Porous Carbons – Hyperbranched Polymers – Polymer Solvation PDF
Preview Porous Carbons – Hyperbranched Polymers – Polymer Solvation
Advances in Polymer Science 266 Porous Carbons – Hyperbranched Polymers – Polymer Solvation 266 Advances in Polymer Science EditorialBoard: A.Abe,Tokyo,Japan A.-C.Albertsson,Stockholm,Sweden G.W.Coates,Ithaca,NY,USA J.Genzer,Raleigh,NC,USA S.Kobayashi,Kyoto,Japan K.-S.Lee,Daejeon,SouthKorea L.Leibler,Paris,France T.E.Long,Blacksburg,VA,USA M.Mo¨ller,Aachen,Germany O.Okay,Istanbul,Turkey V.Percec,Philadelphia,PA,USA B.Z.Tang,HongKong,China E.M.Terentjev,Cambridge,UK M.J.Vicent,Valencia,Spain B.Voit,Dresden,Germany U.Wiesner,Ithaca,NY,USA X.Zhang,Beijing,China Aims and Scope TheseriesAdvancesinPolymerSciencepresentscriticalreviewsofthepresentand futuretrendsinpolymerandbiopolymerscience.Itcoversallareasofresearchin polymerandbiopolymerscienceincludingchemistry,physicalchemistry,physics, materialscience. The thematic volumes are addressed to scientists, whether at universities or in industry,whowishtokeepabreastoftheimportantadvancesinthecoveredtopics. AdvancesinPolymerScienceenjoysalongstandingtraditionandgoodreputa- tioninitscommunity.Eachvolumeisdedicatedtoacurrenttopic,andeachreview critically surveys one aspect of that topic, to place it within the context of the volume.Thevolumestypicallysummarizethesignificantdevelopmentsofthelast 5to10yearsanddiscussthemcritically,presentingselectedexamples,explaining and illustrating the important principles, and bringing together many important referencesofprimaryliterature.Onthatbasis,futureresearchdirectionsinthearea canbediscussed.AdvancesinPolymerSciencevolumesthusareimportantrefer- ences for every polymer scientist, as well as for other scientists interested in polymerscience-asanintroductiontoaneighboringfield,orasacompilationof detailedinformationforthespecialist. Review articles for the individual volumes are invited by the volume editors. Singlecontributionscanbespeciallycommissioned. Readership:Polymerscientists,orscientistsinrelatedfieldsinterestedinpoly- merandbiopolymerscience,atuniversitiesorinindustry,graduatestudents. Specialoffer: For all clients with a standing order we offer the electronic form of Advances in PolymerSciencefreeofcharge. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesat http://www.springer.com/series/12 Timothy E. Long Brigitte Voit Oguz Okay l l Editors Porous Carbons – Hyperbranched Polymers – Polymer Solvation With contributions by (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) S.Banerjee A.Bazargan A.Ghosh C.W.Hui G.McKay (cid:1) F. A. Plamper B. Voit Editors TimothyE.Long BrigitteVoit VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandState Leibniz-Institutfu¨rPolymerforschung University(VirginiaTech) Dresdene.V.(IPF) Dept.Chemistry Dresden Blacksburg,Virginia Germany USA OguzOkay IstanbulTechnicalUniversity Istanbul Turkey ISSN0065-3195 ISSN1436-5030(electronic) ISBN978-3-319-13616-5 ISBN978-3-319-13617-2(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-13617-2 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014956549 #SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2015 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerpts inconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeing enteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplication ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthe Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter. 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The articles wereinvitedandreviewedbytheSeriesEditorsofAdvancesinPolymerScienceon anindependentbasis.Thecollectedarticleswereputtogetherforpublicationbythe publisher. PublishingEditor,Springer TobiasN.Wassermann v . Contents PorousCarbonsfromPlasticWaste .......................................... 1 AlirezaBazargan,ChiWaiHui,andGordonMcKay AromaticHyperbranchedPolymers:SynthesisandApplication ......... 27 AninditaGhosh,SusantaBanerjee,andBrigitteVoit ChangingPolymerSolvationbyElectrochemicalMeans:Basicsand Applications ................................................................... 125 FelixA.Plamper Index .......................................................................... 213 vii AdvPolymSci(2015)266:1–26 DOI:10.1007/12_2013_253 ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013 Publishedonline:16November2013 Porous Carbons from Plastic Waste AlirezaBazargan,ChiWaiHui,andGordonMcKay Abstract Thermoplastic polymers (such as polypropylene, polyethylene, poly- vinyl chloride, polystyrene, etc.) are major constituents of municipal solid waste. Millions of tons of plastic waste are discarded each year, most of which is either incineratedordumpedinlandfills.Asanalternative,methodsusingthesewastesas feeds for the production ofvalue-addedproducts such asfuels, carbon nanotubes, and porous carbons have been proposed by various researchers. In recent years there has been considerable research in the area of activated carbon production from plastic wastes and products with high surface areas and pore volumes have been produced. However, no literature survey has yet summarized the findings. Thus, herein, the studies pertaining to the production of porous carbon (such as activatedcarbon)fromplasticwastesarereviewedforthefirsttime.Thisreviewis organizedonthebasisofthetypeofplasticpolymerusedastheprecursor.Thefirst part covers various thermoplastics, whereas the second focuses more deeply on poly(ethyleneterephthalate)(PET).Thisisbecausethemajorityofresearchinthis area has used PET. The low carbon yield may make the production of porous carbons from plastic waste impractical. Hence, the authors suggest an alternative integratedapproachforfuturestudiessothatporouscarbonscanbeproducedasa byproductduringtheconversionofplasticstogaseousandliquidproducts. Keywords Activationmethods(cid:1)Plasticwastes(cid:1)Polymerpyrolysis(cid:1)Porouscarbon A.Bazargan(*),C.W.HuiandG.McKay(*) DepartmentofChemicalandBiomolecularEngineering,HongKongUniversityofScience andTechnology,ClearwaterBay,HongKong e-mail:[email protected];[email protected];[email protected] 2 A.Bazarganetal. Contents 1 Introduction................................................................................... 2 2 PorousCarbonsfromVariousPlasticPrecursors........................................... 4 2.1 SteamActivation....................................................................... 4 2.2 ChemicalActivation................................................................... 4 3 PorousCarbonsfromPET................................................................... 7 3.1 SteamActivation....................................................................... 8 3.2 ChemicalActivation................................................................... 10 3.3 CarbonDioxideActivation............................................................ 12 4 HardTemplateMethod...................................................................... 15 5 OutlookandFutureProspects................................................................ 16 6 Conclusion.................................................................................... 19 References........................................................................................ 20 Abbreviations AC Activatedcarbon HDPE Highdensitypolyethylene LDPE Lowdensitypolyethylene PE Polyethylene PET Poly(ethyleneterephthalate) PP Polypropylene PS Polystyrene PVC Polyvinylchloride 1 Introduction Plasticpolymersformaconsiderableportionofthevolumeofwasteproducedacross theworld.Althougharound5–15%byweightofmunicipalsolidwasteiscomposedof plastics, this waste stream corresponds to 20–30% of the volume [1]. Around 1.45 millionpeopleworkinEurope’splasticindustry,whichgeneratesanestimated300bil- lioneurosintheEU-27countrieseachyear.Nonetheless,morethan25milliontonsof plasticwasteisannuallygeneratedinthisregion[2].Foryears,researchershavebeen lookingforvariouswaystoovercometheproblemsofsuchlargequantitiesofwaste polymers.Currently,theuseoflandfillsandincinerationarethetwomostwidespread solutions[3].However,theincreaseincost,environmentalconcerns,andthedecreasing spaceforlandfillsmakealternativetreatmentoptionsdesirable[4].Variousalternative routeshavebeenproposedinordertoprocesstheplasticwastes[5–7]. One area of intense research is plastic pyrolysis, with the goal of obtaining oily products that could belater modified and treated to produce fuels [8]. The issueof plasticwastefeedstockrecyclinghasbeensopopularthatfrom1999untilnow,the “InternationalSymposiumonFeedstockRecyclingofPolymericMaterials(ISFR)” hasbeenheldinJapan(1999),Belgium(2002),Germany(2005),Korea(2007),China (2009),Spain(2011),andIndia(2013).Theissuesconsideredincludemechanicaland
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