Population Dynamics of a Philippine Rain Forest People: The San Ildefonso Agta

225 Pages·1998·9.535 MB·English

by  John D. Early, Thomas N. Headland

Population Dynamics of
a Philippine Rain Forest People
Population Dynamics of a
University Press of Florida
Gainesville Tallahassee Tampa Boca Raton
Pensacola Orlando Miami Jacksonville
John D. Early
Thomas N. Headland
hilippine Rain Forest People
The San Ildefonso Agta
Copyright 1998 by che Board of Regents of the State of Florida
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
All rights reserved
03 02 01 00 99 98 654321
All photographs copyrighted as listed in captions. Photo at beginning of chapter 1
by Janet Headland, 1963; remaining chapter-opening photos by John Early, 1994.
Frontispiece. Right: A traditional Agta hunter shooting an arrow. (Thomas Headland, 1967.)
Left: An Agta boy on a bulldozer. (John Early, 1994.)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Early, John D.
Population dynamics of a Philippine rain forest people: the San Ildefonso Agta / John D. Early,
Thomas N. Headland.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8130-1555-3 (cloth: alk. paper)
1. Agta (Philippine people)—Population. 2. Agta (Philippine people)—Social conditions.
3. Agta (Philippine people)—Economic conditions, 4. Logging—Philippines—San Ildefonso.
5. Rain forest ecology—Philippines—San Ildefonso. 6. San Ildefonso (Philippines)—Population.
7. San Hdefonso (Philippines)—Social conditions. 8. San Ildefonso (Philippines)—Economic
conditions. I. Headland, Thomas N. II. Title.
DS666.A3E37 1998
304.6'2'089991105991—dc21 97-41150
The University Press of Florida is the scholarly publishing agency for the State Universiey
System of Florida, comprised of Florida A & M University, Florida Atlantic University,
Florida International University, Florida State University, University of Central Florida,
University of Florida, University of North Florida, University of South Florida, and University
of West Florida.
University Press of Florida
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[OO
Dedicated to the memory of
Father Morice Vanoverbergh (1885-1982),
missionary, linguist, ethnographer, Philippinist,
who took the first Agta survey in 1936
| T.N.H.
To Stefanie, Robby, David, Craig, and Kristine,
who are Grandpa’s reminders of the
demographics of the continuing life cycle
J.D.E.

CL
Contents
| List of Tables ix
List of Figures xi
List of Maps xii
| Preface xiii
Part I. Introduction
| 1. The San Ildefonso Agta 3
Part II. Loss of Regional Isolation
2. Loggers, Homesteaders, Civil War, and
the Market Economy 25
3. Cultural Change for the Agta 45
Part III. Methodology
4. Fieldwork and the Database 59
5. The Critical Process 68
Part IV. The Demographic Structure
6. Overview of the Population, 1950-1994 81
7. Reproduction 87
8. Mortality 98
9. Migration 119
10. Some Characteristics of the Agta Population 125
Part V. Acculturation
11. The Acculturating Population 149
Part VI. A Comparative Perspective
12. The Population Dynamics of Foraging Societies 169
References Cited 193
Index 203
Tables
2k, Size and Rates of Increase of Philippine Population, Crude Birth
and Death Rates, 1885-1995 32
Sed, Lowlander Population of the Municipality of Casiguran,
1948-94, with Boundaries as of 1970 46
Duke Lowlander and Agta Populations of the San Ildefonso Peninsula,
1942-94 47
Sate Time Allocation for Various Activities for Two Agta Groups
under Forager and Peasant Conditions 50
4.1. Birth Dates by Quality of Determination 65
4.2. Death Dates by Quality of Determination 66
Sel Examples of Provisional Fertility Histories 70
6.1; Size of San Ildefonso Agta Population and Average Annual Rates
of Increase, 1950-94 83
6.2. Overview of San Ildefonso Agta Demographic Structure and
Change, 1950-94 84
Fels Ages of the Agta Female Reproductive Cycle 92
ite Length of Birth Intervals 94
Taos Agta Fertility Rates 96
8.1. Agta Mortality Rates 102
8.2. Causes of Death among the Agta, 1950-93 103
8:3. Symptoms, Treatment, and Estimated Case Load: Headlands’
Paramedical Program, 1962-79, 1983-86 107
8.4. Agta Mortality Indices per 1,000 Population for the First Five Years
and the Criteria Indicative of the Synergism of Malnutrition and In
fectious Disease 111
x / Tables
8.5. Agta Weights (kg) and Heights (cm), 1976, 1983, 1992, 1994 118
9.1. Crude Rates and Number of Migrations, 1950-93, by Phases 120
9.2. Number and Percentage of Reasons for In-migration and
Out-migration 121
9.3. Migration for Marriage—by Sex and Population of Partner,
1950-94 123
10.1. Percentage of Agta Children Who Survived One or Both
Parents, 1950-94 127
10.2. Percentage Marital Outcomes (Including Trial Marriages) for
Individuals, 1950-94, by Age of Ego 128
10.3. Age-Sex Structure of Population, 1950-94, in Percentages by
Phases 135
10.4. Size of Population in 1950 and 1994; Numbers and Crude Rates
of the Demographic Variables, 1950-94, by Phases 136
10.5. Area, Population, and Density of the Three Agta Subgroups of
the San Ildefonso Peninsula 139
10.6. Crude Rates of the Three Agta Subgroups: Koso, Dinipan, and
Lower Peninsula, 1950-94 140
11.1. Growth of the Acculturating Population, 1952-94 151
11.2. Sources of the Acculturating Population 153
11.3. Marital Histories of Agta Women in Interethnic Marriages 154
11.4. Demographic Factors in the Growth of the Acculturating
Population, 1951-94 157
11.5. Fertility Rates for the Acculturating Population and the Peasant
Phase of the Agta Population 158
11.6. Mortality Rates for the Acculturating Population and the
Peasant Phase of the Agta Population 162
11.7. Size of the Agta and Acculturating Populations: 1950-94
Actual, 2000-2030 Projected 164
12.1. Survey of Demographic Indices for Some Immediate-Return
Foragers 174
12.2. Percentage Causes of Death of All Deaths for Four Cases of
Immediate-Return Foragers 183