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Portugal in a European context: essays on taxation and fiscal policies in late medieval and early modern Western Europe, 1100-1700 PDF

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PALGRAVE STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF FINANCE Portugal in a European Context Essays on Taxation and Fiscal Policies in Late Medieval and Early Modern Western Europe, 1100–1700 edited by Rodrigo da Costa Dominguez Amélia Aguiar Andrade Palgrave Studies in the History of Finance Series Editors D’Maris Coffman, Bartlett Faculty of Built Environment, University College London, London, UK Tony K. Moore, ICMA Centre, Henley Business School, University of Reading, Reading, UK Martin Allen, Department of Coins and Medals, Fitzwilliam Museum, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Sophus Reinert, Harvard Business School, Cambridge, MA, USA The study of the history of financial institutions, markets, instruments and concepts is vital if we are to understand the role played by finance today. At the same time, the methodologies developed by finance academics can provide a new perspective for historical studies. Palgrave Studies in the History of Finance is a multi-disciplinary effort to emphasise the role played by finance in the past, and what lessons historical experiences have for us. It presents original research, in both authored monographs and edited collections, from historians, finance academics and economists, as well as financial practitioners. · Rodrigo da Costa Dominguez Amélia Aguiar Andrade Editors Portugal in a European Context Essays on Taxation and Fiscal Policies in Late Medieval and Early Modern Western Europe, 1100–1700 Editors Rodrigo da Costa Dominguez Amélia Aguiar Andrade Interdisciplinary Centre of Social Institute of Medieval Sciences Studies—NOVA FCSH University of Minho Nova University of Lisbon Braga, Portugal Lisboa, Portugal ISSN 2662-5164 ISSN 2662-5172 (electronic) Palgrave Studies in the History of Finance ISBN 978-3-031-06226-1 ISBN 978-3-031-06227-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06227-8 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and informa- tion in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Foreword For millennia, states have been preoccupied with their own formation in contexts of threats to security, internal conflicts with aristocratic and urban, ecclesiastical hierarchies with rebellions, peasantries and a need to integrate diverse populations into polities of compliant subjects. Histo- ries of when, how and why between 1453 and 1815 hundreds of ruling regime and elites from all parts of Europe were conquered by rivals or merged by agreements (often cemented by dynastic marriages) into empires, dominions, realms, princedoms, churches, republics and cities fill university libraries. Led by North’s restoration of insights first elaborated by the German historical school, the dominant concern for the modern generation of economic historians has been to investigate connexions between insti- tutions and long-run economic development. As economists, they have unfortunately remained under-informed about the origins and evaluation of promotional, neural and malign states behind the constructions, main- tenance and political destruction of the institutions selected by economic theory as preconditions for the supply of three indispensable public goods for private investment, the extension of markets and innovation—namely, external security, internal order and protection from predation. Nevertheless, the reorientation of economic history to accord a central weight to institutions has implied a re-engagement with traditions of political history concerned with state formation. Attempts by economists to cut out or through that body of scholarship by resorting to analyses v vi FOREWORD based on rational choice, rent-seeking behaviour by elites’ constitutions for freedom exposés of the logical errors of mercantilism and the futility of warfare could only be dismissed by historians as ontologically superfi- cial and by econometricians (as the frontiers of that enticing discipline) as theoretically naïve. Economic historians have anticipated that a middle range of grounded generations about paths and patterns of state formation could emerge (as Schumpeter suggested) from comparative investigations into path- dependent variations in the relative fiscal and financial capacities of European states to fund the provision of external securities, internal order and political stability required for the formation and operation of an interrelated set of institutions required to promote and sustain economic growth over long spans of time. To date, such comparisons have been limited to a small sample of states that happen to have preserved records of amounts of taxes, loans and credits that some central governments assessed and borrowed as funds available to spend for purposes that can be retrospectively recognised as promotional for the growth of economies. Furthermore, most publica- tions on the “rise of Europe’s fiscal and financial states” not only exclude important countries such as Portugal and major provinces of modern- day Italy, but work with a chronology that virtually ignores the medieval foundations of European states. The editors of this volume are to be thanked and congratulated by those of us who have explored the tax revenues, loans, credits and fiscal institutions for later centuries, that possess both data we have fortunate enough to access, and primary sources for the study of institutions. Their evidence reveals that their origins can be traced back to the Middle Ages. Narratives comparing the rise, decline and disappearance of European states that neglect influences, developments and divergences that origi- nated in this period are seriously under-specified. All the essays in this book go a long way towards repairing the intellectual myopias of trun- cated chronologies and expertly qualify our views on the formation of European states and Portugal’s insertion in this context. London, UK Patrick K. O’Brien, FBA Professor Emeritus of the University of London FOREWORD vii Patrick K. O’Brienis Centennial Professor of Global Economic History at the London School of Economics (retired). He was Director from 1990–1998 of the Institute of Historical Research and before that Reader in Economic History and Professorial Fellow of St. Antony’s College, Oxford. His research interests include world trade, technology and historiographical traditions; historiographical traditions in the construction of global economic history; the evolution of inter- continental trade from Roman Empire to 1846; macro inventions and macro inventors in English cotton textiles from Kay to Cartwright; the economics of European expansion overseas from the conquest of Ceuta to the Impe- rian Meridian; the formation and efficiency of fiscal states in Europe and Asia 1500–1914. Contents Introduction 1 Amélia Aguiar Andrade and Rodrigo da Costa Dominguez Medieval and Early Modern Portuguese State Finances: Sources and Evidence The Study of Medieval Fiscal History in Portugal: Results and Problems (1951–2020) 17 Amélia Aguiar Andrade The Collection of Annates in Portugal During the Papacy of Avignon, c. 1316–1377: Just Another Case of Apostolic Tax-Collecting in a Realm at the Back of Beyond? 45 Mário Farelo Is the Economy an Issue? Kings and Economic Legislation in Medieval Portugal 67 Hermínia Vasconcelos Vilar A Difficult Transition: Portuguese State Finances Between Later Medieval and Early Modern Times, c. 1415–1530 91 Rodrigo da Costa Dominguez ix x CONTENTS Taxes and Fiscal Institutions in a Maritime Empire, 15th–16th Centuries: A Comparative View of Overseas’ Territories Under the Portuguese Crown 115 Susana Münch Miranda Portugal in a Broader Perspective: The Later Middle Ages and Some Remarks for a Transition Towards the Early Modern Period 139 Amélia Aguiar Andrade and Rodrigo da Costa Dominguez The Development of State Finance: Portugal in European Context Introduction—Constructing the Modern Fiscal States: Ruptures, Changes, and Permanencies 151 Rodrigo da Costa Dominguez and Tony K. Moore The ‘Resource Curse’ of Mediaeval English State Finance, C.1155–1453 159 Tony K. Moore A History of Taxation in the Kingdom of France (Twelfth to Fifteenth Centuries): Policies, Rules and Practices 177 Florent Garnier Fiscal Tradition and Innovation in Italy, 1350–1650 201 Luciano Pezzolo A Treasury in Transition: Changes and Continuity in the Management of Castilian State Finances During the Reign of Isabella I (1474–1504) 219 Pablo Ortego Rico Public Debt in Late Medieval Crown of Aragon: A(Nother) Financial Revolution? 247 Albert Reixach Sala and Pere Verdés Pijuan Why Holland Had a Financial Revolution, but Flanders and Brabant Did not 279 Marjolein ’t Hart

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