ebook img

POSITIVE EDUCATION PDF

329 Pages·12.593 MB·English
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview POSITIVE EDUCATION

POSITIVE EDUCATION by Poster McMurray This dissertation has been approved for final examination by the student's Dissertation. Sponsor whose w ritten approval is on file in the Advanced School. D issertation Sponsor! R. Bruce Raup Submitted in partial fulfillm ent of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Paculty of Philosophy, Columbia University T A B L E OF C O N T E N T S Chapter Page I. EDUCATION AS PREPARATION............................................................. 1 1. The Need for New D irection..................................................... 1 2. The Meaning of "Preparation"................................................. 9 3* Is Formal Education Preparatory? ........................................ 22 II. THE ESSENTIALS................................................................................... 36 b. Needs, Problem-Solving and Anti-Eeeentialiem . . . . 59 3. Cultural Heritage as the Field of Choice...................... 57 6. The Eeeentlale for Individual Growth and Social Reconstruction .................................................................. 67 III. PSYCHOLOGIC PRIORITY OF SUBJECT-MATTER............................... 79 7. The Psychologic Order of L earn in g ................................... 6l 6. Psychologic Essentials .............................................................. 90 IV. LOGIC Alffi SUBJECT-MATTER............................................................. 9'o 9. The Educative Control of T h in k in g ................................... 96 10. Self-Conscious Awareness of Logical Norms .................. 113 V. SOCIETY AND SUBJECT-MATTER..............................................................123 11. The Selective Transmission of Our Better Cultural H e rita g e ....................................................................................J2b 12. Education as Construction and Reconstruction of C onunon Sense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1^0 VI. COMMUNICATION AND LEARNING BY EXPERIENCE................................179 13. Understanding............................................................................................It2 lb. B e l i e f .................................................................................................195 15 • Knowledge.............................................................................................211 iv VII. THE THEORY OF PROBLEMATIC INSTRUCTION . . ...........................251 lb. Problems and. Their O rigin..........................................................253 17 • The Resolution of a Problem.................................................299 BIBLIOGRAPHY.............................................................................................*2* CHAPTER I EDUCATION AS PREPARATION ProgreeBive education in its better forms is constructive of the intellect. It emphasizes the central role of reflective thinking in learning. In ite weakened and its radical forms, pro­ gressive education disperees the intellect and minimizes the role of deliberation and ideation. It is anti-intellectual. This is a strange situation. A single nub of doctrine sup­ ports activities geared to opposite results. To an impartial ob­ server it might eeem antecedently impossible that a movement original­ ly designed to encourage learning by thinking, and only learning by thinking, should harbor within itself a counter-movement which de­ liberately derogates the activities of intellect. For it must be granted that the originators of progressivism do not sanction the anti-intellectualiem which eome of their followers manifest. The original doctrine is cleaz’ly intended to encourage a greater respect for ideas as ideas than has ever been true of education before. But the bare presence of anti-intellectuals in the camp of the progres­ sives is sufficient indication that there is something in the nature of progressivism which tolerates, if not encourages, the outrageous misconstructions which now characterize the administrative mind. 1. The Need for New Direction Progressivism and Negativism. Let me suggest that the mis-educative or intellectually dispersive strands in modern education, granted 1 that they are the product of unfortunate misinterpretation, are caused by a prominent feature of progressive education even in ite better forms. This feature might properly be called "negativism." The doctrines of progressive education have been expreseed quite freely in terms of what progressiviem is against. To some extent negativism was inevitable. A new movement cannot gain foothold except by making clear its newness, which means its differences from what had gone before. But the progressives seem to have rested content, more often than not, with saying that modem education is opposed to this, that, and the other characteristic of traditional education, and the vigor and enthusiasm which marked their attacks created the impression of a positive program. So strong was the impression that as the activities of the newer school unfolded, they were only later on observed to be nothing more than the simplest opposites of what had been done traditionally. Because the tx*aditional school favored organization of subject-matter, for example, the modem school must do away with organized subject-matter. The traditional school emphasized the value of beliefs inherited from the paetj there­ fore the new school must ignore the past. By extension of this nega­ tive approach, contemporary educators now stand firmly oppoeed to a l­ most every conceivable characteristic of traditional education. They are oppoeed to the conception of education as preparation for the future, and equally opposed to the related conception of education as the transmission of cultureJ they are opposed to learning from books and from teachers; opposed to the doctrine that eome parts of the cul­ ture are essential, opposed to the deliberate presentation of intel­ lectual problems by the teacher to his pupils, opposed to systematic knowledge organized in disciplines. And as a further consequence of so much opposition, they are sometimes opposed to learning iteelf, if learning is to be defined as an intellectual act. It stands to reason that if educational activity is restricted to extemporized action within the immediate present, cut off from future and past, from accumulated culture and from rational system, then the outer­ most extreme of anti-intellectualism has been achieved. It is small consolation to remember that the original intent of the pi'ogressives was to encourage learning by thinking. The constant expansion of negative doctrine at the expense of positive program was a self-perpetuating process. Once begun, it could not be stopped short of educational nihilism, and for a reason which ought to be obvious to us now, granted the benefits of hind­ sight: we had rejected the essential definitions of education and the educative process. We had deprived ourselves of a basic vocabulary for thinking and talking about education; not deliberately, of course, but by accident, as a by-product of our efforts to get rid of outmoded ideas and practices. Because older ideas about educational methods and purposes had been expressed in the normal language of educators, we had identified the linguistic agents with the poorer results which these agents had been used to serve. And so we attacked the vocabulary k of education along with the uses to which the terras had been put, apparently unaware that the language itself is neutral and harmless, and may be made to do whatever we wish. What does it mean, more specifically, to say that the nega- tiviein of modern doctrines has destroyed the vocabulary of education? Does it mean that the words themselves, by which we refer to objects and processes, have been given up? Not at a ll. We continue to use the words--words like "pupil," "learning," "curriculum," "subject" and so on. But we are using the words as atomistic units, and we are using them almost grudgingly, or else desperately hoping that they will denotate merely, and not connote more than the minimum of con­ nection with other terms in discourse. This hope that words will operate as nearly as possible like discrete units, with only the leaet and barest of meanings, is self-defeating. Terms in discourse are capable of carrying meaning only by virtue of (loosely) systematic connections of meaning. The meaning of any statement is not the bare addition of meanings from the individual words which comprise it. Therefore when it is charged that the radical progressives have de­ stroyed the normal vocabulary by which we think and talk about the problems of education, what is meant is that the connections of mean­ ing among terms applicable to education have been severed. A single example will suffice to clarify the charge. In recent literature it is rarely the case that the word "education" is modified by the adjective "formal." We hesitate to talk about education 5 as formal becauee we don't like the connotation of formality and stiffness which seems to accompany the word. Perhaps we believe that school-room learning should avoid artificiality ; we believe that school-room learning ought to be as nearly like as possible to learning as it occurs in the normal rounds of daily living. Therefore we refuse to speak of formal education. But there is no reason for believing that formal education means artificial educa­ tion. Modesty demands recognition of the fact that the processes of education are not peculiar to thoee institutions which make a business of education. When thinking about the problems of educa­ tion, we are usually intending to limit our attention to the problems of formal education. To achieve precision in ideas, we ought to re­ mind ourselves that we are not thinking about the sort of education which occure naturally and spontaneously as the unintended accompani­ ment of activities designed for an entirely different purpose. But we cannot remind ourselves of everything that we are not talking about, and therefore we reepect the limits of a universe of discourse by using the selecting phraees of a professional vocabulary. The Need for a New Vocabulary. To deprive ourselves of a professional vocabulary is to deprive ourselves of the tools for controlled think­ ing. Unable to think clearly, we cannot develop a positive program. With or without a program, we continue to operate our formal schools, but in lieu of a professional language, we take our direction from Blogane. Because the emptiness of slogans is quickly revealed, we change our slogans frequently, and because our slogans are changing frequently, we seem to be moving along at a vigorous clip. With each new slogan, the original emphasis upon intellectual processes is pushed farther into the background. This process might continue indefinitely, but it cannot continue forever. Sooner or later one of two things mu6t happen. Either the schools will become complete­ ly authoritarian, dominated by the newly self-styled Leaders (for­ merly administrators) or else we shall restore a meaningful vocabu­ lary and a positive program. The re-founding of a vocabulary is both difficult and risky. It is difficult because it means bringing back into circula­ tion a series of meaninge which have been rejected with vehemence. It is risky because the restoration of meaninge is a charged opera­ tion. To restore a set of meaninge is to restore a part of tradition, and thereby to invite more of tradition than intended. But these hazards are surmountable, for the simple reason that we cannot restore a professional vocabulary as an isolated act. We cannot propose a series of meanings in the manner of a lexicographer offering a new dictionary, nor can we sell a new language by recommend­ ing it as a useful but neutral set of tools for anyone's use. A pro­ fessional language is a tool rather than a doctrine, but it is not a tool apart from its functioning. As functioning tools, a set of mean­ ings is explored and developed in the act of thinking, and in this case, of thinking about the problems of education. To realize the continued relevance of meaninge which are now out of fashion ie to realize that they play a new and different role in the contemporary scene. To propose that we discard the negativism of older pro- greesivism means in part to restore something that had been rejected needlessly. But we restore older meanings by using them in the de­ velopment of something new and positive. In the pages and chapters to follow, meanings now out of fashion will be used again, but used in the development of a positive program that is quite new. The reader is urged to re-admit many ideas which had been a part of traditional theory, but to re-admit them with a difference, and to realize a connection of meaninge which maintains its continuity, not with older traditions, but rather with the rapidly diminishing core of positive progressive theory. The Positive Core of Modern Theory. To have chosen a certain part from widely-scattered modern doctrines and to claim that this part represents the positive core of progressivism is not a neutral act. It represents a selection based upon prior convictions, and these prior convictions are not themselves the subject-matter of this study. They must be presupposed without proof simply because it is necessary to begin somewhere, but for the sake of intellectual responsibility, such presuppositions as are unavoidable might be stated dogmatically. It seems to me that an educational doctrine is rightly called

See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.