Portuguese: An Essential Grammar: Second Edition - Readers StuffZ

283 Pages·2006·2.42 MB·English

1111
2
3
4 Portuguese
5
6
7 An Essential Grammar
8
9 Second Edition
1011
1
12111 This new edition of Portuguese: An Essential Grammar is a practical refer-
3 ence guide to the most important aspects of modern Portuguese.
4
It presents a fresh and accessible description of the language that combines
5
traditional and function-based grammar. The book sets out the complex-
6
ities of Portuguese in short, readable sections. Explanations are clear and
7
free from jargon. Throughout, the emphasis is on Portuguese as used by
8
native speakers around the world.
9
20111 The Grammar is the ideal reference source for the learner and user of
1 Portuguese. It is suitable for either independent study or for students in
2 schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types.
3
This second edition features:
4
5
• Coverage of both European and Brazilian Portuguese and information
6
on the lexical differences between the two
7
• Detailed contents list and index for easy access to information
8
• Full use of authentic examples
9
• Coverage of traditional grammar and language functions
30111
• New section on the history and culture of the Portuguese-speaking
1
world
2
3
Amélia P. Hutchinson is Supervisor for Portuguese Language at the
4
University of Georgia and Janet Lloyd is Lecturer in Portuguese and
5
Spanish at the University of Salford.
6
7
8
9
40
41111
Routledge Essential Grammars 1111
2
Essential Grammars are available for the following languages: 3
4
Chinese 5
Danish 6
Dutch 7
English 8
Finnish 9
Modern Hebrew 1011
Norwegian 1
Polish 12111
Portuguese 3
Swedish 4
Urdu 5
6
Other titles of related interest published by Routledge: 7
8
Colloquial Portuguese 9
By João Sampaio and Barbara McIntyre 20111
1
Colloquial Portuguese of Brazil 2
By Esmenia Simões Osborne, João Sampaio and Barbara McIntyre 3
4
5
6
7
8
9
30111
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
40
41111
1111
2
3
4 Portuguese
5
6
7
An Essential Grammar
8
9
1011 Second Edition
1
12111
3
4
5 Amélia P. Hutchinson and
6
7 Janet Lloyd
8
9
20111
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
30111
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
40
41111
1111
2
3
4
First edition published 1996
5
by Routledge
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 6
7
Simultaneously published in the UK
by Routledge 8
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE 9
Reprinted 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002 1011
Second edition published 2003 by Routledge 1
12111
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
3
© 2003 Amélia P. Hutchinson and Janet Lloyd
4
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006. 5
“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s 6
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”
7
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or 8
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, 9
or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
20111
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
1
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data 2
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
3
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 4
Hutchinson, Amélia P., 1949– 5
Portuguese: an essential grammar/Amélia P. Hutchinson and 6
Janet Lloyd. – 2nd ed.
7
p. cm. – (Routledge essential grammars)
Includes bibliographical references and index. 8
1. Portuguese language – Grammar. 2. Portuguese language – 9
Textbooks for foreign speakers – English. I. Lloyd, Janet, 1968–
30111
II. Title. III. Series.
1
PC5067.3.H88 2003
469.82′421–dc21 2003005266 2
3
ISBN 0-203-42656-8 Master e-book ISBN
4
5
6
ISBN 0-203-44077-3 (Adobe eReader Format)
7
ISBN 0-415-30816-X (hbk)(Print Edition)
8
9
40
41111
1111
2
Contents
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1011
1
12111 Foreword to first edition xiv
3 Acknowledgments xvi
4 Foreword to second edition xviii
5 How to use this book xx
6
7
PART I: AN ESSENTIAL GRAMMAR 1
8
9
Chapter 1 Pronunciation and spelling 3
20111
1 1.1 Vowels 3
2 1.2 Consonants 4
3 1.3 Diphthongs 6
4 1.4 Stress 7
5 1.5 Accents 8
6
7
Chapter 2 Nouns 9
8
9 2.1 Gender I: masculine and feminine 9
30111 2.2 Gender II: forming the feminine 11
1 2.3 Number: forming the plural 15
2 2.4 Diminutives and augmentatives 18
3 2.5 Compound nouns 21
4 2.6 Collective nouns 22
5
6
Chapter 3 Articles 24
7
8 3.1 Definite article 24
9 3.2 Use of the definite article 24
40 3.3 Omission of the definite article 25
41111 3.4 Contraction of the definite article 27 v
3.5 Indefinite article 28 1111
Contents
3.6 Use of the indefinite article 29 2
3.7 Omission of the indefinite article 30 3
3.8 Contraction of the indefinite article 30 4
5
6
Chapter 4 Adjectives 32
7
4.1 Gender 32 8
4.2 Number 34 9
4.3 Degree 36 1011
4.4 Agreement 40 1
4.5 Position in the sentence 41 12111
3
4
Chapter 5 Pronouns 43
5
5.1 Personal pronouns 43 6
5.2 Possessive pronouns and adjectives 53 7
5.3 Demonstrative pronouns 55 8
5.4 Relative pronouns 57 9
5.5 Interrogative pronouns 60 20111
5.6 Indefinite pronouns and adjectives 62 1
2
3
Chapter 6 Numerals 64
4
6.1 Cardinal, ordinal and multiplicative numbers 64 5
6.2 Collective numerals 66 6
6.3 Use of the conjunction e with numerals 66 7
6.4 Roman numerals 67 8
9
30111
Chapter 7 Verbs 68
1
7.1 Moods and tenses 68 2
7.2 Indicative mood 69 3
7.3 Subjunctive mood 82 4
7.4 Imperative mood 90 5
7.5 Infinitive 91 6
7.6 Present participle 93 7
7.7 Compound infinitive and compound present 8
participle 94 9
7.8 Past participle 94 40
vi 7.9 Passive voice 95 41111
1111 7.10 Auxiliary verbs 98
Contents
2 7.11 Impersonal, unipersonal and defective verbs 103
3 7.12 Reflexive verbs 104
4 7.13 Changing vowel sounds in verbal conjugation 106
5
6
Chapter 8 Adverbs 107
7
8 8.1 Uses of the adverb 107
9 8.2 Adverbs in -mente 108
1011 8.3 Other adverbs 109
1 8.4 Position 109
12111 8.5 Degree 110
3
4
5 Chapter 9 Conjunctions 111
6
9.1 Co-ordinating conjunctions 111
7
9.2 Subordinating conjunctions 113
8
9
20111 Chapter 10 Prepositions 116
1
10.1 Most commonly used prepositions 116
2
10.2 Prepositional phrases 116
3
10.3 Contraction of preposition + article or pronoun 117
4
10.4 Verbs followed by a preposition 117
5
6
7
Chapter 11 Additional notes on Portuguese usage 119
8
9 11.1 Gente/a gente 119
30111 11.2 Tudo/todo 119
1 11.3 Por/para 120
2 11.4 A/para 121
3 11.5 Desde ... até/de ... a 121
4 11.6 Próximo/seguinte 122
5 11.7 Tão/tanto 122
6 11.8 Affirmative/negative 123
7 11.9 Ainda/já 123
8 11.10 Prepositions of time 124
9 11.11 Prepositions with means of transport 124
40 11.12 Word order 125
41111 11.13 Ser/estar 128 vii
PART II: LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS 131 1111
Contents
2
Chapter 12 Socializing 133 3
4
12.1 General greetings 133
5
12.2 Taking leave 134
6
12.3 Greeting/taking leave according to time of day 135
7
12.4 Attracting attention 136
8
12.5 Seasonal greetings 138
9
12.6 Personal greetings 138
1011
12.7 Congratulations 138
1
12.8 Good wishes 139
12111
12.9 Introductions 139
3
12.10 Forms of address 140
4
12.11 Talking about one’s health 144
5
12.12 Places and locations 146
6
12.13 Talking about the weather 148
7
8
Chapter 13 Exchanging factual information 151 9
20111
13.1 Identifying people 151
1
13.2 Identifying things 154
2
13.3 Asking for information 155
3
13.4 Reporting, describing and narrating 157
4
13.5 Letter writing 160
5
13.6 Correcting assumptions 163
6
7
8
Chapter 14 Getting things done 165
9
14.1 Suggesting a course of action 165 30111
14.2 Offering to do something 166 1
14.3 Requesting others to do something 166 2
14.4 Inviting others to do something 167 3
14.5 Asking for and giving advice 167 4
14.6 Warning others 168 5
14.7 Instructing others to do/not to do something 169 6
14.8 Requesting assistance 170 7
14.9 Stating and finding out whether something is 8
compulsory 171 9
14.10 Seeking, giving, refusing permission 172 40
viii 41111
1111 14.11 Expressing and finding out about need 172
Contents
2 14.12 Enquiring and expressing intention, want or desire 173
3
4
5 Chapter 15 Finding out and expressing intellectual
6 attitudes 175
7
15.1 Agreement and disagreement 175
8
15.2 Knowing something or someone 177
9
15.3 Remembering something or someone 178
1011
15.4 Possibility and impossibility 179
1
15.5 Logical conclusions 181
12111
15.6 Incomprehension and clarification 182
3
15.7 Certainty and uncertainty 183
4
5
6
Chapter 16 Judgement and evaluation 185
7
8 16.1 Expressing pleasure or liking 185
9 16.2 Expressing displeasure or dislike 186
20111 16.3 Enquiring about pleasure/displeasure, liking/dislike 187
1 16.4 Enquiring about and expressing interest/lack of
2 interest 188
3 16.5 Expressing surprise 189
4 16.6 Expressing hope 190
5 16.7 Enquiring about and expressing satisfaction/
6 dissatisfaction 191
7 16.8 Expressing disappointment 192
8 16.9 Enquiring about and expressing worry or fear 192
9 16.10 Enquiring about and expressing preference 194
30111 16.11 Expressing gratitude 194
1 16.12 Expressing sympathy 195
2 16.13 Expressing happiness and unhappiness 196
3 16.14 Apologizing 196
4 16.15 Enquiring about and expressing approval/disapproval 197
5 16.16 Expressing appreciation 198
6 16.17 Expressing regret 199
7 16.18 Expressing indifference 200
8 16.19 Accusing 200
9 16.20 Enquiring about and expressing capability/
40 incapability 201
41111 ix