Table Of Content

Green Energy and Technology Rita Lavikka Hassam Ur Rehman Francesco Reda Abdul Samad Kazi Editors Positive Energy Buildings Concepts, Challenges and Opportunities Green Energy and Technology Climate change, environmental impact and the limited natural resources urge scientificresearchandnoveltechnicalsolutions.ThemonographseriesGreenEnergy and Technology serves as a publishing platform for scientific and technological approaches to “green”—i.e. environmentally friendly and sustainable—technolo- gies. While a focus lies on energy and power supply, it also covers "green" solu- tions in industrial engineering and engineering design. Green Energy and Tech- nology addresses researchers, advanced students, technical consultants as well as decision makers in industries and politics. Hence, the level of presentation spans frominstructionaltohighlytechnical. **IndexedinScopus**. **IndexedinEiCompendex**. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttps://link.springer.com/bookseries/8059 · · Rita Lavikka Hassam Ur Rehman · Francesco Reda Abdul Samad Kazi Editors Positive Energy Buildings Concepts, Challenges and Opportunities Editors RitaLavikka HassamUrRehman SmartEnergyandBuiltEnvironment SmartEnergyandBuiltEnvironment VTTTechnicalResearchCentreofFinland VTTTechnicalResearchCentreofFinland Espoo,Finland Espoo,Finland FrancescoReda AbdulSamadKazi SmartEnergyandBuiltEnvironment SmartEnergyandBuiltEnvironment VTTTechnicalResearchCentreofFinland VTTTechnicalResearchCentreofFinland Espoo,Finland Espoo,Finland ISSN1865-3529 ISSN1865-3537 (electronic) GreenEnergyandTechnology ISBN978-3-030-87701-9 ISBN978-3-030-87702-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87702-6 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature SwitzerlandAG2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Climate change is one of the mostsignificant global challenges that we are facing today.Thereisaneedtodramaticallyreduceemissionsassociatedwithhumanactiv- ities,largelycausedbyenergyproduction,tomitigateclimatechange.Thefirststep is to reduce the energy need by improving the energy efficiency of the activities. Anotherimportantactionisthetransitiontowardsrenewableenergyproduction.The energy produced on-site in buildings, using building-integrated solar photovoltaic, heatpumpsandbioenergy,amongothers,couldformanimportantshareoftheenergy inanenergyecosystembasedonrenewables.Consequently,buildingscouldhavea significantroleinenablingenergytransitionandmitigatingclimatechange. PositiveenergybuildingsorPlusEnergyBuildings(PEBs)willbeneededinthe future to mitigate climate change. In general terms, it is agreed that PEBs refer to energy-efficientbuildingsthatproducemoreenergythantheyconsume.However,the conceptofPEBisquitemultifaceted,includingperspectiveslikethetypeofrenew- ables used, time span, emissions, and building type, to name a few. Currently, the challengeisthatthereisnoofficialdefinitionofPEB,whichcomplicatesthedevel- opmentofsupportingtechnicalsolutionsandbusinessmodelsduetotheunclarity of the common goals. One of the aims of this book is to offer a definition of PEB basedonscientificresearch. ThisbookalsoaddressestheopportunitiesandchallengesofPEBsanddescribes potentialwaystoimplementPEBsacrossdifferentclimaticzones.Inaddition,the neededintegrationofenergysystemsandprobablebusinessmodelsarediscussed. Thisbookisintendedforpolicymakers,scientists,designers,engineersandenergy enthusiaststounderstandbetterPEBsandtheirroleinmitigatingclimatechangeand itsimpactonglobalwarming. The book’s contents were produced by the partners of an EU funded project, EXCESS(FleXibleuser-CEntricEnergypoSitivehouseS),focusingonnewdevel- opments in plus energy houses. The four-year research and development project brings together 21 partners from 9 countries (Finland, Austria, Spain, Belgium, Cyprus, Germany, Greece, Sweden and France) to study how Nearly-Zero Energy Buildings(NZEBs)canbetransformedintoPositiveEnergyBuildings(PEBs).The v vi Preface project includes renowned experts in their fields related to integrating renewables, lowenergybuildingsystems,buildingdesign,andHVACsystems. TheEXCESSprojectinterviewedauthoritiesandexpertsfromfifteencitiesand regionsacrossEuropeinthespringandsummerof2020.Theinterviewsconcerned the experiences on Nearly and Net Zero Energy Buildings and plans for the PEBs and how policy and planning instruments encourage their development. To better understand the most important opportunities and challenges for the wider roll-out ofPEBs,anothersetofinterviewswasconductedintheframeworkoftheEXCESS project,supportedbyworkshopsintheEXCESSdemonstrationcountriesinFinland, Spain,Belgium,Austria. This book presents some of the main findings from the early stages of the EXCESS project and key learnings from understanding the role of PEBs in miti- gating climate change. The book is composed of five chapters which cover the followingtopics:theimportanceandfutureofPEBsfromachallengeandopportunity perspective;providingadefinitionofPEBsfrombothtechnicalandsocialperspec- tives;discussiononkeyregulatory,social,financialandtechnology-relatedaspects impacting the implementation of PEBs; suggestions for local municipal authori- ties on support implementing PEBs; demonstration of PEB implementation plans in different climatic zones to support energy transition and help mitigate climate change. Chapter“Introduction”providesabroadercontextforPEBsandthereasoningfor howPEBssupportmitigationofclimatechange.Thechapterfirstshowstheimportant role of the building sector in climate change mitigation on the global and the EU levelandpresentsPEBsasenablersforaconsumer-centredcleanenergytransition and contributor to climate neutrality. Next, the chapter touches upon the current European climate and energy policy framework for 2030 as well as the European GreenDealwithitsgoalforEurope’seconomyandsocietytobecomeclimate-neutral by2050,andreflectstherolethatPEBswouldplayintheseplansandregulations. ThechapterendsbyintroducingexamplesofexistingPEBsallaroundEurope,based onastocktakingexerciseconductedintheEXCESSproject. Chapter“Research-BasedDefinitionofaPEB”definesaPEBbasedonthorough research conducted in the EU-funded EXCESS project. The chapter begins with a discussion on PEB backgrounds, such as PEB concepts’ origin and comparison of concepts similar to PEB, especially the Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB) concept. After that, a technical framework is introduced by presenting different technical criteria that need to be considered when implementing PEBs. Based on theEXCESSproject’sresearch,aPositiveEnergyBuilding(PEB)isdefined.After thetechnicalframeworkintroduction,asocialframeworkofPEBsisdiscussed,also touching aspects related to resilience and economy. The chapter concludes with a discussiononwhatcouldbeatechnicallyandsociallyfeasiblePEBdefinition.This discussionincludesPEBasanenergycommunityandPEBsinrelationtotheEU’s smartreadinessindicator(SRI). Chapter“OpportunitiesandChallengesforWiderRoll-OutofPEBs”beginswith apresentationofregulatory,social,financialandtechnology-relatedconsiderations affecting the wider roll-out of PEBs, discussing both barriers and opportunities. Preface vii Recommendationsareprovidedonhowtoovercomethebarriersandtakeadvantage oftheopportunities.Thechapterconcludeswithadiscussionontheenergysystems ofPEBsandtheroleofaPEBasapartofthelocalenergysystem. Chapter“IntegrationofthePEBConceptinLocalandRegionalPlanningInstru- ments” discusses how local and regional planning instruments can promote the development ofPEBs.The chapter provides insights onlocalandregional author- ities’ present strategies and planning approaches in relation to developing PEBs. It identifies needs for—and barriers to—scaling up PEBs and explores local and regionalambitionstoadaptplanningsystemsaccordingly.Thechapteralsoprovides a guidebook to empowering sub-national governments to promote PEBs by inte- gratingpoliciesandmeasuresinurbanplanningframeworksatbothcityandregional level. Chapter “Technical Implementation” discusses the implementation of PEBs in differentclimaticregionsacrossEurope.First,thechapterpresentshowtheEXCESS projectpartiesplantoimplementthePEBconceptinfourdifferentgeographicalareas inEurope,ascoolingandheatingdemandsvarybetweenregions.Thedemonstra- tion locations are Helsinki in Finland, Granada in Spain, Hasselt in Belgium and Graz in Austria. After presenting the demonstration cases, the chapter highlights the importance of digitalisation in PEBs and relevant business models for energy transformation. Helsinki,Finland Dr.RitaLavikka May2021 Dr.HassamUrRehman Dr.FrancescoReda Prof.Dr.AbdulSamadKazi Acknowledgements TheworkpresentedinthisbookwasfundedbyEXCESS(FleXibleuser- CEntricEnergy poSitive houseS) project. This project has received funding from the European Union’sHorizon2020researchandinnovationprogrammeundergrantagreementNo870157.The funderhadnoroleinthedesignofthebook;inthecollection,analyses,orinterpretationofdata; inthewritingofthebook,orinthedecisiontopublishthebook.Weexpressourgratitudetothe consortiummembersoftheEXCESSprojectfortheirsupportinalltheactivitiesrelatedtothe writingofthisbook. Contents Introduction ....................................................... 1 HassamUrRehman,HanneSiikavirta,MiaAla-Juusela,andAndreasJäger Research-BasedDefinitionofaPEB .................................. 19 HassamUrRehmanandMiaAla-Juusela OpportunitiesandChallengesforWiderRoll-OutofPEBs ............. 45 MiaAla-Juusela,HassamUrRehman,HanneSiikavirta,AndreasJaeger, JoaquínVillarRodríguez,andRitaLavikka IntegrationofthePEBConceptinLocalandRegionalPlanning Instruments ........................................................ 71 MariHukkalainenandMiaAla-Juusela TechnicalImplementation ........................................... 97 HassamUrRehman, VictoriaLaraGarcí, JavierLLorenteYoldi, MariaCantalapiedra,KoenAllaerts,JanDiriken,MichaelGumhalter, ThomasRamschak,MiaAla-Juusela,RitaLavikka,andIsmoHeimonen ix Abbreviations AMR Automaticmeterreading AT Austria BE Belgium BEI Baselineemissionsinventory BM Businessmodel BTES Boreholesthermalenergystorage CDD Coolingdegreedays CHP Combinedheatandpower CO Carbondioxide 2 COM CovenantofMayor COP Coefficientofperformance CSP Concentratedsolarpower DHW Domestichotwater DSO Distributionsystemoperator EED Energyefficiencydirective EMD Electricitymarketdesign EPBD Theenergyperformanceofbuildingsdirective EPC Energyperformancecontracting ES Spain ESCO Energyservicecompany ESD Effortsharingdecisions ESR Effortsharingregulation EUETS EUemissionstradingsystem EU TheEuropeanUnion EV Electricvehicle FEM Finiteelementmodel FI Finland GDP GrossDomesticProduct GHG Greenhousegases GSHP Groundsourceheatpump HDD Heatingdegreedays xi