Positive Diplomacy

253 Pages·1997·22.069 MB·English

by  Peter Marshall (auth.)

POSITIVE DIPLOMACY
Also by Peter Marshal!
ARE DIPLOMATS REALLY NECESSARY? (editor)
DIPLOMACY BEYOND 2000 (editor)
THE DYNAMICS OF DIPLOMACY
THE INFORMATION EXPLOSION - A CHALLENGE
FOR DIPLOMACY (editor)
Positive Diplomacy
Peter Marshall
Foreword by
1. E. Spence
rave
macmiUan
* © Sir Peter Marshall 1997
Foreword © J. E. Spence 1997
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1997
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ISBN 978-1-349-25730-0 ISBN 978-1-349-25728-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-25728-7
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In Memoriam
PRM
1927-1981
"Just tell the press the Ambassador feels it would be inappropriate to
comment until he's had time to study the complete text."
Drawing by Lorenz; © 1979 The New Yorker Magazine, Inc.
Contents
Foreword by J. E. Spence xii
Preface xiv
Introduction: Action as the End Object of Diplomacy 1
Policy Capability 2
A Framework for Building Policy Capability 4
Structure of the Book 5
Concluding Comment 6
1 Diplomacy: A Child of Changing Times 7
Diplomacy, a Child of its Time: 'Old' Diplomacy and
'New' Diplomacy 8
A Series of 'Invasions' of the Political Foreground lO
(a) The 'Economic' Invasion 12
(b) The 'Public Concern and Involvement' Invasion 13
(c) The 'Self-determination and Decolonisation'
Invasion 14
(d) The 'Human Rights' Invasion 15
(e) The 'Social' Invasion 15
(f) The 'New Issues' Invasion, especially
Environmental Protection 16
(g) The 'Information Technology' Invasion 17
(h) The 'Multiplicity of Actors' Invasion 18
The Implications of the Transition from 'Old' to 'New'
Diplomacy 18
2 The Nature of International Society Today 21
'Intergovernmental' and 'International' 22
External and Internal Affairs 23
The Age of the Common Man and the Common Woman 24
(a) The Focus of Policy 26
(b) Human Rights 27
vii
viii Contents
(c) Democratic Institutions 28
(d) Participation in Foreign Policy-making 28
(e) The Standard of Living and Human Development 29
(f) Fundamentalism and the Capacity to Absorb
Change 31
The Pressure on Governments in Satisfying their
Electorates 32
A New World Order/Disorder? 33
'Liberal Democracies do not Fight One Another' 35
3 National Sovereignty and its Limits 37
Sovereignty at Home 37
Sovereignty in Relation to Other Sovereigns 41
Sovereignty in the International System 44
A New World Ethos? 47
Sovereignty and its Limits 49
4 The United Nations 51
The Essence of the United Nations 53
Six Principles Underlying the United Nations 54
The 'Escape Clauses' in the Charter 57
The First Fifty Years: An Evaluation 58
Keeping the Peace in Changing Conditions 61
A New Deal? Preventive Diplomacy, Peace-making,
Peace-keeping and Peace-building 62
The General Assembly 50th Anniversary Declaration 63
Golden Jubilee Reform 65
The Ultimate Responsibility 67
5 The World Economy 69
'Primary' and 'Secondary' Globalisation 70
Institutional Transformation: Managing the World
Economy 72
The Achievements of the Uruguay Round and the Tasks
of the World Trade Organisation 73
The International Context of the Birth of the WTO 75
(a) The Economic Dimension 76
(b) The Social Dimension 78
(c) The Migration Dimension 79
Contents ix
(d) The Developing Country Dimension 80
(e) The Environmental Dimension 84
(t) The Security Dimension 84
Ensuring Effective International Co-operation: A
Restatement 85
Global Governance 87
6 European Architecture 90
The Changing Nature of Euro-centricity 90
Rebuilding Europe after Two World Wars 92
(a) European Identity: The Council of Europe 93
(b) European Recovery: The Marshall Plan and
OEEC 95
(c) The Search for Security: NATO and WEU 96
(d) European Integration: The EC and the EU 97
(e) The Treaty of Maastricht 100
(t) Enlargement: The European Economic Area 102
(g) Knitting Europe Together after the Cold War 105
The European Union and the World 108
Unfinished Business 109
Appendix: The Peace Agreement for Bosnia and
Herzegovina 111
The Peace Agreement 112
The Peace Agreement and European Architecture 113
The Peace Agreement and the World Economy 115
The Peace Agreement and the United Nations 116
From Sarajevo to Sarajevo? 117
7 Foreign Policy-Making 119
Operational and Technical Factors in Foreign Policy-
making 120
(a) Fundamentals of Foreign Policy 120
(b) The List of 'Actors' 122
(c) The Role of the Media 123
(d) Public Opinion as a Factor in the Age of the
Common Man and the Common Woman 125
(e) How the Professional Diplomatic Service Fits In 126
(t) The Scope for 'Autonomous' Action 127
(g) Policy and Strategy 128