetry. All birds were with cyanoacrylate glue. This loop length held
handled in accordance with University ofWis- the transmitter in place without being too tight
consin-Madison Animal Care and Use Proto- on adults and was sufficiently snug on juve-
col 07-6900-A01023-1-04-01. Meadowlarks niles to hold the transmitter in place until the
were captured while on or near the nest. Nine bird reached full size. The transmitter was at-
CRP fields (average [± SE] size = 10.2 ± 1.3 tached by slipping a loop over one leg and
ha, range 4.8-18.2 ha), four pastures (average between the thigh and body. The transmitter
size = 7.6 ± 0.7 ha, range 6.0-9.5 ha), and was held in place on the bird’s back with one
seven remnant prairies (average size = 8.3 ± hand (the one holding the bird) while with the
1.4 ha, range 3.5-13.3 ha) were searched for otherhand holding the opposite leg against the
nests during May-July 2002-2004. Nest plots bird’s body and slipping the remaining loop
were chosen based on habitat type, minimum over the tibiotarsal-tarsometatarsal joint from
size, condition of vegetation, and uniformity the back. The loop was then moved over the
of vegetation within a patch (e.g., abrupt tran- foot and between the bird’s body and thigh.
sitions in structure were avoided). Each nest The antenna extended past the tail and the bird
plot was searched by dragging a rope (2002) would eventually preen the transmitter into
or personnel walking in a line across the area the feathers so the only thing visible was the
(2002-2004). Once a nest was located, a 1.5- antenna.
m diameter bow net was placed at the nest Once juveniles were within 2-3 days of
along with a remote video camera (2002- fledging, a Federal aluminum leg band (no
2003). A video cable and trigger cord were color bands) was attached along with a radio
used so the observer/trapper could be 25 m transmitter. All birds in a nest received trans-
from the nest. The video camera was used to mitters ifthey appeared healthy and were suf-
200 THE WILSON JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY • Vol. 119, No. 2, June 2007
ficiently large to carry the transmitter (i.e., afterjuveniles left the nest and >21 days after
>60 g). the juveniles left the nest, respectively, fol-
The battery life for transmitters was be- lowing Kershner et al. (2004b).
tween 9 and 1 1 weeks, and had a ground-level Individuals that lost their radios, had faulty
line-of-sight range of ~2 km. We started lo- radios, died before the end of the season, or
cating birds when nests failed or young moved from the study area were deleted from
fledged. The monitoring period was 1 1 July- further analysis. We only analyzed adult fe-
6 September in 2002, 4 June to 16 September males as only three adult males were radio-
in 2003, and 3 June to 8 September in 2004. marked. We tabulated locations for each in-
We located birds every 3 days at random dividual by habitat and included nesting field
times from sunrise to 1800 hrs CST The sig- as a separate category. We calculated the pro-
nals were used to home in on the location of portion of locations that occurred in the nest
the radio. If no movements could be dis- field for the entire post-breeding period for
cerned, the observer attempted to locate the adults. The proportion of locations that oc-
bird visually to rule out mortality or transmit- curred in the nest field for the fledging and
ter loss. Because most ofthe land in the study independence intervals was calculated sepa-
area was privately owned and permission for rately for juveniles.
access could not be obtained for every field We tested whether successfully nesting
used by the meadowlarks, regardless of prop- adult females tended to stay more in their nest
erty ownership, locations were recorded to field compared to those that were not suc-
habitat patch and type. cessful. We used ANOVA to test whether
Frequencies of transmitters for which con- these proportions differed by nesting habitat.
tact was lost were monitored while driving We tested if the proportion of nest field lo-
roads in the study area using a scanning re- cations was the same for the two intervals us-
ceiver and roof-mounted omni-directional an- ing a paired r-test for juveniles. We used the
tenna to try to relocate the signals. Frequen- arcsin-square root transformation on all pro-
cies were checked from a fixed-winged air- portions. Tests were done in S-Plus 6.2 (In-
craft toward the end of the season each year sightful Corporation 2001).
to locate birds that were undetectable from the We were interested in learning if adults
ground. tended to move to the same habitat type where
—
Statistical Analyses. Distances between they had nested. Equal use of habitats was
fields were measured in ArcView GIS (Ver- tested using a Chi-squared test. Analyses were
sion 3.2; Environmental Systems Research In- done in StatXact (Mehta and Patel 1999). We
stitute 1996). The exact location of a bird in calculated the average (± SE) distance moved
a field could not be ascertained in most cases from the nest field and the average maximum
because of access and we measured distances distance moved for all birds. We tested wheth-
from the center of the nest field to the center er distances moved by successfully nesting
of the field where the bird was located. Lo- adult females were the same as unsuccessfully
cation data were assigned to the following nesting adult females using r-tests. Tests were
habitat types for analysis: CRP (cool-season done in S-Plus 6.2 (Insightful Corporation
exotic grasses, primarily smooth brome [Bro- 2001).
mus inenuis]), pasture, remnant prairie, and
RESULTS
crops (including alfalfa, strip crops, or other
agricultural fields).
Transmitter Loss and Mortality
The post-breeding period for adults was de-
fined as the time after they successfully We attached transmitters to 31 adult female
fledged chicks or after a nest was lost. Only Eastern Meadowlarks (13, 7, and 11 in 2002,
data after the end of the second nesting at- 2003, and 2004, respectively) and 41 juveniles
tempt were analyzed for two birds that re- (16 in 2003 and 25 in 2004). Nineteen females
nested in 2004. The post-breeding period for were nesting in CRP, five in pasture, and sev-
juveniles was after the birds left the nest. This en in remnant prairie. Twelve of thejuveniles
period was divided into fledging and indepen- were from nests in CRP, seven from nests in
dence intervals with these being 1-21 days pasture, and 22 from nests in remnant prairie.
Guzy and Rihic • POST-BREEDING MOVEMENTS OE EASTERN MEADOWLARKS 201
Nine females (29%) and 2 juveniles (5%) - 5.58, df,2 = 2, 18; F = 0.013). However,
lost their transmitters. The largest number of this result was affected by two females which
birds losing their transmitter, eight adult fe- nested in pasture and were not located outside
males, occurred in 2002 when we were refin- of their nest field. Focusing on females which
ing the attachment technique. No birds lost nested in CRP and remnant prairies showed
radios in 2003 and only one adult and two no difference in proportion of locations in the
juveniles lost transmitters in 2004. Transmitter nest field by nest field type (F = 2.7, df, —
2
loss, rather than death, was assumed because 1, 17; P = 0.12).
there were no signs of depredation (e.g., no The majority of adult females moved out-
tooth or other marks on transmitter, no feath- side the fields where their nests were located.
ers or body parts present). We were able to Only three adult females were not found out-
confirm loss of five of six transmitters on side their nest fields; two were successful
adults (i.e., color-banded birds observed after nesters in pasture and one was an unsuccessful
the transmitters were recovered) but neither of nester in CRP. Females moved, on average,
the two transmitters on juveniles. No con- 590 ± 80 m from the nest field (n = 18, 95%
firmed radio failures were documented. Cl = 419—759 m). The average maximum dis-
Mortality likely occurred forone adult (3%) tance females were located was 662 ± 86 m
and 12 juveniles (29%) over the 3 years of (« = 18, 95% Cl = 480-844 m). Successful
study. The transmitter from an adult mead- and unsuccessful breeders moved the same
owlark was found on the ground among feath- average and maximum distances from the nest
ers. Two juveniles were found dead; one had field (average distance: t = —0.35, df = 16,
a broken leg (the band was on the intact leg). P = 0.73; maximum distance: t = —0.37, df
The other 10juvenile mortalities were inferred = 16, F = 0.72). Once a female left the nest
from recovery of the transmitter. The radios field, 61% (11 of 18) did not return.
were recovered with signs of predation; pred- Eleven of 18 females that moved at least
ators usually pulled off the leg with the band once nested in CRP and seven nested in rem-
and the transmitter and feathers were often nant prairie. Of the adults that nested in CRP,
present. Eight transmitters were recovered in about one third moved primarily to other CRP
grassy habitat and two transmitters were fields, the rest moved to other habitats (Table
found in woods. 1). All adults that nested in remnant prairie
moved to other habitats (Table 1). Adults that
Movements nested in CRP and in remnant prairie did not
—
Adults. Twenty-two adult females retained differ in types of habitats to which they
their transmitter to the end of the monitoring moved (once they moved from the nest field)
period (71%); 14 females successfully fledged (G = 3.4, F = 0.38).
—
their young and eight did not. Twenty-one fe- Juveniles. Twelvejuveniles from different
males stayed within the study area. The one broods survived to the end of the monitoring
female that moved from the study area in period and had multiple observations in the
2002 nested unsuccessfully in pasture and was fledging and independent intervals (Table 1);
found 53 days later in a CRP field, 22 km juveniles were tracked an average of 53 ± 6
south of the nest field. days (SE) post-fledging {n = 12). There were
Adult females were found 58% of the time 8 ± 0.8 (SE) locations per bird; 4 ± 0.3 lo-
in their nest field (SE = 0.07, n = 21 birds; cations during the fledging interval and 4 ±
average locations per bird = 10 [range = 5- 0.8 during the independent interval. These 12
18]). This percentage did not differ by nest juveniles stayed in the study area but two oth-
sSuucccceessssfu{lFb=ree0d.6e5r,s {dnf,=2 =14)1,we\r9\e Pfou=nd0.6433)%. evrenjiulveenfirloems maonvesetdinfr2o0m03thiensatuCdRyParefiae.ldAwjaus-
ofthe time in their nest field (SE = 0.08, 95% found in a CRP field 8.8 km from the nest
Cl = 44-73%); unsuccessful breeders {n = 7) field. Ajuvenile from a nest in remnantprairie
were found 49% ofthe time in their nest field in 2004 was found in a pasture 6.6 km from
(SE = 0.14, 95% Cl = 46-80%). There ap- the nest field.
peared to be a difference in proportion of lo- Juveniles were twice as likely to stay in
cations in the nest field by nest field type (F their nest field during the fledging interval
202 THE WILSON JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY • Vol. 119, No. 2, June 2007
TABLE 1. Modal habitat used by Eastern Meadowlarks that stayed in the Military Ridge Prairie Heritage
Area in the post-breeding season, southwestern Wisconsin, 2002-2004.
Habitatmovedto:
Total Remained Conservation
numberof innest Reserve Remnant
Age Nestfield birds field Programfield prairie Pasture Crop
Adult Conservation Reserve Program field 12 1 4 0 4 3
Remnant prairie 7 0 4 0 3 0
Pasture 2 2 0 0 0 0
Juvenile Conservation Reserve Program field 3 1 0 0 1 1
Remnant prairie 7 1 2 1 1 2
Pasture 2 0 1 0 1 0
(proportion of nest field locations, mean ± SE following nest completion; the Illinois study
= 0.89 ± 0.08) as during the independent in- area comprised approximately 800 ha ofman-
terval (mean ± SE = 0.41 ± 0.10) (paired t aged grassland in a matrix of row crop agri-
= 3.5, df = 11, P = 0.005). Two juveniles culture, primarily com and soybeans.
did not move from their nest fields during the Distances moved byjuveniles in Wisconsin
monitoring period (one was from a nest in were less than those observed in Illinois. The
remnant prairie and the other was from a nest average maximum distance moved by juve-
in a CRP field). Two of the 10 juveniles that niles from the nest field in the MRPHA was
moved at least once moved into the same hab- about 0.5 km whereas the majority of last
itat type in which they were hatched; the other known locations forjuveniles in Illinois were
eight moved into habitats different from their 1-5 km from the nest site (Kershner et al.
nest fields (Table 1). Average distance moved 2004b). Only two juveniles in the MRPHA
was 499 ± 103 m (/z = 10, 95% Cl = 266- were known to have moved from the study
732 m). The average maximum distance area.
moved by juveniles that stayed in the study Juveniles usually stayed in the nest field un-
area was 526 ± 107 m (/z = 10, 95% Cl - til independence in the MRPHA after which
285-768 m). Once juveniles started to leave most moved from the nest field into grassy
the nest field, 67% (8 of 12) did not return habitats. Kershner et al. (2004b) reported that
there. over 45% of locations of juveniles were in
soybeans, while most juveniles avoided com,
DISCUSSION
pasture, hay, fallow, and residential areas in
Adult female meadowlarks in the MRPHA Illinois. Crop fields were important for juve-
were in the field where they nested almost half nile meadowlarks in Missouri (Suedkamp
of the time regardless of nest fate; most birds Wells 2005) but, in contrast to Illinois, pasture
that moved from the nest field moved to was also an important habitat. The low use of
grassy habitats. Adults that nested in prairie crop fields in the MRPHA may be related to
did not move to other prairies when they landscape composition and the relatively low
moved. However, prairie is relatively rare in availability of crops. Soybeans and grass/pas-
the MRPHA (<1% of land use), most rem- ture comprised 39 and 18%, respectively, of
nants are small (<1 ha), and other equally the study site in Illinois (Kershner 2001) ver-
suitable habitats (e.g., CRP) were available sus 30% (all row crops and strip crops com-
closer to the nest field than another prairie bined) and 27% (idle grass and pasture com-
remnant. Adult females moved less than a ki- bined) for the MRPHA. Most (if not all) nest
MRPHA
lometer on average from the nest field regard- fields in the had soybeans or strip
less of the outcome of the nest attempt, and crops (usually soybeans and/or corn with al-
these movements were interspersed with re- falfa) within 400 m; despite easy access, birds
turns to the nest field. Our results contrast spent little time in those areas. This may in-
with observations from Illinois (Kershner et dicate that foraging opportunities are superior
al. 2004a) where 44% of females emigrated or predation risk is lower in grass habitats
Guzy and Rihic • POST-BREEDING MOVEMENTS OE EASTERN MEADOWLARKS 203
than in crop fields in the MRPHA. Because of trade namesdoes notconstituteendorsementofaprod-
the short growing season in Wisconsin, soy- uct.
bean plants do not grow as tall as in more
LITERATURE CITED
southerly locations (D. J. Undersander, pers.
comm.) and may not provide adequate cover
Anders, A. D., D. C. Dearborn, J. Faaborg, and F.
from predators. R. Thompson, III. 1997. Juvenile survival in a
We did not see juveniles using areas with population of neotropical migrant birds. Conser-
woody cover as Suedkamp Wells (2005) did vation Biology 11:698-707.
in Missouri. She suggested that use of areas Anderson, T. 2005. Edge activity and habitat use by
with woody cover was associated with pred- grassland bird nest predators in southwestern Wis-
consin. Thesis. UniversityofWisconsin, Madison,
ator avoidance, particularly snakes, which
USA.
were the dominant predator in that system; Baker, R. R. 1993. The function of post-fledging ex-
snake activity was observed to be lower in ploration: a pilot study ofthree species ofpasser-
areas of woody vegetation than in open grass- ines ringed in Britain. Ornis Scandinavica 24:71-
lands. Snakes, while present, did not appear 79.
to be a dominant predator in the MRPHA Cochrane, T. S. and H. H. Iltis. 2000. Atlas of the
(Anderson 2005). Wisconsin prairie and savanna flora. Technical
Bulletin 191. Wisconsin Department of Natural
Our results do not indicate any particular Resources, Madison, USA.
MmaRnPaHgeAment strategy is needed in the Curtis, J. T. 1959. The vegetation of Wisconsin: an
for post-breeding or fledgling East- ordination of plant communities. University of
ern Meadowlarks other than maintaining or Wisconsin Press, Madison, USA.
increasing the amount of grass on the land- Economic Research Service. 1995. Conservation Re-
scape. There do not appear to be any specific serve Program summary file. Stock Number
habitats into which birds are moving during 960004. U.S. Department of Agriculture, http://
usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/
the post-breeding-season period before migra- Environmental Systems Research Institute. 1996.
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field during thejuvenile fledging period. Other Institute Inc., Redlands, California, USA.
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beans, to be used frequently by meadowlarks within-season movements of grassland birds in
southwest Wisconsin. Dissertation. University of
(Kershner 2001, Kershner et al. 2004b, Sued- Wisconsin, Madison, USA.
kamp Wells 2005) but we observed Eastern Insightful Corporation. 2001. S-PLUS 6 for Win-
Meadowlarks in crops (including hay) only dows Guide to Statistics. Volume 1. Insightful
rarely. Coupled with the apparent rarity of Corporation, Seattle, Washington, USA.
long-distance movements, this suggests that Kershner, E. L. 2001. The conservation ofgrassland
conditions in the MRPHA are at least ade- birds in an agricultural landscape: the importance
quate to meet the needs of post-breeding and of habitat availability and demography. Disserta-
tion. University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign,
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 2004a. Breeding-season decisions, renesting, and
annual fecundity of female Eastern Meadowlarks
We thank the many people who assisted with the {Sternella magna) in southeastern Illinois. Auk
fieldwork, in particularD. W. Sample,JohnDadisman, 121:796-805.
and Collin Benell. We thank the private landowners Kershner, E. L., J. W. Walk, and R. E. Warner.
who allowed access to their properties. We thank R J. 2004b. Postfledging movements and survival of
Pietz, S. A. Temple, D. W. Sample, T. C. Moermond, juvenile Eastern Meadowlarks {Sternella magna)
S. R. Craven, and two anonymous referees forreviews in Illinois. Auk 121:1146-1154.
ofprevious drafts ofthis manuscript. This project was Mehta, C. and N. Patel. 1999. StatXact 4 for Win-
supported by funds from the U.S. Pish and Wildlife dows. CYTEL Software Corporation, Cambridge,
Service’s Regional Nongame Bird Conservation Pro- Massachusetts, USA.
gram, Wisconsin Society for Ornithology small grants Rappole, j. H. and a. R. Tipton. 1991. New harness
program, Lois Almond Fund, Zoological Society of design for attachment of radio transmitters to
Milwaukee County, Wisconsin Department ofNatural small passerines. Journal ofField Ornithology 62:
Resources, and the U.S. Geological Survey. We thank 335-337.
the Max McGraw Wildlife Foundation for assistance Sample, D. W. and M. J. Mossman. 1997. Managing
with publication expenses. Mention of companies or habitat for grassland birds: a guide forWisconsin.
204 THE WILSON JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY • Vol. 119, No. 2, June 2007
Bureau ofIntegrated Science Services, Wisconsin Bollinger, and R. E. Warner. 2004. Renesting
DepartmentofNatural Resources, Madison,USA. decisions and annual fecundity offemale Dickcis-
SuEDKAMP Wells, K. M. 2005. Resource selection, sels {Spiza americana) in Illinois. Auk 121:1250-
movement patterns, and survival of post-fledging 1261.
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sity ofMissouri, Columbia, USA. ams. 2001. Movements and survival ofLark Bun-
Walk, J. W, K. Wentworth, E. L. Kershner, E. K. ting fledglings. Condor 103:643-647.