Populist Governance In Brazil: Bolsonaro In Theoretical And Comparative Perspective PDF
Preview Populist Governance In Brazil: Bolsonaro In Theoretical And Comparative Perspective
Societies and Political Orders in Transition Carina Barbosa Gouvêa Pedro H. Villas Bôas Castelo Branco Populist Governance in Brazil Bolsonaro in Theoretical and Comparative Perspective Societies and Political Orders in Transition SeriesEditors AlexanderChepurenko HigherSchoolofEconomics,NationalResearchUniversity,Moscow,Russia SteinUgelvikLarsen UniversityofBergen,Bergen,Norway WilliamReisinger UniversityofIowa,IowaCity,Iowa,USA ManagingEditors EkimArbatli HigherSchoolofEconomics,NationalResearchUniversity,Moscow,Russia DinaRosenberg HigherSchoolofEconomics,NationalResearchUniversity,Moscow,Russia AigulMavletova HigherSchoolofEconomics,NationalResearchUniversity,Moscow,Russia This book series presents scientific and scholarly studies focusing on societies and political orders in transition, for example in Central and Eastern Europe but also elsewhere in the world. By comparing established societies, characterized by well- establishedmarketeconomiesandwell-functioningdemocracies,withpost-socialist societies,oftencharacterizedbyemergingmarketsandfragilepoliticalsystems,the series identifiesandanalyzesfactorsinfluencingchangeandcontinuityinsocieties and political orders. These factors include state capacity to establish formal and informal rules, democratic institutions, forms of social structuration, political regimes, levels of corruption, specificity of political cultures, as well as types and orientationofpoliticalandeconomicelites. Societies and Political Orders in Transition welcomes monographs and edited volumes from a variety of disciplines and approaches, such as political and social sciences and economics, which are accessible to both academics and interested generalreaders. Topics may include, but are not limited to, democratization, regime change, changingsocialnorms,migration,etc. Alltitlesinthisseriesarepeer-reviewed. ThisbookseriesisindexedinScopus. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/15626 (cid:129) Carina Barbosa Gouvêa Pedro H. Villas Bôas Castelo Branco Populist Governance in Brazil Bolsonaro in Theoretical and Comparative Perspective CarinaBarbosaGouvêa PedroH.VillasBôasCasteloBranco FederalUniversityofPernambuco(UFPE) InstituteofSocialandPoliticalStudies Recife,Brazil StateUniversityofRiodeJaneiro(IESP-UERJ) RiodeJaneiro,Brazil ISSN2511-2201 ISSN2511-221X (electronic) SocietiesandPoliticalOrdersinTransition ISBN978-3-030-85021-0 ISBN978-3-030-85022-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85022-7 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerland AG2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors, and the editorsare safeto assume that the adviceand informationin this bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Foreword I The difficulty to interpret, comprehend, and manage some words is comparable to the difficulty the great navigations had for many years with the instruments of geolocationandmapsavailableatthetime.Oneofthesewordsis“populism.” Populism can be taken by many concepts and used to express many political structures,withplentyofideologicalorientationsandpurposes.Hencethedifficulty in precisely establishing its content, such as the difficulty of precisely establishing geolocationinpre-modernnavigation. Thisphenomenonestablishesthetermpopulisminthematterpostedphilosoph- ically by John L. Austin, especially in his book How to do things with words, in which, right in the first part, receives the conceptual treatment of the performative term(performative).1 In the theory of speech acts, the performative term would encompass linguistic expressions that would often be meaningless in themselves (one meaningless). Performance statements do not describe or record anything, therefore, they are neithertruenorfalse.Furthermore,theactofexpressingthesentenceistoperform an action, or part of it, an action that, in turn, would not normally be described as consistentinsayingsomething.2 Theperformativestatements,outoftheappropriatecircumstances,areindisput- able:theydonotsayormeananything,theycannotbesubmittedtoavaliditytest. For example, the expression “live.” It alone does not mean anything, it can be a commandforsomeonetocontinueliving,itcanbeanexpressionofexclamationfor something positive, etc. This is the characteristic of the performative statements, theyareindisputable,donotproveanythingandcannotberefutedastrueorfalse.3 1Austin,JohnL.Howtodothingswithwords.2.ed.Cambridge:HarvardUniversity,1975,p.4 ess. 2Idem,pp.4–5. 3Idem,p.6. v vi ForewordI Thus,inAustin’stheory,humandignityisaperformativeterm,because,whenit isisolated,itscontentcannotbedetermined.Theydonotservetoreportsomething, buttoperform,sinceitscontentisonlyunderstandablewhensetamongotherwords, concepts,andacts. Inotherwords,althoughalothasbeentheorizedabouthumandignity,nomatter howgreatthetextsonthethemeare,beiteitherbytheeruditionofitsfoundations, orbythepoetryofitsconcepts,littlecontributionwillbemadetotheapproximation ofthefundamentalhermeneuticconcept,sincethefinalverificationofunderstanding willtakeplaceonlyintheforminwhichitisperformativelyemployed.Itisinthis way that the possibility that two interlocutors defending antagonistic positions can equallyjustifytheirargumentsonhumandignity. Austinistheonewhointroduces,therefore,theideaofa“performativeconcep- tionoflanguage.”Hissystematicproposal,laterdevelopedbyPierce,expressesthat thelanguagecanbetreatedinasystematicway,aslongastheadequatecategories are adopted for it, in other words, as long as the language is treated as a source of actionandnotmerelyarepresentationofwhatisrealorofthedescriptionofthefacts intheworld.4 ThedistinctionfromwhichAustinstartsreferstothedichotomyoftheconstative and performative terms, in other words, between the use of sentences to describe facts and events and sentences that are used to perform something, and not to describe or report. For this reason, the constative terms may be true or false in relation to the facts they describe; however, a performative is not really true nor false,becauseitdoesnotdescribeafact,butitshouldbeconsideredassuccessfulor unsuccessful,dependingonthecircumstancesandconsequencesofperformingthe act.5 Itisinthissensethatwecanobservethepolysemyofthetermpopulism—reason for which the authors of this paper were right in using it in a plural form. To illustrate, we can point out the concept given by the Duden dictionary, in which populismisdefinedas“politicsdefinedbyopportunism,popular,often,demagogical [...] which aims to collect, through the dramatization of the political situation, the preferenceofthemasses(aimingfortheelections).”6Suchaconceptdemonstrates how easily this concept can be used in situations of political dispute, attributing a flawtoanyofthecandidatesbytheirpoliticalenemies.And,insuchaway,theterm does not require an explanation, because it already seems to bring with it its pre-comprehensionelementsthatmakethewholecommunityrecognizesomething as negative.7 Another way to comprehend populism is, on the other hand, as 4Souza Filho, Danilo Marcondes de. A teoria dos atos de fala como concepção pragmática de linguagem. Unisinos Phylosophy Magazine, São Leopoldo, Unisinos, pp. 219–229 (220–221), Sep/Dec.2006. 5Same,pp.224–225. 6Kunkel-Razum,Kathrinetal.(eds).Duden.DieDeutscheRechtschreibung.27.ed.,2017. 7Voβkuhle,Andreas.DefesadoEstadoConstitucionalDemocráticoemtemposdepopulism. Brasília:IDP,2020,p.25. ForewordI vii somethinggood,liketheassociationsmadebetweenpoliticalcurrentsinthetransi- tionfromtheXIXtoXXcenturies,whenfarmershadpartoftheirdemandsmetin antitrustlegislationsandintheNewDeal.8 This is the panorama for this book: a semantic sea of arduous navigation, an imprecisetheoreticalkaleidoscope.And,inthesamewaythatprecisioninstruments werecreatedbasedonexternalconstantmarkers,makingsafenavigationspossible, theauthorsmadeitpossiblewithinthescopeofthetheoryandconceptualizationof populisms, presenting a precise theoretical map of the multiple formulations and usesmadeofthewordspopulism,demonstratingthatthereareseveralpopulisms. The debates in Political Science and Constitutional Law about populisms, their effects, and risks to Democracy, are now able to count on a priceless theoretical instrumentthatguidesandstructuressafemarkersinthecomprehensionanddeep- ening of the theme. The readers of this book will find an essential theoretical referenceinthefollowingpages. Usually,apresentationtalksaboutitsauthors.Itisaneasytask,sinceIhavethe privilege of knowing the great personalities that write this book, but it is equally hard,sincethegreatnessoftheircreativities,mindsandsoulsmakesanyattemptto reducetoterminsufficient. Inordertorespecttheprotocolofacademicpresentations,Iwanttoregisterthat Carina Barbosa Gouvêa is a permanent Professor of the Post-Graduation in Law Program at the Federal University of Pernambuco (PPGD/UFPE), has a Post- Doctoral Internship—Federal University of Pernambuco (PPGD/UFPE); has a PhD and Master’s Degree from UNESA. She coordinates the Study Group in “Theory of the separation of powers and the crisis of the Brazilian democratic system” of the Post-Graduation in Law program at the Federal University of Pernambuco (PPGD/UFPE). She works on Human Rights training at the Joaquim Nabuco Foundation, and is a researcher at the Jurisdiction and Constitutional Pro- ceedingsResearchGroupinLatinAmerica:ComparativeAnalysis(UFPE)andthe Latin American and European Comparative Studies Laboratory (CECLAE). As a lawyer, I am privileged to share the presidency of the Special Commission on Bioethics and Bio law of the Federal Council of the Brazilian Bar Association withher. In his turn, Pedro H. Villas Bôas Castelo Branco is an adjunct professor at the Institute of Social and Political Studies (IESP) of the State University of Rio de Janeiro(UERJ)andofthePost-GraduationinLawProgramattheVeigadeAlmeida University (UVA). He coordinates the Laboratory of Political Studies of Defense and Public Security (LEPDESP), a partnership between IESP and the Superior School of War (ESG). He is the coordinator of the Brazilian Political Theory and PoliticalThoughtworkinggroupoftheNationalAssociationofGraduateStudiesin Social Sciences (ANPOCS). He was an adjunct professor in the Department of Public Law at Federal Fluminense University (UFF) between 2009 and 2014 and 8Eichengreen, Barry.DieEntwincklungdesPopulismus indenVereinigtenStaaten.Leviathan, n.45,p.180,2017. viii ForewordI an adjunct professor at the School of Political Science at the Federal University of theStateofRiodeJaneiro(UNIRIO)between2010and2014.HebecameaPhDin Political Science from the University Research Institute of Rio de Janeiro (past IUPERJ current IESP-UERJ), in 2009. During his doctorate, he studied with an extensionscholarshipundertheDAAD/CAPESagreementattheOtto-Suhr-Institut fürPolitikwissenschaft(PoliticalScienceInstituteOttoSuhr)attheFreieUniversität Berlin (Free University of Berlin), in Germany. He is experienced in teaching and researchinginthePoliticalTheory,StateTheory,LawTheory,andPublicSecurity Theoryfields.HeistheauthorofthebookUnfinishedSecularization:Politicsand LawinCarlSchmitt,publishedin2011inBrazilandalsoinGermany,in2013,with the title Die unvollendete Säkularisierung. Politik und Recht im Denken Carl Schmitts.Lawyer,heisaconsultantmemberoftheSpecialCommitteeonBioethics andBiolawoftheFederalCounciloftheBrazilianBarAssociation. As I mentioned previously, the book that the reader has in hand is born as a theoreticalreferenceforthecomplexanalysisofthetheme.AndIsaythisbyadding that,forme,readingthisbookwasfundamentaltobroadenmytheoreticalhorizons and to be able to advance my research in order to identify the existence of a bio-populism.Itisaformofpopulisminwhichbiotechnologicalsciencesareused both as an ideologically appropriate instrument to support measures contrary to liberal constitutionalism, as well as a narrative theme to be used as a topic around which values of an expressive part of society are added, usually of a conservative nature. Theappropriationofthebiotechnologicalsciencesdoesnotimplyinascientific speech,whichpresumesanerrormargin,scientificevidence,refutability,replicabil- ity,verifiability,andothercharacteristicsthatmarkscientificknowledgecurrently.It isenoughthatitsoundscredibleandisextractedfromsupposedscientificknowledge to achieve the necessary purposes. With this, bio-populism corresponds to a con- temporary facet in the polyhedral complex that is populism, made possible by the contextofpost-truthandthegrowthoffakenewsinmasscommunication,becauseit doesnotmatterthatthetechniqueorthediscoursethatappropriatesbiotechnologyit is true, it must be credible enough to have popular adherence and achieve the proposedobjectives. It is, therefore, another way of proceeding from populism, in which biopolitics andtheimplicationsofbiopowerareusedtoachievethegreaterendsofthosewho useit. I wish readers a pleasant reading, hoping that the research can reach more and moreeverytime. PUC-Campinas,Campinas,SP,Brazil HendersonFürst SpecialCommitteeonBioethicsand Bi-lawoftheFederalCounsilof BrazilianBarAssociation, Brasília,DF,Brazil Foreword II Populist Governance in Brazil: Bolsonaro in Theoretical and Comparative Per- spective, by Carina Barbosa Gouvêa and Pedro H. Villas Bôas Castelo Branco, offers the Brazilian reader a thorough and sophisticated survey of the academic debatearoundthemostrecentpopulistwavethathasbeenimposingitselfonmany countriesinthelastdecade.Withabroadgrasponlegalliteratureandcontemporary politicalScience onthenewpopulism, theauthorspresentacomplex panoramaof this multi-faced phenomenon that has been putting liberal democracies at risk in manycontinents,includingwheretheywererooted,suchastheUnitedStates,orin which they seemed stable, such as India and Brazil. Although Donald Trump’s defeat in the 2020 elections may point to a cooling of the populist wave, the permanency of the structural difficulties presented by liberal democracies in a growing inequality context, that favors the ascension of populist leaders, indicates thatwewillhavetolivewiththisspecifictypeofthreattodemocracyforsometime. Contemporarypopulism,accordingtotheauthors,emergedinaneconomicaland financialcrisisadeeperliberaldemocracycrisiscontext.Theascensionofeconomic inequalityandtheescalationofthedisbeliefinpoliticswouldrepresentthefailureof liberal elites in fulfilling their promise of political practice base in moderation and consensus, in recognizing minority rights, and in mutual tolerance. This led to the crisisofliberaldemocracy.Inthiscontext,populismpresentspremisesverydifferent than the one pluralist liberalism presents, such as political polarization, at the expenseofseekingconsensus;popularhomogenization,attheexpenseofrecogniz- ing the heterogeneity of groups in the political Community; the overlapping of conservativeandexclusivevaluesonprogressivism. Carina Barbosa Gouvêa and Pedro H. Villas Bôas Castelo Branco are not satisfied, however, in performing an exquisite review of the bibliography on con- temporary populism. The goal of these Young authors is more ambitious. Starting fromGáborTóth’sconception,whodefinespopulism asaformofliberalism,they seek to verify if Bolsonaro’s and his government’s conducts can be configured as populists.Borrowingasetofpopulismindicatorsfrommanyauthors,theylaunched attheendeavortoanalyzeBolsonaro’sbehaviorandhisgovernment.Accordingto ix
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